氮肥运筹对陇中旱农区玉米光合特性及产量的影响
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摘要
全膜双垄沟播技术使玉米成为了陇中旱农区主要作物之一,但该技术下玉米的高产出导致土壤养分耗竭,影响玉米生产的可持续性。本研究依托2012年布设在陇中旱农区的田间定位试验,研究4个施氮水平(N0:不施肥;N1:100kg·hm~(-2)、N2:200kg·hm~(-2)、N3:300kg·hm~(-2))和2个施氮时期(T1:1/3基肥+1/3拔节期+1/3开花期、T2:1/3基肥+2/3拔节期)对玉米光合特性、叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、干物质积累和分配量及产量的影响。结果表明:1)随着施氮量的增加玉米光合性能也在增强,而N3和T2N2间差异不显著,T2时期提高玉米光合特性;2)全生育期内,N3处理下叶绿素含量较N2、N1、N0分别平均增加50.9%、17.0%、2.7%;叶面积指数也随施氮量的增加而增加,但N2和N3间无显著差异;T2下的叶绿素含量和叶面积指数在生育后期显著高于T1;3)干物质积累量和籽粒分配量表现为:N3>N2>N1>N0,T2下的干物质积累和籽粒分配量高于T1;4)籽粒产量和生物产量均随施氮量的增加而增加,N2和N3下的籽粒产量和生物产量显著高于N0,其中N3较N0增加79.2%和68.4%,N2较N0增加65.9%和54.1%,T2下的籽粒产量和生物产量分别较T1显著增加9.9%和13.5%,而T2N2与N3间无显著差异,因此,在陇中旱农区应用全膜双垄沟播技术种植玉米,施纯氮200kg·hm~(-2)左右,按照1/3基肥+2/3拔节期配施,可以增强光合作用,从而提高玉米籽粒产量和饲料产量,促进玉米生产可持续发展。
Maize has become one of the major cultivated crops in arid farming areas of central Gansu,China because of the adoption of complete film surface mulching and adoption of double ridge-furrow planting.However,the high output of maize using this technology results in exhaustion of soil nutrients negatively influencing the sustainability of maize production.The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen application rates on the photosynthetic characteristics,chlorophyll content(SPAD),leaf area index,dry matter accumulation and distribution and yield of maize.The study relied on a field experiment that was conducted in 2012 at Dingxi,Longzhong region.The treatments included four nitrogen rates(N0:0kg·ha-1,N1:100kg·ha-1,N2:200kg·ha-1,N3:300kg·ha-1)and two nitrogen application times(T1:1/3at sowing+1/3at jointing+1/3at flowering,T2:1/3at sowing+2/3at jointing).The photosynthetic characteristics improved with increased nitrogen application rate,but there was no difference between T2N2 and N3;T2enhanced the photosynthetic characteristics.N3 increased SPAD by 50.9%,17.0%,and 2.7%respectively comparing N0,N1,and N2 at all stages.Leaf area index also improved with increased nitrogen application rate,but N2 and N3 were not different.SPAD and leaf area index under T2 were higher than T1.Dry matter during all growth stages was highest at N3 and lowest at N0(N3>N2>N1>N0)and T2 was higher than T1.Grain yield and biomass were significantly higher with increased nitrogen rates;for example,grain yield and biomass were79.2%and 68.4%higher for N3 than N0respectively,and 65.9%and 51.4%higher for N2 than N0respectively.T2 improved grain yield and biomass by 9.9%and 13.5%respectively,compared with T1.However,T2N2 and N3 were not different.The application of double furrow sowing technology,mulching with nitrogen applied at200kg·ha-1 rate,1/3applied at sowing+2/3at jointing is suggested as a means of more sustainable maize production systems in arid areas of central Gansu,China.
Maize has become one of the major cultivated crops in arid farming areas of central Gansu,China because of the adoption of complete film surface mulching and adoption of double ridge-furrow planting.However,the high output of maize using this technology results in exhaustion of soil nutrients negatively influencing the sustainability of maize production.The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different nitrogen application rates on the photosynthetic characteristics,chlorophyll content(SPAD),leaf area index,dry matter accumulation and distribution and yield of maize.The study relied on a field experiment that was conducted in 2012 at Dingxi,Longzhong region.The treatments included four nitrogen rates(N0:0kg·ha-1,N1:100kg·ha-1,N2:200kg·ha-1,N3:300kg·ha-1)and two nitrogen application times(T1:1/3at sowing+1/3at jointing+1/3at flowering,T2:1/3at sowing+2/3at jointing).The photosynthetic characteristics improved with increased nitrogen application rate,but there was no difference between T2N2 and N3;T2enhanced the photosynthetic characteristics.N3 increased SPAD by 50.9%,17.0%,and 2.7%respectively comparing N0,N1,and N2 at all stages.Leaf area index also improved with increased nitrogen application rate,but N2 and N3 were not different.SPAD and leaf area index under T2 were higher than T1.Dry matter during all growth stages was highest at N3 and lowest at N0(N3>N2>N1>N0)and T2 was higher than T1.Grain yield and biomass were significantly higher with increased nitrogen rates;for example,grain yield and biomass were79.2%and 68.4%higher for N3 than N0respectively,and 65.9%and 51.4%higher for N2 than N0respectively.T2 improved grain yield and biomass by 9.9%and 13.5%respectively,compared with T1.However,T2N2 and N3 were not different.The application of double furrow sowing technology,mulching with nitrogen applied at200kg·ha-1 rate,1/3applied at sowing+2/3at jointing is suggested as a means of more sustainable maize production systems in arid areas of central Gansu,China.
引文
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[2] Peng Z B,Tian Z G.The present situation and development strategy of grain and forage maize in China.Crops,2004,(3):4-6.彭泽斌,田志国.我国粮饲兼用型玉米的产业现状与发展战略.作物杂志,2004,(3):4-6.
[3] Luo Z Z,Niu Y N,Li L L,et al.Soil moisture and alfalfa productivity response from different years of growth on the Loess Plateau of central Gansu.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(1):31-38.罗珠珠,牛伊宁,李玲玲,等.陇中黄土高原不同种植年限苜蓿草地土壤水分及产量响应.草业学报,2015,24(1):31-38.
[4] Wang H L,Zhang X C,Song S Y,et al.Regulation of whole field surface plastic mulching and double ridge-furrow planting on seasonal soil water loss and maize yield in rain-fed area of Northwest Loess Plateau.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(5):917-926.王红丽,张绪成,宋尚有,等.西北黄土高原旱地全膜双垄沟播种植对玉米季节性耗水和产量的调节机制.中国农业科学,2013,46(5):917-926.
[5] Xie J H,Chai Q,Li L L,et al.The time loading limitation of continuous cropping maize yield under different plastic film mulching modes in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau of China.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(8):1558-1568.谢军红,柴强,李玲玲,等.黄土高原半干旱区不同覆膜连作玉米产量的水分承载时限研究.中国农业科学,2015,48(8):1558-1568.
[6] Yong T W,Liu X M,Song C,et al.Effect of planting patterns on crop yield,nutrients uptake and interspecific competition in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(6):659-667.雍太文,刘小明,宋春,等.种植方式对玉米-大豆套作体系中作物产量、养分吸收和种间竞争的影响.中国生态农业学报,2015,23(6):659-667.
[7] Song G Y,Yang H S,Xu S J,et al.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer management on yield,dry matter and N accumulation of maize cultivar Jinshan 10used for both grain and feed purpose in Keerqin.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2017,23(2):289-296.宋桂云,杨恒山,徐寿军,等.氮肥运筹对科尔沁地区粮饲兼用玉米金山10产量、干物质及氮素积累的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(2):289-296.
[8] Wu X L,Li Z S,Tang Y L,et al.Effect of nitrogen management modes on grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and light use efficiency of wheat.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(6):1889-1898.吴晓丽,李朝苏,汤永禄,等.氮肥运筹对小麦产量、氮素利用效率和光能利用率的影响.应用生态学报,2017,28(6):1889-1898.
[9] Zhang F S,Wang J Q,Zhang W F,et al.Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(5):915-924.张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径.土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.
[10] Ju X T,Zhang C.Nitrogen cycling and environmental impacts in upland agricultural soils in North China:A review.Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2017,16(12):2848-2862.
[11] Borras L,Cura J A,Otegui M E.Maize kernel composition and post-flowering source-sink ratio.Crop Science,2002,42(3):781-790.
[12] Xu G W,Lu D K,Wang H Z,et al.Coupling effect of wetting and drying alternative irrigation and nitrogen application rate on photosynthetic characteristics of rice leaves.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2017,23(5):1225-1237.徐国伟,陆大克,王贺正,等.干湿交替灌溉与施氮量对水稻叶片光合性状的耦合效应.植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(5):1225-1237.
[13] Qiu Q,Li J Y,Wang J H,et al.Interactive effects of soil water and fertilizer application on leaf net photosynthetic rate and SPAD readings of Catalpa bungei seedlings.Acta Ecologic Sinica,2016,36(11):3459-3468.邱权,李吉跃,王军辉,等.水肥耦合效应对楸树苗期叶片净光合速率和SPAD值的影响.生态学报,2016,36(11):3459-3468.
[14] Zhou Y,Su W,Wang J,et al.Effects of mulching and nitrogen application on photosynthetic characteristics and yield traits in Broomcorn Millet.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2016,42(6):873-885.周瑜,苏旺,王舰,等.不同覆盖方式和施氮量对糜子光合特性及产量性状的影响.作物学报,2016,42(6):873-885.
[15] Cai H G,Yuan J C,Liu J Z,et al.Optimal nitrogen application rate and nitrogen requirement characteristics in spring maize under high planting density condition.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2017,50(11):1995-2005.蔡红光,袁静超,刘剑钊,等.高密度种植条件下春玉米氮素的需求规律与适宜施氮量.中国农业科学,2017,50(11):1995-2005.
[16] Zhang J J,Fan T L,Dang Y,et al.The effects of density and nitrogen management on the yield and physiological indices of spring maize under plastic-covered ridge and furrow planting in Loess Plateau east of Gansu.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(22):4574-4584.张建军,樊廷录,党翼,等.密度与氮肥运筹对陇东旱塬全膜双垄沟播春玉米产量及生理指标的影响.中国农业科学,2015,48(22):4574-4584.
[17] Wu W M,Wang S J,Chen H J,et al.Postponed nitrogen application enhances root morphology recovery and photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize waterlogging stressed at seedling stage.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(7):1008-1015.武文明,王世济,陈洪俭,等.氮肥后移促进受渍夏玉米根系形态恢复和提高花后光合性能.中国生态农业学报,2017,25(7):1008-1015.
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