晋西黄土区土壤水分动态变化与植被群落关系研究
|
摘要
土壤水分是晋西黄土区植被群落生长与恢复的主要限制因素,为定量探讨该区域不同植被群落土壤水分变化规律,选择山西吉县蔡家川流域3种典型植被群落(油松人工林、刺槐人工林、天然次生林)为研究对象,研究土壤水分时空变化特征,以及土壤水分与降雨、气温和土壤养分的变化关系。结果表明:(1)近10年,研究区降雨分布极不均匀,表现为降雨前期不足,集中在中后期;近10年植被群落生长季,天然次生林土壤水分最大,刺槐林最小,且两者存在显著差异,但均与油松林地差异不显著;(2)研究区3种植被群落0～60 cm土层中根系分布存在差异。其中,同种植被群落不同土层间根系分布均存在显著差异;不同植被群落中,天然次生林与油松、刺槐林的根系分布在20～60 cm土层存在显著差异;(3)研究区植被群落土壤水分具有明显分层现象,即0～40 cm土层土壤水分变化较大,而40～100 cm土层波动较小,基本维持在10%～15%;表土层(0～40 cm)土壤水分变化与植被根系分布有关,且植被根系分布与土壤水分呈显著负相关;(4)通过对土壤水分与降雨、气温、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾等因素进行分析,发现土壤水分与降雨呈显著正相关,油松林地相关系数最高;气温只与次生林的土壤水分呈显著正相关;土壤水分与有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾存在正相关,其中与全磷相关度最高。
Water availability is the most limiting factor for plants in forest ecosystems of semi-arid regions.To determine the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture under different vegetation community in loess hilly region,by the field test,three typical vegetation communities(Pinus tabuliformis forest,Robinia pseudoacacia forest,and natural secondary forest) were investigated.By analyzing the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil water and the relationship between soil moisture and precipitation,temperature and soil nutrient,the results showed that:(1) In the past ten years,the rainfall distribution in the study area was extremely uneven,and characterized by insufficient pre-rainfall period and concentrated in the later stage.The natural secondary forest soil had the largest soil moisture,and R.pseudoacacia forest was the smallest,and there were significant differences between them,both of them were not significant difference with P.tabuliformis forest;(2) There were differences in the distribution of roots in the 0-60 cm soil layer of the three vegetation communities in the study area.Among them,the distribution of roots in different soil layers of the same plantingcommunity was significantly different.In different vegetation communities,the root distribution of natural secondary forests was significantly different with P.tabuliformis and R.pseudoacacia forests in the 20-60 cm soil layer;(3) The soil moisture of the vegetation community in the study area had obvious stratification,the soil moisture in the topsoil(0-40 cm) varies greatly,while the 40-100 cm soil layer had less fluctuation and basically maintained at 10%-15%.The soil moisture change in topsoil(0-40 cm) was related to the distribution of vegetation roots,and significantly negatively correlated with soil moisture;(4) Through analyzing the relationship of soil moisture and rainfall,temperature,organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium in topsoil,soil moisture is significantly positively correlated with rainfall,and the correlation coefficient of P.tabuliformis forest is the highest.Temperature is only positively correlated with the soil moisture of the secondary forest.Soil moisture is positively correlated with organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium,and the correlation with total phosphorus is the highest.
Water availability is the most limiting factor for plants in forest ecosystems of semi-arid regions.To determine the spatiotemporal dynamics of soil moisture under different vegetation community in loess hilly region,by the field test,three typical vegetation communities(Pinus tabuliformis forest,Robinia pseudoacacia forest,and natural secondary forest) were investigated.By analyzing the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of soil water and the relationship between soil moisture and precipitation,temperature and soil nutrient,the results showed that:(1) In the past ten years,the rainfall distribution in the study area was extremely uneven,and characterized by insufficient pre-rainfall period and concentrated in the later stage.The natural secondary forest soil had the largest soil moisture,and R.pseudoacacia forest was the smallest,and there were significant differences between them,both of them were not significant difference with P.tabuliformis forest;(2) There were differences in the distribution of roots in the 0-60 cm soil layer of the three vegetation communities in the study area.Among them,the distribution of roots in different soil layers of the same plantingcommunity was significantly different.In different vegetation communities,the root distribution of natural secondary forests was significantly different with P.tabuliformis and R.pseudoacacia forests in the 20-60 cm soil layer;(3) The soil moisture of the vegetation community in the study area had obvious stratification,the soil moisture in the topsoil(0-40 cm) varies greatly,while the 40-100 cm soil layer had less fluctuation and basically maintained at 10%-15%.The soil moisture change in topsoil(0-40 cm) was related to the distribution of vegetation roots,and significantly negatively correlated with soil moisture;(4) Through analyzing the relationship of soil moisture and rainfall,temperature,organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium in topsoil,soil moisture is significantly positively correlated with rainfall,and the correlation coefficient of P.tabuliformis forest is the highest.Temperature is only positively correlated with the soil moisture of the secondary forest.Soil moisture is positively correlated with organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium,and the correlation with total phosphorus is the highest.
引文
1.D'odorico P,Laio F,Porporato A,et al.Ecohydrology of terrestrial ecosystems[J].Bio Science,2010,60(11):898-907.
2.Hutjes R W A,Kabat P,Running S W,et al.Biospheric aspects of the hydrological cycle[J].Journal of Hydrology,1998,212-213:1-21.
3.Sánchez-costa E,Poyatos R,SabatéS.Contrasting growth and water use strategies in four co-occurring Mediterranean tree species revealed by concurrent measurements of sap flow and stem diameter variations[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,207:24-37.
4.Yoder C K,Nowak R S.Soil moisture extraction by evergreen and drought-deciduous shrubs in the Mojave Desert during wet and dry years[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1999,42(2):81-96.
5.Li Z,Zheng F L,Liu W Z,et al.Spatially downscaling GC-Ms outputs to project changes in extreme precipitation and temperature events on the Loess Plateau of China during the 21stCentury[J].Global and Planetary Change,2012,82-83:65-73.
6.许洺山,黄海侠,史青茹,等.浙东常绿阔叶林植物功能性状对土壤含水量变化的响应[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(9):857-866.Xu M S,Huang H X,Shi Q R,et al.Responses of soil water content to change in plant functional traits in evergreen broadleaved forests in eastern Zhejiang Province[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2015,39(9):857-866.
7.Yang L,Wei W,Chen L D,et al.Response of deep soil moisture to land use and afforestation in the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,475:111-122.
8.Cantón Y,Solé-Benet A,Domingo F.Temporal and spatial patterns of soil moisture in semiarid badlands of SE Spain[J].Journal of Hydrology,2004,285(1-4):199-214.
9.余新晓,张建军,朱金兆.黄土地区防护林生态系统土壤水分条件的分析与评价[J].林业科学,1996,32(4):289-297.Yu X X,Zhang J J,Zhu J Z.Analysis and evaluation of soil water conditions of protective forest ecosystem in Loess Area[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1996,32(4):289-297.
10.李洪建,王孟本,柴宝峰.晋西北人工林土壤水分特点与降水关系研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,12(4):61-66.Li H J,Wang M B,Chai B F.Study on characteristics of soil water of planted forest and its relation to precipitation in Northwestern Shanxi[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1998,12(4):61-66.
11.魏天兴,余新晓,朱金兆,等.黄土区防护林主要造林树种水分供需关系研究[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(2):185-189.Wei T X,Yu X X,Zhu J Z,et al.Relationship between water supply and consumption of main planting tree species of protection forests in loess area of western Shanxi Province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2001,12(2):185-189.
12.Vivoni E R,Rinehart A J,Méndez-Barroso L A,et al.Vegetation controls on soil moisture distribution in the Valles Caldera,New Mexico,during the North American monsoon[J].Ecohydrology,2008,1(3):225-238.
13.Schume H,Jost G,Hager H.Soil water depletion and recharge patterns in mixed and pure forest stands of European beech and Norway spruce[J].Journal of Hydrology,2004,289(1-4):258-274.
14.王志强,刘宝元,张岩.不同植被类型对厚层黄土剖面水分含量的影响[J].地理学报,2008,63(7):703-713.Wang Z Q,Liu B Y,Zhang Y.Effects of different vegetation types on soil moisture in deep loess soil profiles[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(7):703-713.
15.万师强,陈灵芝.暖温带落叶阔叶林冠层对降水的分配作用[J].植物生态学报,1999,23(6):557-561.Wan S Q,Chen L Z.Canopy distribution of precipitation in warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,1999,23(6):557-561.
16.邵明安,贾小旭,王云强,等.黄土高原土壤干层研究进展与展望[J].地球科学进展,2016,31(1):14-22.Shao M A,Jia X X,Wang Y Q,et al.A review of studies on dried soil layers in the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Earth Science,2016,31(1):14-22.
17.吴多洋,焦菊英,于卫洁,等.陕北刺槐林木生长及林下植被与土壤水分对种植密度的响应特征[J].西北植物学报,2017,37(2):346-355.Wu D Y,Jiao J Y,Yu W J,et al.Response characteristics of locust growth,understory vegetation and soil moisture on planting density in Northern Shaanxi[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2017,37(2):346-355.
18.王力,邵明安,王全九,等.黄土高原子午岭天然林与刺槐人工林地土壤干化状况对比[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(7):1279-1286.Wang L,Shao M A,Wang Q J,et al.Comparison of soil desiccations in natural and acacia forests in the Ziwuling Mountain of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,2005,25(7):1279-1286.
19.鲍士旦.土壤农化分析:3版[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:25-97.Bao S D.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis:3rd ed[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:25-97.
20.Binkley D,Hart S C.The components of nitrogen availability assessments in forest soils[M].//Stewart B A.Advances in soil science.New York:Springer-Verlag,1989,10:57-112.
21.赵荣玮,张建军,李玉婷,等.晋西黄土区人工林地土壤水分特征及其对降雨的响应[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(1):178-183.Zhao R W,Zhang J J,Li Y T,et al.Soil moisture characteristics and its response to rainfall in artificial forests in loess region of Western Shanxi Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(1):178-183.
22.朱喜,何志斌,杜军,等.间伐对祁连山青海云杉人工林土壤水分的影响[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(1):55-60.Zhu X,He Z B,Du J,et al.Effects of thinning on the soil moisture of the Picea crassifolia plantation in Qilian Mountains[J].Forest Research,2015,28(1):55-60.
23.何恺文,黄炎和,蒋芳市,等.2种草本植物根系对长汀县崩岗洪积扇土壤水分状况的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(4):25-34.He K W,Huang Y H,Jiang F S,et al.Effects of two types of herb plants'roots on soil moisture in the alluvial soil in Changting County[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(4):25-34.
24.韦兰英,上官周平.黄土高原不同演替阶段草地植被细根垂直分布特征与土壤环境的关系[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):3740-3748.Wei L Y,Shangguan Z P.Relationship between vertical distribution of fine root in different successional stages of herbaceous vegetation and soil environment in Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(11):3740-3748.
25.Amador J A,G9rres J H,Savin M C.Role of soil water content in the carbon and nitrogen dynamics of Lumbricus terrestris L.burrow soil[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2005,28(1):15-22.
2.Hutjes R W A,Kabat P,Running S W,et al.Biospheric aspects of the hydrological cycle[J].Journal of Hydrology,1998,212-213:1-21.
3.Sánchez-costa E,Poyatos R,SabatéS.Contrasting growth and water use strategies in four co-occurring Mediterranean tree species revealed by concurrent measurements of sap flow and stem diameter variations[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,207:24-37.
4.Yoder C K,Nowak R S.Soil moisture extraction by evergreen and drought-deciduous shrubs in the Mojave Desert during wet and dry years[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1999,42(2):81-96.
5.Li Z,Zheng F L,Liu W Z,et al.Spatially downscaling GC-Ms outputs to project changes in extreme precipitation and temperature events on the Loess Plateau of China during the 21stCentury[J].Global and Planetary Change,2012,82-83:65-73.
6.许洺山,黄海侠,史青茹,等.浙东常绿阔叶林植物功能性状对土壤含水量变化的响应[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(9):857-866.Xu M S,Huang H X,Shi Q R,et al.Responses of soil water content to change in plant functional traits in evergreen broadleaved forests in eastern Zhejiang Province[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2015,39(9):857-866.
7.Yang L,Wei W,Chen L D,et al.Response of deep soil moisture to land use and afforestation in the semi-arid Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,475:111-122.
8.Cantón Y,Solé-Benet A,Domingo F.Temporal and spatial patterns of soil moisture in semiarid badlands of SE Spain[J].Journal of Hydrology,2004,285(1-4):199-214.
9.余新晓,张建军,朱金兆.黄土地区防护林生态系统土壤水分条件的分析与评价[J].林业科学,1996,32(4):289-297.Yu X X,Zhang J J,Zhu J Z.Analysis and evaluation of soil water conditions of protective forest ecosystem in Loess Area[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1996,32(4):289-297.
10.李洪建,王孟本,柴宝峰.晋西北人工林土壤水分特点与降水关系研究[J].土壤侵蚀与水土保持学报,1998,12(4):61-66.Li H J,Wang M B,Chai B F.Study on characteristics of soil water of planted forest and its relation to precipitation in Northwestern Shanxi[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1998,12(4):61-66.
11.魏天兴,余新晓,朱金兆,等.黄土区防护林主要造林树种水分供需关系研究[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(2):185-189.Wei T X,Yu X X,Zhu J Z,et al.Relationship between water supply and consumption of main planting tree species of protection forests in loess area of western Shanxi Province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2001,12(2):185-189.
12.Vivoni E R,Rinehart A J,Méndez-Barroso L A,et al.Vegetation controls on soil moisture distribution in the Valles Caldera,New Mexico,during the North American monsoon[J].Ecohydrology,2008,1(3):225-238.
13.Schume H,Jost G,Hager H.Soil water depletion and recharge patterns in mixed and pure forest stands of European beech and Norway spruce[J].Journal of Hydrology,2004,289(1-4):258-274.
14.王志强,刘宝元,张岩.不同植被类型对厚层黄土剖面水分含量的影响[J].地理学报,2008,63(7):703-713.Wang Z Q,Liu B Y,Zhang Y.Effects of different vegetation types on soil moisture in deep loess soil profiles[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(7):703-713.
15.万师强,陈灵芝.暖温带落叶阔叶林冠层对降水的分配作用[J].植物生态学报,1999,23(6):557-561.Wan S Q,Chen L Z.Canopy distribution of precipitation in warm temperate deciduous broad-leaved forests[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,1999,23(6):557-561.
16.邵明安,贾小旭,王云强,等.黄土高原土壤干层研究进展与展望[J].地球科学进展,2016,31(1):14-22.Shao M A,Jia X X,Wang Y Q,et al.A review of studies on dried soil layers in the Loess Plateau[J].Advances in Earth Science,2016,31(1):14-22.
17.吴多洋,焦菊英,于卫洁,等.陕北刺槐林木生长及林下植被与土壤水分对种植密度的响应特征[J].西北植物学报,2017,37(2):346-355.Wu D Y,Jiao J Y,Yu W J,et al.Response characteristics of locust growth,understory vegetation and soil moisture on planting density in Northern Shaanxi[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2017,37(2):346-355.
18.王力,邵明安,王全九,等.黄土高原子午岭天然林与刺槐人工林地土壤干化状况对比[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(7):1279-1286.Wang L,Shao M A,Wang Q J,et al.Comparison of soil desiccations in natural and acacia forests in the Ziwuling Mountain of the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,2005,25(7):1279-1286.
19.鲍士旦.土壤农化分析:3版[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:25-97.Bao S D.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis:3rd ed[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:25-97.
20.Binkley D,Hart S C.The components of nitrogen availability assessments in forest soils[M].//Stewart B A.Advances in soil science.New York:Springer-Verlag,1989,10:57-112.
21.赵荣玮,张建军,李玉婷,等.晋西黄土区人工林地土壤水分特征及其对降雨的响应[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(1):178-183.Zhao R W,Zhang J J,Li Y T,et al.Soil moisture characteristics and its response to rainfall in artificial forests in loess region of Western Shanxi Province[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,30(1):178-183.
22.朱喜,何志斌,杜军,等.间伐对祁连山青海云杉人工林土壤水分的影响[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(1):55-60.Zhu X,He Z B,Du J,et al.Effects of thinning on the soil moisture of the Picea crassifolia plantation in Qilian Mountains[J].Forest Research,2015,28(1):55-60.
23.何恺文,黄炎和,蒋芳市,等.2种草本植物根系对长汀县崩岗洪积扇土壤水分状况的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(4):25-34.He K W,Huang Y H,Jiang F S,et al.Effects of two types of herb plants'roots on soil moisture in the alluvial soil in Changting County[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,15(4):25-34.
24.韦兰英,上官周平.黄土高原不同演替阶段草地植被细根垂直分布特征与土壤环境的关系[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):3740-3748.Wei L Y,Shangguan Z P.Relationship between vertical distribution of fine root in different successional stages of herbaceous vegetation and soil environment in Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(11):3740-3748.
25.Amador J A,G9rres J H,Savin M C.Role of soil water content in the carbon and nitrogen dynamics of Lumbricus terrestris L.burrow soil[J].Applied Soil Ecology,2005,28(1):15-22.