香蕉树中度荫蔽下充分灌水提高干热区咖啡产量及品质
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摘要
为研究香蕉荫蔽栽培下灌溉对干热区小粒咖啡产量和品质的影响,以5 a生小粒咖啡为研究对象,通过大田试验,设3个灌水水平:充分灌水(FI)、轻度亏缺灌水(DIL:75%FI)和重度亏缺灌水(DIS:50%FI),4个荫蔽栽培模式:无荫蔽(S0:单作咖啡)、轻度荫蔽(SL:4行咖啡间作1行香蕉)、中度荫蔽(SM:3行咖啡间作1行香蕉)、重度荫蔽(SS:2行咖啡间作1行香蕉),并运用主成分分析和TOPSIS法对生豆营养品质(总糖、蛋白质、脂肪、咖啡因、绿原酸、粗纤维和水浸出物)进行综合评价。结果表明:小粒咖啡干豆产量受荫蔽栽培模式和灌水水平极显著的影响(P<0.01),其中FISM处理的干豆产量最高(5 854.34 kg/hm2),且百粒干质量最大,而该处理的百粒体积和百粒鲜质量与各处理中的最大值相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。小粒咖啡大多生豆营养品质在不同荫蔽栽培模式和灌水水平下差异显著(P<0.05),蛋白质、脂肪、绿原酸和水浸出物含量间呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。主成分分析法和TOPSIS法均表明,FISS处理的综合品质最优,其次是FISM处理,而DISS0处理的最差。与FIS0相比,FISM处理的产量增加14.32%,而FISS处理减少15.69%。从小粒咖啡提质增产的综合效益考虑,建议干热区小粒咖啡灌水处理和香蕉荫蔽栽培模式的最佳组合选用中度荫蔽栽培下充分灌水,该结果可为干热区小粒咖啡水光管理提供理论依据和实践参考。
The yield and quality of Coffea arabica cannot be guaranteed due to irrational irrigation and light management in dry-hot region of southwest China. In order to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation on yield and quality of Coffea arabica under the shade of banana trees in dry-hot region, the local Coffea arabica(5 years) was chosen for test material. In the field experiment, 3 levels of irrigation, i.e., full irrigation(FI, which was determined by the monthly water demand data of Coffea arabica and precipitation in dry-hot region), light deficit irrigation(DIL: 75%FI) and severe deficit irrigation(DIS: 50%FI), and 4 modes of shade cultivation, i.e., no shade cultivation(S0: monoculture Coffea arabica, i.e., natural light intensity), light shade cultivation(SL: intercropping with 4 lines of Coffea arabica and 1 line of banana), moderate shade cultivation(SM: intercropping with 3 lines of Coffea arabica and 1 line of banana) and severe shade cultivation(SS: intercropping with 2 lines of Coffea arabica and 1 line of banana) were designed. Principal component analysis and TOPSIS method were used to evaluate total sugar, protein, fat, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, crude fiber and water extracts content of Coffea arabica comprehensively. The results showed that the dry bean yield of Coffea arabica was significantly different under different shade cultivation modes and irrigation levels(P<0.05), and there were the highest dry bean yield(5 854.34 kg/hm2) and the highest dry mass of 100-bean of Coffea arabica in the FISM treatment. But FISM was not significantly different with the FISS treatment(P>0.05)in the volume and fresh mass of 100-bean of Coffea arabica. The effects of irrigation level on total sugar content of Coffea arabica were not significant(P>0.05), and that of interaction between irrigation level and shade cultivation mode on fat and crude fibre content were also not significant(P>0.05). However, the effects of their interaction on total sugar, protein, caffeine, chlorogenic acid and water extract content of Coffea arabica were extremely significant(P<0.01). There were higher content of total sugar, protein, fat, chlorogenic acid and water extracts content of Coffea arabica of FISM treatment,while lower content of caffeine and crude fiber. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there were extremely significant positive correlation between protein, fat, chlorogenic acid and water extracts content of Coffea arabica, while significant negative correlation between crude fiber and total sugar, protein, fat, chlorogenic acid and water extracts content of Coffea arabica, respectively. Based on both principal component analysis and TOPSIS method, the best comprehensive quality of Coffea arabica was FISS treatment, the next was FISM treatment, and the poorest comprehensive quality was DISS0 treatment. Compared with the FIS0 treatment, total sugar, protein, chlorogenic acid, water extracts content and dry bean yield of FISM treatment increased by 6.11%, 10.79%, 40.58%, 9.95% and 14.32%, respectively, while protein, chlorogenic acid and water extracts content of FISS treatment increased by 19.88%, 43.10% and 11.94%, respectively, dry bean yield decreased by 15.69%.Considering the comprehensive benefit of high production and superior quality, the suitable combination of irrigation treatment and banana shade cultivation mode for Coffea arabica was full irrigation under moderate shade cultivation(FISM). To summarize, the results of the study could provide guidance for irrigation and light management of Coffea arabica in dry-hot region of southwest China.
The yield and quality of Coffea arabica cannot be guaranteed due to irrational irrigation and light management in dry-hot region of southwest China. In order to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation on yield and quality of Coffea arabica under the shade of banana trees in dry-hot region, the local Coffea arabica(5 years) was chosen for test material. In the field experiment, 3 levels of irrigation, i.e., full irrigation(FI, which was determined by the monthly water demand data of Coffea arabica and precipitation in dry-hot region), light deficit irrigation(DIL: 75%FI) and severe deficit irrigation(DIS: 50%FI), and 4 modes of shade cultivation, i.e., no shade cultivation(S0: monoculture Coffea arabica, i.e., natural light intensity), light shade cultivation(SL: intercropping with 4 lines of Coffea arabica and 1 line of banana), moderate shade cultivation(SM: intercropping with 3 lines of Coffea arabica and 1 line of banana) and severe shade cultivation(SS: intercropping with 2 lines of Coffea arabica and 1 line of banana) were designed. Principal component analysis and TOPSIS method were used to evaluate total sugar, protein, fat, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, crude fiber and water extracts content of Coffea arabica comprehensively. The results showed that the dry bean yield of Coffea arabica was significantly different under different shade cultivation modes and irrigation levels(P<0.05), and there were the highest dry bean yield(5 854.34 kg/hm2) and the highest dry mass of 100-bean of Coffea arabica in the FISM treatment. But FISM was not significantly different with the FISS treatment(P>0.05)in the volume and fresh mass of 100-bean of Coffea arabica. The effects of irrigation level on total sugar content of Coffea arabica were not significant(P>0.05), and that of interaction between irrigation level and shade cultivation mode on fat and crude fibre content were also not significant(P>0.05). However, the effects of their interaction on total sugar, protein, caffeine, chlorogenic acid and water extract content of Coffea arabica were extremely significant(P<0.01). There were higher content of total sugar, protein, fat, chlorogenic acid and water extracts content of Coffea arabica of FISM treatment,while lower content of caffeine and crude fiber. Pearson correlation analysis showed that there were extremely significant positive correlation between protein, fat, chlorogenic acid and water extracts content of Coffea arabica, while significant negative correlation between crude fiber and total sugar, protein, fat, chlorogenic acid and water extracts content of Coffea arabica, respectively. Based on both principal component analysis and TOPSIS method, the best comprehensive quality of Coffea arabica was FISS treatment, the next was FISM treatment, and the poorest comprehensive quality was DISS0 treatment. Compared with the FIS0 treatment, total sugar, protein, chlorogenic acid, water extracts content and dry bean yield of FISM treatment increased by 6.11%, 10.79%, 40.58%, 9.95% and 14.32%, respectively, while protein, chlorogenic acid and water extracts content of FISS treatment increased by 19.88%, 43.10% and 11.94%, respectively, dry bean yield decreased by 15.69%.Considering the comprehensive benefit of high production and superior quality, the suitable combination of irrigation treatment and banana shade cultivation mode for Coffea arabica was full irrigation under moderate shade cultivation(FISM). To summarize, the results of the study could provide guidance for irrigation and light management of Coffea arabica in dry-hot region of southwest China.
引文
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[2]张效星,樊毅,贾悦,等.水分亏缺对滴灌柑橘光合和产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(3):143-150.Zhang Xiaoxing,Fan Yi,Jia Yue,et al.Effect of water deficit on photosynthetic characteristics,yield and water use efficiency in Shiranui citrus under drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(3):143-150.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[5]Marsal J,Casadesus J,Lopez G,et al.Sustainability of regulated deficit irrigation in a mid-maturing peach cultivar[J].Irrigation Science,2016,34(3):201-208.
[6]刘小刚,郝琨,韩志慧,等.水氮耦合对干热区小粒咖啡产量和品质的影响[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(2):143-150,160.Liu Xiaogang,Hao Kun,Han Zhihui,et al.Effect of water and nitrogen coupling on yield and quality of Arabica Coffee in dry-hot area[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(2):143-150,160.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]郝琨,刘小刚,张岩,等.干旱胁迫-复水与氮肥耦合对小粒咖啡生长和水氮生产力的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(12):4034-4042.Hao Kun,Liu Xiaogang,Zhang Yan,et al.Coupling effects of periodic rewatering after drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on growth and water and nitrogen productivity of Coffea arabica[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,201728(12):4034-4042.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Liu X G,Qi Y T,Li F S,et al.Impacts of regulated deficit irrigation on yield,quality and water use efficiency of Arabica coffee under different shading levels in dry and hot regions of southwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2018,204(4):292-300.
[9]Shimber G T,Ismail M R,Kausar H,et al.Plant water relations,crop yield and quality in coffee(Coffea arabica L.)as influenced by partial root zone drying and deficit irrigation[J].Australian Journal of Crop Science,2013,7(9):1361-1368.
[10]刘小刚,李义林,齐韵涛,等.干热区小粒咖啡提质增产的灌水和遮荫耦合模式[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(4):1140-1146.Liu Xiaogang,Li Yilin,Qi Yuntao,et al.Coupling mode of irrigation and shading for good quality and proper yield of Coffea arabica in dry-hot region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(4):1140-1146.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]Muschler R G.Shade improves coffee quality in a sub-optimal coffee-zone of Costa Rica[J].Agroforestry Systems,2001,51(2):131-139.
[12]Bote A D,Struik P C.Effects of shade on growth,production and quality of coffee(Coffea arabica)in Ethiopia[J].Journal of Horticulture and Forestry,2011,3(11):336-341.
[13]Moreira S L S,Pires C V,Marcatti G E,et al.Intercropping of coffee with the palm tree,macauba,can mitigate climate change effects[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2018,256/257:379-390.
[14]Somporn C,Kamtuo A,Theerakulpisut P,et al.Effect of shading on yield,sugar content,phenolic acids and antioxidant property of coffee beans(Coffea Arabica L.cv.Catimor)harvested from north-eastern thailand[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2012,92(9):1956-1963.
[15]Qian X,Zang H D,Xu H S,et al.Relay strip intercropping of oat with maize,sunflower and mung bean in semi-arid regions of Northeast China:Yield advantages and economic benefits[J].Field Crops Research,2018,223:33-40.
[16]Peng X B,Zhang Y Y,Cai J,et al.Photosynthesis,growth and yield of soybean and maize in a tree-based agroforestry intercropping system on the Loess Plateau[J].Agroforestry Systems,2009,76(3):569-577.
[17]苏本营,宋艳霞,陈圣宾,等.大豆幼苗对套作玉米遮荫环境的光合生理生态响应[J].生态学报,2015,35(10):3298-3308.Su Benying,Song Yanxia,Chen Shengbin,et al.Photosynthetic responses of soybean(Glycine max)seedlings to shading caused by maize in an intercropping system[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(10):3298-3308.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]陈玉民,郭国双,王广兴,等.中国主要农作物需水量与灌溉[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1995.
[19]Nogueira C U,Rodriacute R A,Padroacute G,et al.Irrigation depth and harvest date in sweet potato for conversion to biofuels[J].African Journal of Agricultural Research,2016,11(51):5116-5123.
[20]Liu X G,Li F S,Zhang Y,et al.Effects of deficit irrigation on yield and nutritional quality of Arabica coffee(Coffea arabica)under different N rates in dry and hot region of southwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,172:1-8.
[21]吴能表,李琳琳,杨卫星,等.光强对长春花叶片碳氮及次生代谢产物积累的影响[J].草业科学,2014,31(8):1508-1514.Wu Nengbiao,Li Linlin,Yang Weixing,et al.Effects of light intensity on carbon-nitrogen metabolism and secondary metabolite of Catharanthus roseus leaves[J].Pratacultural Science,2014,31(8):1508-1514.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]Cai C T,Cai Z Q,Yao T Q,et al.Vegetative growth and photosynthesis in coffee plants under different watering and fertilization managements in Yunnan,SW China[J].Photosynthetica,2007,45(3):455-461.
[23]Vaast P,Bertrand B,Perriot J J,et al.Fruit thinning and shade improve bean characteristics and beverage quality of coffee(Coffea arabica L.)under optimal conditions[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2006,86(2):197-204.
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