生石灰和钙镁磷肥对酸化川党参土壤的改良效果
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摘要
为解决川党参生产过程中土壤酸化的问题,研究不同用量生石灰和钙镁磷肥处理酸化土壤后川党参的种子萌发、幼苗生长及土壤交换性酸和微生物群落结构的变化.结果表明:与对照相比,生石灰和钙镁磷肥处理酸化土壤后显著提高了川党参种子的成苗率,增幅分别为147.7%～326.7%和270.1%～311.2%,川党参幼苗的株高最大增幅分别为516.7%和546.3%,根长最大增幅分别为798.0%和679.2%.生石灰和钙镁磷肥用量为1‰～4‰时,川党参幼苗的叶绿素相对含量、抗氧化酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量均显著提高,丙二醛和超氧阴离子自由基含量显著降低,土壤pH分别提高0.88～2.02个单位和0.23～1.19个单位,土壤交换性铝含量分别下降53.0%～95.3%和17.6%～81.3%.生石灰和钙镁磷肥用量为2‰～4‰时,土壤中细菌和放线菌的丰度显著增加;2‰生石灰和4‰钙镁磷肥处理显著降低土壤中真菌的丰度.盆栽试验显示,生石灰和钙镁磷肥用量分别为1‰～4‰时,川党参根茎鲜重分别提高40.5%～78.5%和28.4%～78.8%.综上,生石灰和钙镁磷肥改良酸化川党参土壤(pH 4.12,土壤容重1.15 g·cm~(-3),耕作层厚度15 cm)的适宜施用量分别为1.73～3.45 t·hm~(-2)和3.45～6.90 t·hm~(-2);酸化土壤经处理后可达到川党参幼苗生长的适宜土壤pH(5.5～6.5).
To solve the problem of soil acidification in the cultivation of Codonopsis tangshen, laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate C. tangshen seed germination, seedling growth and soil exchangeable acid, microbial community structure after applying quicklime(QL) and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer(CMP). The results showed that QL and CMP treatments significantly improved the survival rate of C. tangshen seedlings from 147.7% to 326.7% and from 270.1% to 311.2%, respectively. The maximum increase rates of the height of C. tangshen seedlings were 516.7% and 546.3%, and that of root length were 798.0% and 679.2% in the treatments of QL and CMP, respectively. 1‰-4‰ QL or CMP treatments increased the relative chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity and the content of soluble protein of C. tangshen seedlings, decreased the content of malondialdehyde and superoxide anion radical of seedlings, increased soil pH by 0.88-2.02 units and 0.23-1.19 units, and decreased the exchangeable aluminum content in soil by 53.0%-95.3% and 17.6%-81.3%, respectively. Soil bacterial and actinomycetic abundances were significantly higher in 2‰-4‰ QL or CMP treatments than that in the control. Soil fungal abundance was significantly lower in the QL treatment of 2‰ and CMP treatment of 4‰. 1‰-4‰ QL or CMP treatments significantly increased fresh weight of C. tangshen tubers by 40.5%-78.5% and 28.4%-78.8%, respectively. In conclusion, the suitable quantity of QL and CMP for acidified soil(pH=4.12, ρb=1.15 g·cm~(-3), tillage layer=15 cm) amendment were 1.73-3.45 t·hm~(-2) and 3.45-6.90 t·hm~(-2), and QL and CMP amendment could fit the optimum soil pH(5.5-6.5) for the growth of C. tangshen seedlings.
To solve the problem of soil acidification in the cultivation of Codonopsis tangshen, laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate C. tangshen seed germination, seedling growth and soil exchangeable acid, microbial community structure after applying quicklime(QL) and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer(CMP). The results showed that QL and CMP treatments significantly improved the survival rate of C. tangshen seedlings from 147.7% to 326.7% and from 270.1% to 311.2%, respectively. The maximum increase rates of the height of C. tangshen seedlings were 516.7% and 546.3%, and that of root length were 798.0% and 679.2% in the treatments of QL and CMP, respectively. 1‰-4‰ QL or CMP treatments increased the relative chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity and the content of soluble protein of C. tangshen seedlings, decreased the content of malondialdehyde and superoxide anion radical of seedlings, increased soil pH by 0.88-2.02 units and 0.23-1.19 units, and decreased the exchangeable aluminum content in soil by 53.0%-95.3% and 17.6%-81.3%, respectively. Soil bacterial and actinomycetic abundances were significantly higher in 2‰-4‰ QL or CMP treatments than that in the control. Soil fungal abundance was significantly lower in the QL treatment of 2‰ and CMP treatment of 4‰. 1‰-4‰ QL or CMP treatments significantly increased fresh weight of C. tangshen tubers by 40.5%-78.5% and 28.4%-78.8%, respectively. In conclusion, the suitable quantity of QL and CMP for acidified soil(pH=4.12, ρb=1.15 g·cm~(-3), tillage layer=15 cm) amendment were 1.73-3.45 t·hm~(-2) and 3.45-6.90 t·hm~(-2), and QL and CMP amendment could fit the optimum soil pH(5.5-6.5) for the growth of C. tangshen seedlings.
引文
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[12] Wang M (王梅),Jiang X-J (蒋先军).Effects of applying lime and calcium montmorillonite on nitrification dynamics in acidic soil.Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment (农业资源与环境学报),2017,34(1):47-53 (in Chinese)
[13] Chang CS,Sung JM.Nutrient uptake and yield responses of peanuts and rice to lime and fused magnesium phosphate in an acid soil.Field Crops Research,2004,89:319-325
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[15] Stermach B.Enzyme Determination Manual.Trans.Qian J-Y (钱嘉渊).Beijing:China Light Industry Press,1992 (in Chinese)
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[18] Li X-F (李小方),Zhang Z-L (张志良).Guidance of Plant Physiology Experiments.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2016 (in Chinese)
[19] Hu H-R (胡慧蓉),Tian K (田昆).Instructional Course for Soil Experiments.Beijing:China Forestry Press,2012 (in Chinese)
[20] Cui P-H (崔朋辉),Xu X-L (许小丽),Lin S-Z (林思祖),et al.An improved method for determining of exchangeable aluminum in soil.Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences (福建农业学报),2016,31(3):280-284 (in Chinese)
[21] Yao H-Y (姚槐应),Huang C-Y (黄昌勇).Soil Mic-robial Ecology and Its Experimental Techniques.Beijing:Science Press,2006 (in Chinese)
[22] Williamson GB,Richardson D.Bioassays for allelopathy:Measuring treatment responses with independent controls.Journal of Chemical Ecology,1988,14:181-187
[23] Lin R-H (林仁亨),Huang H-T (黄海涛),Li H-X (李焕秀),et al.Effects of Ginkgo biloba exocarp on growth and physiological characteristics of lettuce.Soils (土壤),2018,50(4):732-737 (in Chinese)
[24] Li X (李璇),Yue H (岳红),Wang S (王升),et al.Research of different effects on activity of plant antioxidant enzymes.China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica (中国中药杂志),2013,38(7):973-978 (in Chinese)
[25] Huang J-B (黄建贝),Hu T-X (胡庭兴),Wu Z-L (吴张磊),et al.Effects of decomposing leaf litter of Juglans regia on growth and physiological characteristics of Triticum aestivum.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2014,34(23):6855-6863 (in Chinese)
[26] Shi H-T (施海涛).Experimental Guidance of Plant Stress Physiology.Beijing:Science Press,2016 (in Chinese)
[27] Liu F (刘峰),Zhang J (张军),Zhang W-J (张文吉),et al.Physiological mechanism of rice seedlings in low temperature and damping off disease resistance induced by calcium application into soil.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2004,15(5):763-766 (in Chinese)
[28] Lyu B (吕波),Wang Y-H (王宇函),Xia H (夏浩),et al.Effects of biochar and other amendments on the cabbage growth and soil fertility in yellow-brown soil and red soil.Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学),2018,51(22):4306-4315 (in Chinese)
[29] Hu M (胡敏),Xiang Y-S (向永生),Lu J-W (鲁剑巍).Effects of lime application rates on soil acidity and barley seeding growth in acidic soils.Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学),2016,49(20):3896-3903 (in Chinese)
[30] Hang Y (杭烨),Luo F-L (罗夫来),Zhao Z (赵致),et al.Effect of Pinellia ternata with different intercropping crops on soil microorganism,nutrient and enzyme activity.Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials (中药材),2018(7):1522-1528 (in Chinese)
[31] Wu L-K (吴林坤),Wu H-M (吴红淼),Zhu Q (朱铨),et al.Effects of different amendments on contents of phenolic acids and specific microbes in rhizosphere of Pseudostellaria heterophylla.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(11):3623-3630 (in Chinese)
[32] Ji J-H (冀建华),Li X-H (李絮花),Liu X-M (刘秀梅),et al.Effects of fertilizer of calcium silicon magnesium potassium on the dynamic changes of soil acidity and exchangeable base cation in paddy field of southern China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2019,30(2):583-592 (in Chinese)
[2] Zhu Q,De VW,Liu X,et al.Enhanced acidification in Chinese croplands as derived from element budgets in the period 1980-2010.Science of the Total Environment,2018,618:1497-1505
[3] Guo JH,Liu XJ,Zhang Y,et al.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands.Science,2010,327:1008-1010
[4] Huang Y-Y (黄圆圆),Zhang Y (张元),Kang L-P (康利平),et al.Research progress on chemical constituents and their pharmacological activities of plant from Codonopsis.Chinese Traditional & Herbal Drugs (中草药),2018(1):239-250 (in Chinese)
[5] Hu M (胡敏),Xiang Y-S (向永生),Zhang Z (张智),et al.Variation characteristics of farmland soil pH in the past 30 years of Enshi Autonomous Prefecture,Hubei,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(4):1289-1297 (in Chinese)
[6] Niu Q-Y (牛倩云),Han Y-S (韩彦莎),Xu L-X (徐丽霞),et al.Effects of crop rotation on soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community of foxtail millet rhizosphere soil.Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报),2018,37(12):2802-2809 (in Chinese)
[7] Qing C-L (青长乐).Studies on the effect of acid preciptation on soil fertility.Journal of Southwest Agricultural University (西南农业大学学报),1988(1):1-11 (in Chinese)
[8] Meng H-Q (孟红旗),Liu J (刘景),Xu M-G (徐明岗),et al.Evolution of pH in topsoils of typical Chinese croplands under long-term fertilization.Acta Pedo-logica Sinica (土壤学报),2013,50(6):1109-1116 (in Chinese)
[9] Mei X-Y (梅旭阳),Gao J-S (高菊生),Yang X-Y (杨学云),et al.The response of soil potassium availability in rhizospheric soil of winter wheat to acidified and limed red soil.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报),2016,22(6):1568-1577 (in Chinese)
[10] Zhou J-W (周杰文),Zhang F-M (张发明),Li H-P (李海平),et al.Effects of different soil conditioners on acidifying soil improvement in Baoshan tobacco-growing area.Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences (西南农业学报),2018(2):360-366 (in Chinese)
[11] Lyu Y-H (吕永华).Influence of lime and serpentine-fused phosphate on tobacco production and soil acidity regulation.Ecology and Environment (生态环境学报),2004,13(3):379-381 (in Chinese)
[12] Wang M (王梅),Jiang X-J (蒋先军).Effects of applying lime and calcium montmorillonite on nitrification dynamics in acidic soil.Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment (农业资源与环境学报),2017,34(1):47-53 (in Chinese)
[13] Chang CS,Sung JM.Nutrient uptake and yield responses of peanuts and rice to lime and fused magnesium phosphate in an acid soil.Field Crops Research,2004,89:319-325
[14] Gao J-F (高俊凤).Guidance of Plant Physiology Experiments.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006 (in Chinese)
[15] Stermach B.Enzyme Determination Manual.Trans.Qian J-Y (钱嘉渊).Beijing:China Light Industry Press,1992 (in Chinese)
[16] Giannopolitis CN,Ries SK.Superoxide dismutases.Ⅱ.Purification and quantitative relationship with water-soluble protein in seedlings.Plant Physiology,1977,59:315-318
[17] Xiong Q-E (熊庆娥).Experimental Course on Plant Physiology.Chengdu:Sichuan Science and Technology Press,2003 (in Chinese)
[18] Li X-F (李小方),Zhang Z-L (张志良).Guidance of Plant Physiology Experiments.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2016 (in Chinese)
[19] Hu H-R (胡慧蓉),Tian K (田昆).Instructional Course for Soil Experiments.Beijing:China Forestry Press,2012 (in Chinese)
[20] Cui P-H (崔朋辉),Xu X-L (许小丽),Lin S-Z (林思祖),et al.An improved method for determining of exchangeable aluminum in soil.Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences (福建农业学报),2016,31(3):280-284 (in Chinese)
[21] Yao H-Y (姚槐应),Huang C-Y (黄昌勇).Soil Mic-robial Ecology and Its Experimental Techniques.Beijing:Science Press,2006 (in Chinese)
[22] Williamson GB,Richardson D.Bioassays for allelopathy:Measuring treatment responses with independent controls.Journal of Chemical Ecology,1988,14:181-187
[23] Lin R-H (林仁亨),Huang H-T (黄海涛),Li H-X (李焕秀),et al.Effects of Ginkgo biloba exocarp on growth and physiological characteristics of lettuce.Soils (土壤),2018,50(4):732-737 (in Chinese)
[24] Li X (李璇),Yue H (岳红),Wang S (王升),et al.Research of different effects on activity of plant antioxidant enzymes.China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica (中国中药杂志),2013,38(7):973-978 (in Chinese)
[25] Huang J-B (黄建贝),Hu T-X (胡庭兴),Wu Z-L (吴张磊),et al.Effects of decomposing leaf litter of Juglans regia on growth and physiological characteristics of Triticum aestivum.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2014,34(23):6855-6863 (in Chinese)
[26] Shi H-T (施海涛).Experimental Guidance of Plant Stress Physiology.Beijing:Science Press,2016 (in Chinese)
[27] Liu F (刘峰),Zhang J (张军),Zhang W-J (张文吉),et al.Physiological mechanism of rice seedlings in low temperature and damping off disease resistance induced by calcium application into soil.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2004,15(5):763-766 (in Chinese)
[28] Lyu B (吕波),Wang Y-H (王宇函),Xia H (夏浩),et al.Effects of biochar and other amendments on the cabbage growth and soil fertility in yellow-brown soil and red soil.Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学),2018,51(22):4306-4315 (in Chinese)
[29] Hu M (胡敏),Xiang Y-S (向永生),Lu J-W (鲁剑巍).Effects of lime application rates on soil acidity and barley seeding growth in acidic soils.Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学),2016,49(20):3896-3903 (in Chinese)
[30] Hang Y (杭烨),Luo F-L (罗夫来),Zhao Z (赵致),et al.Effect of Pinellia ternata with different intercropping crops on soil microorganism,nutrient and enzyme activity.Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials (中药材),2018(7):1522-1528 (in Chinese)
[31] Wu L-K (吴林坤),Wu H-M (吴红淼),Zhu Q (朱铨),et al.Effects of different amendments on contents of phenolic acids and specific microbes in rhizosphere of Pseudostellaria heterophylla.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(11):3623-3630 (in Chinese)
[32] Ji J-H (冀建华),Li X-H (李絮花),Liu X-M (刘秀梅),et al.Effects of fertilizer of calcium silicon magnesium potassium on the dynamic changes of soil acidity and exchangeable base cation in paddy field of southern China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2019,30(2):583-592 (in Chinese)
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