华北平原冬小麦种植面积变化及对地下水消耗的影响（英文）
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摘要
The North China Plain is one of the most water-stressed areas in China. Irrigation of winter wheat mainly utilizes groundwater resources, which has resulted in severe environmental problems. Accurate estimation of crop water consumption and net irrigation water consumption is crucial to guarantee the management of agricultural water resources. An actual crop evapotranspiration(ET) estimation model was proposed, by combining FAO Penman-Monteith method with remote sensing data. The planting area of winter wheat has a significant impact on water consumption; therefore, the planting area was also retrieved. The estimated ET showed good agreement with field-observed ET at four stations. The average relative bias and root mean square error(RMSE) for ET estimation were –2.2% and 25.5 mm, respectively. The results showed the planting area and water consumption of winter wheat had a decreasing trend in the Northern Hebei Plain(N-HBP) and Southern Hebei Plain(S-HBP). Moreover, in these two regions, there was a significant negative correlation between accumulated net irrigation water consumption and groundwater table. The total net irrigation water consumption in the N-HBP and S-HBP accounted for 12.9×10~9 m~3 and 31.9×10~9 m~3 during 2001–2016, respectively. Before and after 2001, the decline rate of groundwater table had a decreasing trend, as did the planting area of winter wheat in the N-HBP and S-HBP. The decrease of winter wheat planting area alleviated the decline of groundwater table in these two regions while the total net irrigation water consumption was both up to 28.5×10~9 m~3 during 2001–2016 in the Northwestern Shandong Plain(NW-SDP) and Northern Henan Plain(N-HNP). In these two regions, there was no significant correlation between accumulated net irrigation water consumption and groundwater table. The Yellow River was able to supply irrigation and the groundwater table had no significant declining trend.
The North China Plain is one of the most water-stressed areas in China. Irrigation of winter wheat mainly utilizes groundwater resources, which has resulted in severe environmental problems. Accurate estimation of crop water consumption and net irrigation water consumption is crucial to guarantee the management of agricultural water resources. An actual crop evapotranspiration(ET) estimation model was proposed, by combining FAO Penman-Monteith method with remote sensing data. The planting area of winter wheat has a significant impact on water consumption; therefore, the planting area was also retrieved. The estimated ET showed good agreement with field-observed ET at four stations. The average relative bias and root mean square error(RMSE) for ET estimation were –2.2% and 25.5 mm, respectively. The results showed the planting area and water consumption of winter wheat had a decreasing trend in the Northern Hebei Plain(N-HBP) and Southern Hebei Plain(S-HBP). Moreover, in these two regions, there was a significant negative correlation between accumulated net irrigation water consumption and groundwater table. The total net irrigation water consumption in the N-HBP and S-HBP accounted for 12.9×10~9 m~3 and 31.9×10~9 m~3 during 2001–2016, respectively. Before and after 2001, the decline rate of groundwater table had a decreasing trend, as did the planting area of winter wheat in the N-HBP and S-HBP. The decrease of winter wheat planting area alleviated the decline of groundwater table in these two regions while the total net irrigation water consumption was both up to 28.5×10~9 m~3 during 2001–2016 in the Northwestern Shandong Plain(NW-SDP) and Northern Henan Plain(N-HNP). In these two regions, there was no significant correlation between accumulated net irrigation water consumption and groundwater table. The Yellow River was able to supply irrigation and the groundwater table had no significant declining trend.
The North China Plain is one of the most water-stressed areas in China. Irrigation of winter wheat mainly utilizes groundwater resources, which has resulted in severe environmental problems. Accurate estimation of crop water consumption and net irrigation water consumption is crucial to guarantee the management of agricultural water resources. An actual crop evapotranspiration(ET) estimation model was proposed, by combining FAO Penman-Monteith method with remote sensing data. The planting area of winter wheat has a significant impact on water consumption; therefore, the planting area was also retrieved. The estimated ET showed good agreement with field-observed ET at four stations. The average relative bias and root mean square error(RMSE) for ET estimation were –2.2% and 25.5 mm, respectively. The results showed the planting area and water consumption of winter wheat had a decreasing trend in the Northern Hebei Plain(N-HBP) and Southern Hebei Plain(S-HBP). Moreover, in these two regions, there was a significant negative correlation between accumulated net irrigation water consumption and groundwater table. The total net irrigation water consumption in the N-HBP and S-HBP accounted for 12.9×10~9 m~3 and 31.9×10~9 m~3 during 2001–2016, respectively. Before and after 2001, the decline rate of groundwater table had a decreasing trend, as did the planting area of winter wheat in the N-HBP and S-HBP. The decrease of winter wheat planting area alleviated the decline of groundwater table in these two regions while the total net irrigation water consumption was both up to 28.5×10~9 m~3 during 2001–2016 in the Northwestern Shandong Plain(NW-SDP) and Northern Henan Plain(N-HNP). In these two regions, there was no significant correlation between accumulated net irrigation water consumption and groundwater table. The Yellow River was able to supply irrigation and the groundwater table had no significant declining trend.
引文
Adegoke J O,Carleton A M,2002.Relations between soil moisture and satellite vegetation indices in the US Corn Belt.Journal of Hydrometeorology,3(4):395-405.
Allen R G,Clemmens A J,Burt C M et al.,2005.Prediction accuracy for projectwide evapotranspiration using crop coefficients and reference evapotranspiration.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,131(1):24-36.
Allen R G,Pereira L S,Raes D et al.,1998.Crop Evapotranspiration:Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements.FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56.FAO,Rome,Italy.
Bian S Z,Guo F,Si C S,2009.Reflections on the development of irrigation in the lower Yellow River.Yellow River,31(11):81-82.(in Chinese)
Cao G,Cun Y S,Meng J,2007.The effect of irrigation systems in spring on grain yield of winter wheat.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,23(3):466-468.(in Chinese)
Cao G L,Han D M,Song X F,2014.Evaluating actual evapotranspiration and impacts of groundwater storage change in the North China Plain.Hydrological Processes,28(4):1797-1808.
Cao G L,Zheng C M,Scanlon B R et al.,2013.Use of flow modeling to assess sustainability of groundwater resources in the North China Plain.Water Resources Research,49(1):159-175.
Chen J Y,Fukushima Y,Tang C Y et al.,2004.Water environmental problems occurred in the lower reach of the Yellow River.Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology&Water Resources,17(5):555-564.
Cihlar J,Laurent L S,Dyer J A,1991.Relation between the normalized difference vegetation index and ecological variables.Remote Sensing of Environment,35(2/3):279-298.
Deng X P,Shan L,Zhang H P et al.,2006.Improving agricultural water use efficiency in arid and semiarid areas of China.Agricultural Water Management,80(1-3):23-40.
Duan A W,Sun J S,Liu Y et al.,2004.Irrigation Water Quota of Main Crops in Northern China.Beijing:China Agricultural Science&Technology Press,52-60.(in Chinese)
Fan J,Tian F,Yang Y et al.,2010.Quantifying the magnitude of climate and human effect on runoff decline in Mian River Basin via SWAT model.Water Science and Technology:Water Supply,62(4):783-791.
Fogg G E,LaBolle E M,2006.Motivation of synthesis,with an example on groundwater quality sustainability.Water Resources Research,42(3):W03S05.doi:10.1029/2005WR004372.
Gao C R,Yin X L,2011.China Geo-Environment Monitoring Yearbook on Groundwater in 2010.Beijing:China Land Press.(in Chinese)
Gutman G,Ignatov A,1998.The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models.International Journal of Remote Sensing,19(8):1533-1543
Hayes M J,Decker W L,1996.Using NOAA AVHRR data to estimate maize production in the United States Corn Belt.International Journal of Remote Sensing,17(16):3189-3200.
Hu C S,Zhang X Y,Cheng Y S et al.,2002.An analysis on dynamics of water table and overdraft in the piedmont of Mt.Taihang.System Sciemces and Comprehensive Studies in Agriculture,18(2):89-91.(in Chinese)
Jia J S,Liu C M,2002.Groundwater dynamic drift and response to different exploitation in the North China plain:A case study of Luancheng County,Hebei Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,57(2):201-209.(in Chinese)
Jia Z Z,Liu S M,Xu Z W et al.,2012.Validation of remotely sensed evapotranspiration over the Hai River Basin,China.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,117(D13).doi:10.1029/2011JD017037.
Jin M G,Zhang R Q,Gao Y F,1999.Temporal and spatial soil water management:A case study in the Heilonggang region,PR China.Agricultural Water Management,42(2):173-187.
Kendy E,Zhang Y Q,Liu C M et al.,2004.Groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain:Case study of Luancheng County,Hebei Province,1949-2000.Hydrological Processes,18(12):2289-2302.
Konikow L F,2011.Contribution of global groundwater depletion since 1900 to sea-level rise.Geophysical Research Letters,38(17):L17401.doi:10.1029/2011GL048604.
Lei H M,Gong T T,Zhang Y C et al.,2018.Biological factors dominate the interannual variability of evapotranspiration in an irrigated cropland in the North China Plain.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,250/251(15):262-276.
Lei H M,Yang D W,2010.Interannual and seasonal variability in evapotranspiration and energy partitioning over an irrigated cropland in the North China Plain.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,150(4):581-589.
Li H J,Zheng L,Lei Y P et al.,2008.Estimation of water consumption and crop water productivity of winter wheat in North China Plain using remote sensing technology.Agricultural Water Management,95(11):1271-1278.
Li Q Q,Zhou X B,Chen Y H et al.,2012.Water consumption characteristics of winter wheat grown using different planting patterns and deficit irrigation regime.Agricultural Water Management,105:8-12.
Lin Y M,Ren H Z,Yu J J et al.,2000.Blance between land use and water resources in the North China Plain.Journal of Natural Resources,15(3):252-258.(in Chinese)
Liu C M,Wei Z Y,1989.Agricultural Hydrology and Water Resources in the North China Plain.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Liu C M,Yu J J,Eloise K,2001.Groundwater exploitation and its impact on the environment in the North China Plain.Water International,26(2):265-272.
Liu C M,Zhang X Y,Zhang Y Q,2002.Determination of daily evaporation and evapotranspiration of winter wheat and maize by large-scale weighing lysimeter and micro-lysimeter.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,111(2):109-120.
Liu S M,Xu Z W,2013.Multi-scale surface flux and meteorological elements observation dataset in the Hai River Basin(Daxing site-eddy covariance system),Cold and Arid Regions Science Data Center at Lanzhou,doi:10.3972/haihe.005.2013.db.
Liu S M,Xu Z W,Zhu Z L et al.,2013.Measurements of evapotranspiration from eddy-covariance systems and large aperture scintillometers in the Hai River Basin,China.Journal of Hydrology,487(22):24-38.
Luo J M,Shen Y J,Qi Y Q et al.,2018.Evaluating water conservation effects due to cropping system optimization on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei plain,China.Agricultural Systems,159:32-41.
Mo X G,Liu S X,Lin Z H et al.,2005.Prediction of crop yield,water consumption and water use efficiency with a SVAT-crop growth model using remotely sensed data on the North China Plain.Ecological Modelling,183(2/3):301-322.
Moiwo J P,Yang Y H,Yan N N et al.,2011.Comparison of evapotranspiration estimated by ETWatch with that derived from combined GRACE and measured precipitation data in Hai River Basin,North China.Hydrological Sciences Journal,56(2):249-267.
Pan Y H,Zhang C Y,Li Q C,2010.Study on the necessity of water-saving irrigation in the lower Yellow River.Yellow River,32(5):64-65.(in Chinese)
Pei H W,Min L L,Qi Y Q et al.,2017.Impacts of varied irrigation on field water budegts and crop yields in the North China Plain:Rainfed vs.irrigated double cropping system.Agricultural Water Management,190:42-54.
Pei H W,Scanlon B R,Shen Y J et al.,2015.Impacts of varying agricultural intensification on crop yield and groundwater resources:Comparison of the North China Plain and US High Plains.Environmental Research Letters,10:044013.
Shahid S,2011.Impact of climate change on irrigation water demand of dry season Boro rice in northwest Bangladesh.Climatic Change,105(3/4):433-453.
Shen Y J,Kondoh A,Tang C Y et al.,2002.Measurement and analysis of evapotranspiration and surface conductance of a wheat canopy.Hydrological Processes,16(11):2173-2187.
Shen Y J,Li S,Chen Y N et al.,2013a.Estimation of regional irrigation water requirement and water supply risk in the arid region of Northwestern China 1989-2010.Agricultural Water Management,128:55-64.
Shen Y J,Zhang Y C,Scanlon,B R et al.,2013b.Energy/water budgets and productivity of the typical croplands irrigated with groundwater and surface water in the North China Plain.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,181:133-142.
Shu Y Q,Stisen S,Jensen K H et al.,2011.Estimation of regional evapotranspiration over the North China Plain using geostationary satellite data.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,13(2):192-206.
Sophocleous M,2002.Interactions between groundwater and surface water:The state of the science.Hydrogeology Journal,10(1):52-67.
Sun H Y,Shen Y J,Yu Q et al.,2010.Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain.Agricultural Water Management,97(8):1139-1145.
Sun H Y,Zhang X Y,Chen S Y et al.,2011.Analysis of field water consumption,its pattern,impact and driving factors.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,19(5):1032-1038.(in Chinese)
Wang X,Li X B,Xin L J,2014.Impact of the shrinking winter wheat sown area on agricultural water consumption in the Hebei Plain.Journal of Geographical Sciences,24(2):313-330.
Wang Y Y,Hu C S,Dong W X et al.,2015.Carbon budget of a winter-wheat and summer-maize rotation cropland In the North China Plain.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,206:33-45.
Wu G H,Chen S R,Su R X et al.,2011.Temporal trend in surface water resources in Tianjin in the Haihe River Basin,China.Hydrological Processes,25(13):2141-2151.
Wu K,Xie X Q,Tang D Y,1998.The causes of formation,the regularities,the effect estimation to the periphery agricultural production and the ecological environment and the countermeasures of the absence of flow in the Huanghe River.Progress in Geography,17:78-84.(in Chinese)
Yang J Y,Mei X R,Yan C R et al.,2010.Study on spatial pattern of climatic resources in North China.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,31(Suppl.):1-5.(in Chinese)
Yang W,Yang L,Merchant J W,1997.An assessment of AVHRR/NDVI-ecoclimatological relations in Nebraska,USA.International Journal of Remote Sensing,18(10):2161-2180.
Yu G R,Fu Y L,Sun X M et al.,2006a.Recent progress and future direction of ChinaFLUX.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,49(Suppl.II):1-23.
Yu G R,Sun X M et al.,2006.Principles of Flux Measurement in Terrestrial Ecosystems.Beijing:Higher Education Press,1-508.
Yu G R,Wen X F,Sun X M et al.,2006b.Overview of ChinaFLUX and evaluation of its eddy covariance measurement.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,137(3/4):125-137.
Yu G R,Zhang L M,Sun X M et al.,2008.Environmental controls over carbon exchange of three forest ecosystems in eastern China.Global Change Biology,14(11):2555-2571.
Yu G R,Zhu X J,Fu Y L et al.,2013.Spatial patterns and climate drivers of carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of China.Global Change Biology,19(3):798-810.
Yuan Z J,Shen Y J,2013.Estimation of agricultural water consumption from meteorological and yield data:Acase study of Hebei North China.Plos One,8(3):e58685.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058685.
Yuan Z J,Xie L Y,Zhang B W et al.,2015.Agricultural irrigation water net consumption in the Hebei Plain.South to North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,13(4):780-784.(in Chinese)
Zhang X Y,Pei D,Hu C S,2003.Conserving groundwater for irrigation in the North China Plain.Irrigation Science,21(4):159-166.
Zhang Y C,Lei H M,Zhao W G et al.,2018.Comparison of the water budget for the typical cropland and pearorchard ecosystems in the North China Plain.Agricultural Water Management,198:53-64.
Zhou L Y,Li W M,2003.Effects of nitrogen on photosynthesis of wheat plant in a dryland.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,34(3):195-197.(in Chinese)
Allen R G,Clemmens A J,Burt C M et al.,2005.Prediction accuracy for projectwide evapotranspiration using crop coefficients and reference evapotranspiration.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,131(1):24-36.
Allen R G,Pereira L S,Raes D et al.,1998.Crop Evapotranspiration:Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements.FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56.FAO,Rome,Italy.
Bian S Z,Guo F,Si C S,2009.Reflections on the development of irrigation in the lower Yellow River.Yellow River,31(11):81-82.(in Chinese)
Cao G,Cun Y S,Meng J,2007.The effect of irrigation systems in spring on grain yield of winter wheat.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,23(3):466-468.(in Chinese)
Cao G L,Han D M,Song X F,2014.Evaluating actual evapotranspiration and impacts of groundwater storage change in the North China Plain.Hydrological Processes,28(4):1797-1808.
Cao G L,Zheng C M,Scanlon B R et al.,2013.Use of flow modeling to assess sustainability of groundwater resources in the North China Plain.Water Resources Research,49(1):159-175.
Chen J Y,Fukushima Y,Tang C Y et al.,2004.Water environmental problems occurred in the lower reach of the Yellow River.Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology&Water Resources,17(5):555-564.
Cihlar J,Laurent L S,Dyer J A,1991.Relation between the normalized difference vegetation index and ecological variables.Remote Sensing of Environment,35(2/3):279-298.
Deng X P,Shan L,Zhang H P et al.,2006.Improving agricultural water use efficiency in arid and semiarid areas of China.Agricultural Water Management,80(1-3):23-40.
Duan A W,Sun J S,Liu Y et al.,2004.Irrigation Water Quota of Main Crops in Northern China.Beijing:China Agricultural Science&Technology Press,52-60.(in Chinese)
Fan J,Tian F,Yang Y et al.,2010.Quantifying the magnitude of climate and human effect on runoff decline in Mian River Basin via SWAT model.Water Science and Technology:Water Supply,62(4):783-791.
Fogg G E,LaBolle E M,2006.Motivation of synthesis,with an example on groundwater quality sustainability.Water Resources Research,42(3):W03S05.doi:10.1029/2005WR004372.
Gao C R,Yin X L,2011.China Geo-Environment Monitoring Yearbook on Groundwater in 2010.Beijing:China Land Press.(in Chinese)
Gutman G,Ignatov A,1998.The derivation of the green vegetation fraction from NOAA/AVHRR data for use in numerical weather prediction models.International Journal of Remote Sensing,19(8):1533-1543
Hayes M J,Decker W L,1996.Using NOAA AVHRR data to estimate maize production in the United States Corn Belt.International Journal of Remote Sensing,17(16):3189-3200.
Hu C S,Zhang X Y,Cheng Y S et al.,2002.An analysis on dynamics of water table and overdraft in the piedmont of Mt.Taihang.System Sciemces and Comprehensive Studies in Agriculture,18(2):89-91.(in Chinese)
Jia J S,Liu C M,2002.Groundwater dynamic drift and response to different exploitation in the North China plain:A case study of Luancheng County,Hebei Province.Acta Geographica Sinica,57(2):201-209.(in Chinese)
Jia Z Z,Liu S M,Xu Z W et al.,2012.Validation of remotely sensed evapotranspiration over the Hai River Basin,China.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,117(D13).doi:10.1029/2011JD017037.
Jin M G,Zhang R Q,Gao Y F,1999.Temporal and spatial soil water management:A case study in the Heilonggang region,PR China.Agricultural Water Management,42(2):173-187.
Kendy E,Zhang Y Q,Liu C M et al.,2004.Groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain:Case study of Luancheng County,Hebei Province,1949-2000.Hydrological Processes,18(12):2289-2302.
Konikow L F,2011.Contribution of global groundwater depletion since 1900 to sea-level rise.Geophysical Research Letters,38(17):L17401.doi:10.1029/2011GL048604.
Lei H M,Gong T T,Zhang Y C et al.,2018.Biological factors dominate the interannual variability of evapotranspiration in an irrigated cropland in the North China Plain.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,250/251(15):262-276.
Lei H M,Yang D W,2010.Interannual and seasonal variability in evapotranspiration and energy partitioning over an irrigated cropland in the North China Plain.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,150(4):581-589.
Li H J,Zheng L,Lei Y P et al.,2008.Estimation of water consumption and crop water productivity of winter wheat in North China Plain using remote sensing technology.Agricultural Water Management,95(11):1271-1278.
Li Q Q,Zhou X B,Chen Y H et al.,2012.Water consumption characteristics of winter wheat grown using different planting patterns and deficit irrigation regime.Agricultural Water Management,105:8-12.
Lin Y M,Ren H Z,Yu J J et al.,2000.Blance between land use and water resources in the North China Plain.Journal of Natural Resources,15(3):252-258.(in Chinese)
Liu C M,Wei Z Y,1989.Agricultural Hydrology and Water Resources in the North China Plain.Beijing:Science Press.(in Chinese)
Liu C M,Yu J J,Eloise K,2001.Groundwater exploitation and its impact on the environment in the North China Plain.Water International,26(2):265-272.
Liu C M,Zhang X Y,Zhang Y Q,2002.Determination of daily evaporation and evapotranspiration of winter wheat and maize by large-scale weighing lysimeter and micro-lysimeter.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,111(2):109-120.
Liu S M,Xu Z W,2013.Multi-scale surface flux and meteorological elements observation dataset in the Hai River Basin(Daxing site-eddy covariance system),Cold and Arid Regions Science Data Center at Lanzhou,doi:10.3972/haihe.005.2013.db.
Liu S M,Xu Z W,Zhu Z L et al.,2013.Measurements of evapotranspiration from eddy-covariance systems and large aperture scintillometers in the Hai River Basin,China.Journal of Hydrology,487(22):24-38.
Luo J M,Shen Y J,Qi Y Q et al.,2018.Evaluating water conservation effects due to cropping system optimization on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei plain,China.Agricultural Systems,159:32-41.
Mo X G,Liu S X,Lin Z H et al.,2005.Prediction of crop yield,water consumption and water use efficiency with a SVAT-crop growth model using remotely sensed data on the North China Plain.Ecological Modelling,183(2/3):301-322.
Moiwo J P,Yang Y H,Yan N N et al.,2011.Comparison of evapotranspiration estimated by ETWatch with that derived from combined GRACE and measured precipitation data in Hai River Basin,North China.Hydrological Sciences Journal,56(2):249-267.
Pan Y H,Zhang C Y,Li Q C,2010.Study on the necessity of water-saving irrigation in the lower Yellow River.Yellow River,32(5):64-65.(in Chinese)
Pei H W,Min L L,Qi Y Q et al.,2017.Impacts of varied irrigation on field water budegts and crop yields in the North China Plain:Rainfed vs.irrigated double cropping system.Agricultural Water Management,190:42-54.
Pei H W,Scanlon B R,Shen Y J et al.,2015.Impacts of varying agricultural intensification on crop yield and groundwater resources:Comparison of the North China Plain and US High Plains.Environmental Research Letters,10:044013.
Shahid S,2011.Impact of climate change on irrigation water demand of dry season Boro rice in northwest Bangladesh.Climatic Change,105(3/4):433-453.
Shen Y J,Kondoh A,Tang C Y et al.,2002.Measurement and analysis of evapotranspiration and surface conductance of a wheat canopy.Hydrological Processes,16(11):2173-2187.
Shen Y J,Li S,Chen Y N et al.,2013a.Estimation of regional irrigation water requirement and water supply risk in the arid region of Northwestern China 1989-2010.Agricultural Water Management,128:55-64.
Shen Y J,Zhang Y C,Scanlon,B R et al.,2013b.Energy/water budgets and productivity of the typical croplands irrigated with groundwater and surface water in the North China Plain.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,181:133-142.
Shu Y Q,Stisen S,Jensen K H et al.,2011.Estimation of regional evapotranspiration over the North China Plain using geostationary satellite data.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,13(2):192-206.
Sophocleous M,2002.Interactions between groundwater and surface water:The state of the science.Hydrogeology Journal,10(1):52-67.
Sun H Y,Shen Y J,Yu Q et al.,2010.Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain.Agricultural Water Management,97(8):1139-1145.
Sun H Y,Zhang X Y,Chen S Y et al.,2011.Analysis of field water consumption,its pattern,impact and driving factors.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,19(5):1032-1038.(in Chinese)
Wang X,Li X B,Xin L J,2014.Impact of the shrinking winter wheat sown area on agricultural water consumption in the Hebei Plain.Journal of Geographical Sciences,24(2):313-330.
Wang Y Y,Hu C S,Dong W X et al.,2015.Carbon budget of a winter-wheat and summer-maize rotation cropland In the North China Plain.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,206:33-45.
Wu G H,Chen S R,Su R X et al.,2011.Temporal trend in surface water resources in Tianjin in the Haihe River Basin,China.Hydrological Processes,25(13):2141-2151.
Wu K,Xie X Q,Tang D Y,1998.The causes of formation,the regularities,the effect estimation to the periphery agricultural production and the ecological environment and the countermeasures of the absence of flow in the Huanghe River.Progress in Geography,17:78-84.(in Chinese)
Yang J Y,Mei X R,Yan C R et al.,2010.Study on spatial pattern of climatic resources in North China.Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,31(Suppl.):1-5.(in Chinese)
Yang W,Yang L,Merchant J W,1997.An assessment of AVHRR/NDVI-ecoclimatological relations in Nebraska,USA.International Journal of Remote Sensing,18(10):2161-2180.
Yu G R,Fu Y L,Sun X M et al.,2006a.Recent progress and future direction of ChinaFLUX.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,49(Suppl.II):1-23.
Yu G R,Sun X M et al.,2006.Principles of Flux Measurement in Terrestrial Ecosystems.Beijing:Higher Education Press,1-508.
Yu G R,Wen X F,Sun X M et al.,2006b.Overview of ChinaFLUX and evaluation of its eddy covariance measurement.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,137(3/4):125-137.
Yu G R,Zhang L M,Sun X M et al.,2008.Environmental controls over carbon exchange of three forest ecosystems in eastern China.Global Change Biology,14(11):2555-2571.
Yu G R,Zhu X J,Fu Y L et al.,2013.Spatial patterns and climate drivers of carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of China.Global Change Biology,19(3):798-810.
Yuan Z J,Shen Y J,2013.Estimation of agricultural water consumption from meteorological and yield data:Acase study of Hebei North China.Plos One,8(3):e58685.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058685.
Yuan Z J,Xie L Y,Zhang B W et al.,2015.Agricultural irrigation water net consumption in the Hebei Plain.South to North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,13(4):780-784.(in Chinese)
Zhang X Y,Pei D,Hu C S,2003.Conserving groundwater for irrigation in the North China Plain.Irrigation Science,21(4):159-166.
Zhang Y C,Lei H M,Zhao W G et al.,2018.Comparison of the water budget for the typical cropland and pearorchard ecosystems in the North China Plain.Agricultural Water Management,198:53-64.
Zhou L Y,Li W M,2003.Effects of nitrogen on photosynthesis of wheat plant in a dryland.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,34(3):195-197.(in Chinese)