珠三角地区环境空气PM_(2.5)中重金属生态风险评估
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摘要
以珠三角城市群(广州等9个城市)环境空气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))为研究对象,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了PM_(2.5)中重金属(Pb、Cd、Cr、Ni、As、Sb)含量,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险评价对其进行风险评估。结果显示:珠三角地区城市环境空气PM_(2.5)中重金属Cd、As和Sb的污染级别达到3级,即中度污染,Pb的污染程度为偏中度,Cr和Ni的污染程度为中度偏下;珠三角大部分城市夏季PM_(2.5)中Pb、Cr及Ni的含量与兰州、北京等城市相比相对较低,Cd基本低于北京和武汉,就不同城市而言,佛山和肇庆夏季PM_(2.5)中各重金属含量相对较高,惠州与江门相对较低。研究表明,珠三角地区城市大气PM_(2.5)中重金属Cd和Sb所带来的生态风险较为严重。在评价珠三角地区城市群环境空气生态风险时,应密切关注Cd和Sb等低浓度但污染程度较高和生态危害极强的重金属元素可能带来的环境生态风险。
The content of heavy metals(Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Sb) in PM_(2.5) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) in the urban agglomeration of the Pearl River Delta(Guangzhou and other nine cities), and the risk assessment was carried out by land accumulation index method and potential ecological risk assessment. The results showed that the contents of heavy metals(Cd, As and Sb) in PM_(2.5) of urban ambient air in the Pearl River Delta were determined by ICPMS. The level of pollution reached grade 3, i.e. moderate pollution, moderate pollution of Pb, moderate pollution of Cr and Ni;the content of Pb, Cr and Ni in summer PM_(2.5) of most cities in the Pearl River Delta was relatively lower than that of Lanzhou,Beijing and other cities, and Cd was basically lower than that of Beijing and Wuhan. For different cities, the content of heavy metals in summer PM_(2.5) of Foshan and Zhaoqing was relatively high, and that of Huizhou and Jiangmen was relatively high.The study shows that the ecological risk of heavy metals Cd and SB in PM_(2.5) in the urban atmosphere of the Pearl River Delta is relatively serious. When evaluating the environmental air ecological risk of urban agglomeration in the Pearl River Delta,we should pay close attention to the environmental ecological risk of heavy metals such as Cd and SB with low concentration but high pollution and high ecological hazard.
The content of heavy metals(Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Sb) in PM_(2.5) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) in the urban agglomeration of the Pearl River Delta(Guangzhou and other nine cities), and the risk assessment was carried out by land accumulation index method and potential ecological risk assessment. The results showed that the contents of heavy metals(Cd, As and Sb) in PM_(2.5) of urban ambient air in the Pearl River Delta were determined by ICPMS. The level of pollution reached grade 3, i.e. moderate pollution, moderate pollution of Pb, moderate pollution of Cr and Ni;the content of Pb, Cr and Ni in summer PM_(2.5) of most cities in the Pearl River Delta was relatively lower than that of Lanzhou,Beijing and other cities, and Cd was basically lower than that of Beijing and Wuhan. For different cities, the content of heavy metals in summer PM_(2.5) of Foshan and Zhaoqing was relatively high, and that of Huizhou and Jiangmen was relatively high.The study shows that the ecological risk of heavy metals Cd and SB in PM_(2.5) in the urban atmosphere of the Pearl River Delta is relatively serious. When evaluating the environmental air ecological risk of urban agglomeration in the Pearl River Delta,we should pay close attention to the environmental ecological risk of heavy metals such as Cd and SB with low concentration but high pollution and high ecological hazard.
引文
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[2]焦姣,张雷波,姬亚芹.应用地质累积指数评价抚顺市PM10中元素的污染[J].环境污染与防治，2012,34(6):66-70.Jiao Wei,Zhang Leibo,Ji Yaqin.Evaluation of elemental pollution in PM10in Fushun City by application of geological accumulation index[J].Pollution Control,2012,34(6):66-70.
[3]Darko G,Dodd M,Nkansah M A,et al.Distribution and ecological risks of toxic metals in the topsoils in the Kumasi metropolis,Ghana[J].Gogent Environmental Science,2017,3(1).
[4]Sun R,Chen L.Assessment of heavy metal pollution in topsoil around Beijing metropolis[J].Plos One,2016,11(5):e0155350.
[5]Li Q,Ji H,Qin F,et al.Sources and the distribution of heavy metals in the particle size of soil polluted by gold mining upstream of Miyun Reservoir,Beijing:implications for assessing the potential risks[J].Environmental Monitoring&Assessment,2014,186(10):6605-6626.
[6]Han D,Cheng J,Hu X,et al.Spatial distribution,risk assessment and source identification of heavy metals in sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary,China.[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,115(1/2):141-148.
[7]G Muller.Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geojournal,1969,21(8):108-118.
[8]Lars Hakanson.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control a sedimentological approach[J].Water research1980,14(8):975-1001.
[9]Jing H,Zhou S,Pan W,et al.Assessment of the distribution,bioavailability and ecological risks of heavy metals in the lake water and surface sediments of the Caohai plateau wetland,China[J].Plos One,2017,12(12):e0189295.
[10]Pratte S,Bao K,Shen J,et al.Recent atmospheric metal deposition in peatlands of northeast China:a review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,626:1284-1294.
[11]陈治宇.佛山市城区交通环境PM2.5污染特征及源解析研究[D].广州：华南理工大学，2013.Chen Zhiyu.Study on Pollution Characteristics and Source Analysis of PM2.5in Urban Traffic Environment in Foshan City[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology,2013.
[12]林海鹏,武晓燕,战景明,等.兰州市某城区冬夏季大气颗粒物及重金属的污染特征[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(5):810-815.Lin Haipeng,Wu Xiaoyan,Zhan Jingming,et al.Pollution characteristics of atmospheric particulate matter and heavy metals in a winter urban area of Lanzhou City[J].China Environmental Science,2012,32(5):810-815.
[13]陶俊,张仁健,段菁春,等.北京城区PM2.5中致癌重金属季节变化特征及其来源分析[J].环境科学,2014,32(2):411-417.Tao Jun,Zhang Renjian,Duan Jingchun,et al.Seasonal variation characteristics and sources of carcinogenic heavy metals in PM2.5in Beijing urban area[J].Environmental Science,2014,32(2):411-417.
[14]朱颖.武汉市南湖大道南侧PM10、PM2.5及其重金属污染特征[D].武汉：华中农业大学，2014.Zhu Ying.Characteristics of PM10,PM2.5and Heavy Metal Pollution on the South Side of Nanhu Avenue,Wuhan[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2014.
[15]姚青,韩素芹,蔡子颖.天津采暖期大气PM2.5中重金属元素污染及其生态风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2013,33(9):1596-1600.Yao Qing,Han Suqin,Cai Ziying.Heavy metal pollution in atmospheric PM2.5during Tianjin heating period and its ecological risk assessment[J].China Environmental Science,2013,33(9):1596-1600.
[16]李丽娟,温彦平,彭林,等.太原市采暖季PM2.5中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4431-4438.Li Lijuan,Wen Yanping,Peng Lin,et al.Elemental characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in PM2.5during heating season in Taiyuan City[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12):4431-4438.
[17]Nie C,Lin C,Du R,et al.Heavy metal characteristics of vegetables and their soils in Foshan City[J].Journal of Foshan University:Natural Science Edition,2010,28(3):1-5.
[18]De la Campa A M S,Jesús D,González-Castanedo Y,et al.High concentrations of heavy metals in PM from ceramic factories of Southern Spain[J].Atmospheric Research,2010,96(4):633-644.
[19]Hidemori T,Nakayama T,Matsumi Y,et al.Characteristics of atmospheric aerosols containing heavy metals measured on Fukue Island,Japan[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,97:447-455.
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