大坝泄水对鱼类洄游能力的影响研究
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摘要
大坝的建设将天然河道分隔成上、下两个环境单元,改变了河道的流量、流速和水位等水文要素,使原有的水力条件及生态环境都发生了变化,对鱼类的洄游、繁殖和生长等都产生较大影响。以江河湖泊常见鱼种—成年鲤为研究对象,以0.02 m~3/s为基础流量,按照0.01 m~3/s的流量递增进行大坝泄水模拟实验;采用声学信号监测技术监测成年鲤在不同泄水量下的洄游能力及游泳轨迹,分析不同泄水量的河道流场并与鱼类游泳轨迹进行拟合,研究不同流速对鱼类洄游能力的影响。结果表明:成年鲤的洄游距离、游泳速度随着河道流速增大而逐渐减小,成年鲤洄游开始出现困难、开始出现逆流后退以及无法洄游时河道流速分别为0.42,0.48 m/s和0.62 m/s;泄水量每增加一个0.01 m~3/s流量梯度,成年鲤洄游距离约减少1.5 m,说明随着河道流速增大鱼类洄游轨迹变化是一个逐渐收敛的过程。大坝泄水过程同时还会造成氮气和氧气过饱和、改变水体温度和浊度从而对鱼类生存环境、繁殖及鱼类资源造成影响。
Dam project divides the natural river channel into upper and lower environmental units, which changes the hydrological factors such as flow velocity and water level of the river channel. It changes the original hydraulic conditions and ecological environment so that the fish migration, reproduction and growth are greatly impacted. The adult carp swimming ability is studied in this paper. The dam discharge is simulated based on the flow of 0.02 m~3/s and increased by 0.01 m3/s per times. The acoustic signal monitoring technology is used to observe the swimming ability of adult carp and migration track under the different discharge. The flow field of different discharges are established and fitted with the fish swimming track to analyze the effects of different flow conditions on migration distance and fish swimming ability. The results show that the migration distance and swimming speed of adult carp gradually decreases with the increase of flow velocity. Adult carp began to swim difficultly at the flow velocity of 0.42 m/s,retreat along the flow at 0.48 m/s and stop migration at 0.62 m/s. The migration distance of adult carp reduced by approximately 1.5 m when the discharge rate increased by 0.01 m~3/s, indicating that the fish migration track was a gradual convergence process as the flow velocity increased. Due to the change of flow velocity, the dam discharging process has an impact on the fish migration ability, brings about nitrogen supersaturation and changes the temperature and turbidity of the water body, accordingly affecting the living and breeding environment of fish.
Dam project divides the natural river channel into upper and lower environmental units, which changes the hydrological factors such as flow velocity and water level of the river channel. It changes the original hydraulic conditions and ecological environment so that the fish migration, reproduction and growth are greatly impacted. The adult carp swimming ability is studied in this paper. The dam discharge is simulated based on the flow of 0.02 m~3/s and increased by 0.01 m3/s per times. The acoustic signal monitoring technology is used to observe the swimming ability of adult carp and migration track under the different discharge. The flow field of different discharges are established and fitted with the fish swimming track to analyze the effects of different flow conditions on migration distance and fish swimming ability. The results show that the migration distance and swimming speed of adult carp gradually decreases with the increase of flow velocity. Adult carp began to swim difficultly at the flow velocity of 0.42 m/s,retreat along the flow at 0.48 m/s and stop migration at 0.62 m/s. The migration distance of adult carp reduced by approximately 1.5 m when the discharge rate increased by 0.01 m~3/s, indicating that the fish migration track was a gradual convergence process as the flow velocity increased. Due to the change of flow velocity, the dam discharging process has an impact on the fish migration ability, brings about nitrogen supersaturation and changes the temperature and turbidity of the water body, accordingly affecting the living and breeding environment of fish.
引文
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[15] 李丹,林小涛,李想,等.水流对杂交鲟幼鱼游泳行为的影响[J].淡水渔业,2009,38(6):46-51.
[16] 李丹,林小涛,朱志明,等.不同流速下杂交鲟幼鱼游泳状态与活动代谢研究[J].水生生物学报,2011,35(4):578-585.
[17] 钟金鑫,张倩,李小荣,等.不同流速对鱇(鱼良) 白鱼游泳行为的影响[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(3):655-660.
[18] 石小涛,陈求稳,刘德福,等.胭脂鱼幼鱼的临界游泳速度[J].水生生物学报,2012,36(1):133-136.
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[20] 姜翠玲,严以新.水利工程对长江河口生态环境的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2003,12(6):547-551.
[2] Vowles A S,Kemp P S.Effects of light on the behavior of brown trout (Salmo trutta) encountering accelerating flow:Application to downstream fish passage[J].Ecological Engineering,2012,47(1):247-253.
[3] Vowles A S,Anderson J J,Gessel M H,et al.Effects of avoidance behaviour on downstream fish passage through areas of accelerating flow when light and dark[J].Animal Behaviour,2014,92:101-109.
[4] 龚丽,吴一红,白音包力皋,等.草鱼幼鱼游泳能力及游泳行为试验研究[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报,2015,13(3):211-216.
[5] 段辛斌,俞立雄,罗宏伟.两种温度条件下四种鱼类临界游泳速度的比较[J].动物学杂志,2015,50(4):529-536.
[6] 李会锋,蔡德所,杨培思.鲢幼鱼游泳能力及游泳行为的试验研究[J].水生态学杂志,2016,37(3):88-92.
[7] 刘慧杰,王从锋,朱良康.鲢鳙幼鱼临界游泳速度的比较研究[J].水生态学杂志,2016,37(4):63-39.
[8] 曹平,穆祥鹏,白音包力皋,等.与鱼道水力设计相关的草鱼幼鱼游泳行为特性研究[J].水利学报,2017,48(12):1456-1464.
[9] 林晨宇,罗佳,刘德富.鳙幼鱼在下行过程中应对加速流的行为响应研究[J].水生生物学报,2017,41(3):560-564.
[10] 柯森繁,陈渴鑫,罗佳.鲢顶流游泳速度与摆尾行为相关性分析[J].水产学报,2017,41(3):401-406.
[11] Suriyampola P S,Sykes D J,Khemka A,et al.Water flow impacts group behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio)[J].Behavioral Ecology,2017,28(1):94-100.
[12] 李敏讷,朱海峰,金志军.速流对鲢、鳙幼鱼下行过程中游泳行为的影响[J].水生生物学报,2018,42(3):571-577.
[13] 王英才,王树磊,唐剑,等.斑马鱼在Cu2+胁迫下运动行为变化研究及其应用[J].人民长江,2018,49(21):20-26.
[14] 段辛斌,陈大庆.长江三峡库区鱼类资源现状的研究[J].水生生物学报,2002,26(6):605-611.
[15] 李丹,林小涛,李想,等.水流对杂交鲟幼鱼游泳行为的影响[J].淡水渔业,2009,38(6):46-51.
[16] 李丹,林小涛,朱志明,等.不同流速下杂交鲟幼鱼游泳状态与活动代谢研究[J].水生生物学报,2011,35(4):578-585.
[17] 钟金鑫,张倩,李小荣,等.不同流速对鱇(鱼良) 白鱼游泳行为的影响[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(3):655-660.
[18] 石小涛,陈求稳,刘德福,等.胭脂鱼幼鱼的临界游泳速度[J].水生生物学报,2012,36(1):133-136.
[19] 张苏江.陈庆波.数据统计分析软件 SPSS的应用(二)—基本统计分析[J].畜牧与兽医,2003,35(5):19-21.
[20] 姜翠玲,严以新.水利工程对长江河口生态环境的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2003,12(6):547-551.
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