蚯蚓对印度芥菜修复Zn、Pb污染土壤的影响
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摘要
以褐土为供试土壤,分别加入不同浓度梯度Zn2+(0,100,200,400 mg kg~(-1))或Pb2+(0,200,400,800 mg kg~(-1))模拟土壤污染,设置添加蚯蚓与不添加蚯蚓处理,通过盆栽实验,研究蚯蚓对印度芥菜生长量和重金属吸收量的影响,旨在探讨蚯蚓在植物-土壤系统中影响重金属迁移转化的作用机理,为蚯蚓在植物修复技术的实践与完善提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)在Zn、Pb污染土壤中,蚯蚓生长率分别降低3%～24%、6%～29%;(2)蚯蚓活动可以降低土壤的pH,显著增加土壤中Zn的有效态含量;(3)蚯蚓活动显著增加了印度芥菜地上部生物量(22.6%～88.6%鲜重,31.3%～122%干重)和印度芥菜地上部Zn的浓度及Zn和Pb的吸收量。印度芥菜地上部重金属浓度和吸收量与土壤中DTPA提取态含量呈极显著正相关(P <0.01),与土壤pH呈负相关。(4)蚯蚓对重金属的活化和对植物生长的促进是解决植物修复瓶颈问题的有效手段。
The mechanism of the migration and transformation of heavy metals affected by earthworms in the plant-soil system was investigated in order to provide a theoretical basis for the practice and improvement of phytoremediation technology. Soils were amended respectively with ZnSO_4·7H_2O at rates of 0, 100, 200, 400 mg kg~(-1) Zn and Pb(CH_3COO)_2·3H_2O at rates of 0, 200, 400, 800 mg kg~(-1) Pb to simulate soil contamination. The effects of earthworms on the growth and assimilation of heavy metals in Indian mustard were studied through adding earthworms in pot experiments. The growth rates of earthworms were reduced by 3% to 24% and 6% to 29% in Zn-and Pb-contaminated soil, respectively. Adding earthworm reduced the value of soil p H and significantly increased the content of soil available Zn. Earthworm activity significantly increased the aboveground biomass of Indian mustard(22.6%-88.6% of fresh weight, 31.3%-122% of dry weight), the concentration of Zn and the adsorption amounts of Zn and Pb in Indian mustard aboveground. The content of heavy metal in shoot of Indian mustard was significantly positively correlated with that of DTPA extracted heavy metal in soil(P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with soil pH.The role of earthworms in phytoremediation is to enhance the activation of heavy metals and to promote plant growth.
The mechanism of the migration and transformation of heavy metals affected by earthworms in the plant-soil system was investigated in order to provide a theoretical basis for the practice and improvement of phytoremediation technology. Soils were amended respectively with ZnSO_4·7H_2O at rates of 0, 100, 200, 400 mg kg~(-1) Zn and Pb(CH_3COO)_2·3H_2O at rates of 0, 200, 400, 800 mg kg~(-1) Pb to simulate soil contamination. The effects of earthworms on the growth and assimilation of heavy metals in Indian mustard were studied through adding earthworms in pot experiments. The growth rates of earthworms were reduced by 3% to 24% and 6% to 29% in Zn-and Pb-contaminated soil, respectively. Adding earthworm reduced the value of soil p H and significantly increased the content of soil available Zn. Earthworm activity significantly increased the aboveground biomass of Indian mustard(22.6%-88.6% of fresh weight, 31.3%-122% of dry weight), the concentration of Zn and the adsorption amounts of Zn and Pb in Indian mustard aboveground. The content of heavy metal in shoot of Indian mustard was significantly positively correlated with that of DTPA extracted heavy metal in soil(P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with soil pH.The role of earthworms in phytoremediation is to enhance the activation of heavy metals and to promote plant growth.
引文
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[6]蒋先军,骆永明,赵其国.土壤重金属污染的植物提取修复技术及其应用前景[J].农业环境科学学报,2000,19(3):179-183.
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[8]孙琴,倪吾钟,杨肖娥,等.磷对超积累植物——东南景天生长和积累锌的影响[J].环境科学学报,2003,23(6):818-824.
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[11]蒋剑敏.蚯蚓与土壤肥力[J].土壤,1985,17(4):3-15.
[12]成杰民,解敏丽,朱宇恩.赤子爱胜蚓对3种污染土壤中Zn及Pb的活化机理研究[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(5):93-99.
[13]LINDSAY W L,NORVELL W A.Equilibrium Relationships of Zn2+,Fe3+,Ca2+,and H+with EDTA and DTPA in Soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1969,33(1):62-68.
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[15]CHENG W,ZHANG G,YAO H,et al.Possibility of Predicting Heavy-Metal Contents in Rice Grains Based on DTPA-Extracted Levels in Soil[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,2004,35(19-20):2731-2745.
[16]李永涛,张池,Thierry,等.广东大宝山地区重金属污染水田土壤的CuPbZnCd全量与DTPA浸提态含量的相互关系研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(6):1110-1114.
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[18]KUMAR P B,DUSHENKOV V,MOTTO H,et al.Phytoextraction:the use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1995,29(5):1232-1238.
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[21]CHENG J,MING H W.Effects of earthworms on Zn fractionation in soils[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,2002,36(1):72-78.
[22]刘德鸿,成杰民,刘德辉.蚯蚓对土壤中铜、镉形态及高丹草生物有效性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(2):209-214.
[23]郭永灿,王振中,张友梅,等.重金属对蚯蚓的毒性毒理研究[J].应用与环境生物学报,1996,2(2):132-140.
[24]宋玉芳,周启星,许华夏,等.土壤重金属污染对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应研究[J].应用生态学报,2002(02):187-190.
[25]吴声敢,王彦华,吴长兴,等.6种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应与风险评价[J].生物安全学报,2012,21(3):221-228.
[26]OECD.Test No.Earthworm,Acute Toxicity Tests[S].OECDGuidelines for the Testing of Chemicals,Paris,France,207,1984,1:1-9.
[27]王振中,张友梅,胡觉莲,等.土壤重金属污染对蚯蚓(Opisthopora)影响的研究[J].环境科学学报,1994(12):236-243..
[28]陈婕,张安龙.蚯蚓处理重金属的毒理学研究启示[J].环境科技,2008,21(6):27-29.
[29]唐浩,朱江,黄沈发,等.蚯蚓在土壤重金属污染及其修复中的应用研究进展[J].土壤,2013,45(1):17-25.
[30]WEN B,HU X Y,LIU Y,et al.The role of earthworms(Eisenia fetida)in influencing bioavailability of heavy metals in soils[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,2004,40(3):181-187.
[31]EDWARDS C A,LOFTY J.Biology of earthworm[M].London:Chapman and hall,1977.
[32]王斌,李根,陈欢,等.蚯蚓作用下土壤化学组成和性状的动态变化[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(3):273-277.
[33]DEVLIEGHER W,VERSTRAETE W.Lumbricus terrestris,in a soil core experiment:Effects of nutrient-enrichment processes(NEP)and gut-associated processes(GAP)on the availability of plant nutrients and heavy metals[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1996,28(4-5):489-496.
[34]LAVELLE P,RANGEL P,KANYONYO J.Intestinal mucus production by two species of tropical earthworms:Millsonia lamtoiana(Megascolecidae)and Ponthoscolex corethrurus(Glossoscolecidae)[digestion;organic matter;Mexican tropical pasture][C]//8.International Soil Zoology Colloquium,Louvain-la-Neuve(Belgium),30 Aug-2 Sep 1982.UCL-Ecologie Animale,1983.
[35]陈同斌,陈志军.土壤中溶解性有机质及其对污染物吸附和解吸行为的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998(3):201-210.
[36]成杰民,俞协治,黄铭洪.蚯蚓-菌根相互作用对土壤-植物系统中Cd迁移转化的影响[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(2):228-234.
[37]代金君,张池,周波,等.蚯蚓肠道对重金属污染土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J]中国农业大学学报,2015,20(5):95-102.
[38]DEMPSEY M A,FISK M C,YAVITT J B,et al.Exotic earthworms alter soil microbial community composition and function[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2013,67:263-270.
[39]SIZMUR T,HODSON M E.Do earthworms impact metal mobility and availability in soil?-A review[J].Environmental pollution,2009,157(7):1981-1989.
[40]戴树桂.环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:283-284.
[41]刘玉真,朱宇恩,成杰民.赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)对三种土壤Zn、Pb有效态含量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2006,15(4):85-88.
[42]BAKER A J M,BROOKS R R,PEASE A J.Studies on copper and cobalt tolerance in three closely related taxa ithin the genus Silence L.(Caryophyllaceae)from Zaire[J].Plant and Soil,1983,73(3):377-385.
[2]张建新,纳明亮,徐明岗.土壤Cu Zn Pb污染对蔬菜根伸长的抑制及毒性效应[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(3):945-949.
[3]路子显.粮食重金属污染对粮食安全、人体健康的影响[J].粮食科技与经济,2011,36(4):14-17.
[4]龙新宪,杨肖娥,倪吾钟.重金属污染土壤修复技术研究的现状与展望[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(6):757-762.
[5]REEVES R D,BROOKS R R.Hyperaccumulation of lead and zinc by two metallophytes from mining areas of Central Europe[J].Environmental Pollution,1983,31(4):277-285.
[6]蒋先军,骆永明,赵其国.土壤重金属污染的植物提取修复技术及其应用前景[J].农业环境科学学报,2000,19(3):179-183.
[7]MICHAEL J B,DAVID E S,SLAVIK DUSHENKOV,et al.Enhanced Accumulation of Pb in Indian Mustard by Soil-Applied Chelating Agents[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1997,31(3):860-865.
[8]孙琴,倪吾钟,杨肖娥,等.磷对超积累植物——东南景天生长和积累锌的影响[J].环境科学学报,2003,23(6):818-824.
[9]黄福珍.论蚯蚓对土壤结构形成及性态的影响[J].土壤学报,1979(3):211-217.
[10]成杰民,俞协治,黄铭洪.蚯蚓-菌根相互作用对Cd污染土壤中速效养分及植物生长的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(3):685-689.
[11]蒋剑敏.蚯蚓与土壤肥力[J].土壤,1985,17(4):3-15.
[12]成杰民,解敏丽,朱宇恩.赤子爱胜蚓对3种污染土壤中Zn及Pb的活化机理研究[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(5):93-99.
[13]LINDSAY W L,NORVELL W A.Equilibrium Relationships of Zn2+,Fe3+,Ca2+,and H+with EDTA and DTPA in Soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1969,33(1):62-68.
[14]DAI J,BECQUER T,ROUILLER J H,et al.Heavy metal accumulation by two earthworm species and its relationship to total and DTPA-extractablemetalsinsoils.[J].SoilBiology&Biochemistry,2004,36(1):91-98.
[15]CHENG W,ZHANG G,YAO H,et al.Possibility of Predicting Heavy-Metal Contents in Rice Grains Based on DTPA-Extracted Levels in Soil[J].Communications in Soil Science&Plant Analysis,2004,35(19-20):2731-2745.
[16]李永涛,张池,Thierry,等.广东大宝山地区重金属污染水田土壤的CuPbZnCd全量与DTPA浸提态含量的相互关系研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(6):1110-1114.
[17]孙涛,张玉秀,柴团耀.印度芥菜((Brassica juncea L.)重金属耐性机理研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2011,19(1):226-234.
[18]KUMAR P B,DUSHENKOV V,MOTTO H,et al.Phytoextraction:the use of plants to remove heavy metals from soils[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1995,29(5):1232-1238.
[19]中国科学院南京土壤研究所.土壤理化分析[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1978.
[20]俞协治,成杰民.蚯蚓对土壤中铜、镉生物有效性的影响[J].生态学报,2003,23(5):922-928.
[21]CHENG J,MING H W.Effects of earthworms on Zn fractionation in soils[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,2002,36(1):72-78.
[22]刘德鸿,成杰民,刘德辉.蚯蚓对土壤中铜、镉形态及高丹草生物有效性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2007,13(2):209-214.
[23]郭永灿,王振中,张友梅,等.重金属对蚯蚓的毒性毒理研究[J].应用与环境生物学报,1996,2(2):132-140.
[24]宋玉芳,周启星,许华夏,等.土壤重金属污染对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应研究[J].应用生态学报,2002(02):187-190.
[25]吴声敢,王彦华,吴长兴,等.6种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应与风险评价[J].生物安全学报,2012,21(3):221-228.
[26]OECD.Test No.Earthworm,Acute Toxicity Tests[S].OECDGuidelines for the Testing of Chemicals,Paris,France,207,1984,1:1-9.
[27]王振中,张友梅,胡觉莲,等.土壤重金属污染对蚯蚓(Opisthopora)影响的研究[J].环境科学学报,1994(12):236-243..
[28]陈婕,张安龙.蚯蚓处理重金属的毒理学研究启示[J].环境科技,2008,21(6):27-29.
[29]唐浩,朱江,黄沈发,等.蚯蚓在土壤重金属污染及其修复中的应用研究进展[J].土壤,2013,45(1):17-25.
[30]WEN B,HU X Y,LIU Y,et al.The role of earthworms(Eisenia fetida)in influencing bioavailability of heavy metals in soils[J].Biology&Fertility of Soils,2004,40(3):181-187.
[31]EDWARDS C A,LOFTY J.Biology of earthworm[M].London:Chapman and hall,1977.
[32]王斌,李根,陈欢,等.蚯蚓作用下土壤化学组成和性状的动态变化[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(3):273-277.
[33]DEVLIEGHER W,VERSTRAETE W.Lumbricus terrestris,in a soil core experiment:Effects of nutrient-enrichment processes(NEP)and gut-associated processes(GAP)on the availability of plant nutrients and heavy metals[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1996,28(4-5):489-496.
[34]LAVELLE P,RANGEL P,KANYONYO J.Intestinal mucus production by two species of tropical earthworms:Millsonia lamtoiana(Megascolecidae)and Ponthoscolex corethrurus(Glossoscolecidae)[digestion;organic matter;Mexican tropical pasture][C]//8.International Soil Zoology Colloquium,Louvain-la-Neuve(Belgium),30 Aug-2 Sep 1982.UCL-Ecologie Animale,1983.
[35]陈同斌,陈志军.土壤中溶解性有机质及其对污染物吸附和解吸行为的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1998(3):201-210.
[36]成杰民,俞协治,黄铭洪.蚯蚓-菌根相互作用对土壤-植物系统中Cd迁移转化的影响[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(2):228-234.
[37]代金君,张池,周波,等.蚯蚓肠道对重金属污染土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J]中国农业大学学报,2015,20(5):95-102.
[38]DEMPSEY M A,FISK M C,YAVITT J B,et al.Exotic earthworms alter soil microbial community composition and function[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2013,67:263-270.
[39]SIZMUR T,HODSON M E.Do earthworms impact metal mobility and availability in soil?-A review[J].Environmental pollution,2009,157(7):1981-1989.
[40]戴树桂.环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:283-284.
[41]刘玉真,朱宇恩,成杰民.赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)对三种土壤Zn、Pb有效态含量的影响[J].生态环境学报,2006,15(4):85-88.
[42]BAKER A J M,BROOKS R R,PEASE A J.Studies on copper and cobalt tolerance in three closely related taxa ithin the genus Silence L.(Caryophyllaceae)from Zaire[J].Plant and Soil,1983,73(3):377-385.