长沙综合枢纽蓄水后望城饮用水源地水质变化及其评价
|
摘要
为了解长沙综合枢纽蓄水后对望城饮用水水源地水环境的影响,于2014年1月—2017年12月测定了望城饮用水水源地监测断面水体中化学需氧量等23个指标,运用综合指数法、污染物分担率、营养状态综合指数法分析了长沙综合枢纽蓄水后望城饮用水水源地水环境中6类水环境参数的变化.结果表明,长沙综合枢纽蓄水后望城饮用水水源地水环境质量整体呈下降趋势,水环境污染水平呈逐年上升的趋势,主要受NH_3-N、TP、生化需氧量、As、Pb和粪大肠菌群影响;无机污染物中TN、TP、COD_(Mn)营养物质的综合营养状态指数在2015—2017年呈上升趋势,与污染物超标状态、综合污染指数和污染物分担率变化趋势一致.健康风险评价发现,望城饮用水水源地2014—2017年水体总健康风险分别为7.93×10~(-5)、4.89×10~(-5)、3.80×10~(-5)、3.63×10~(-5),呈逐年下降趋势,仅2014年高于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)的最大可接受风险水平.总体上讲,降低饮用水源地水环境中致癌物质Cr~(6+)与As以及非致癌物质中NH_3-N与氟化物能有效地控制饮水途径的总健康风险.研究结果对促进长沙综合枢纽库区水环境安全进一步提升提供了科学指导.
In order to assess the impact of water storage in Changsha Integrated Hub on the water environment of Wangcheng drinking water source, 23 indicators including chemical oxygen demand(COD) in the water body of Wangcheng drinking water source were monitored from January 2014 to December 2017. The changes of six types of water environmental parameters in Wangcheng drinking water source after water storage in Changsha Integrated Hub were analyzed by comprehensive index method, pollutant sharing rate and comprehensive index of nutritional situation. Results showed that the water environmental quality of Wangcheng drinking water source was declining, and the water environmental pollution was increasing year by year, mainly owing to the pollutants of NH_3-N, TP, biochemical oxygen demand, As, Pb and fecal coliforms. The comprehensive nutritional index of TN, TP and COD_(Mn) showed an upward trend during 2015—2017, which was consistent with the trends of contaminant exceeding the standard, comprehensive pollution index and pollutant sharing rate. The health risk assessment indicated that total health risks of Wangcheng drinking water source were 7.93×10~(-5), 4.89×10~(-5), 3.80×10~(-5), 3.63×10~(-5) in 2014—2017, showing a decreasing trend. And only in the year 2014 the risk was higher than the maximum acceptable level for the International Commission on Radiation Protection(ICRP). Generally, it is effective to control the overall health risks of the drinking water by reducing the carcinogenic substances such as Cr~(6+) and As and the non-carcinogenic NH_3-N and fluoride in the drinking water source. The results achieved in this study could provide scientific guidance for promoting water environmental security in Changsha Integrated Hub.
In order to assess the impact of water storage in Changsha Integrated Hub on the water environment of Wangcheng drinking water source, 23 indicators including chemical oxygen demand(COD) in the water body of Wangcheng drinking water source were monitored from January 2014 to December 2017. The changes of six types of water environmental parameters in Wangcheng drinking water source after water storage in Changsha Integrated Hub were analyzed by comprehensive index method, pollutant sharing rate and comprehensive index of nutritional situation. Results showed that the water environmental quality of Wangcheng drinking water source was declining, and the water environmental pollution was increasing year by year, mainly owing to the pollutants of NH_3-N, TP, biochemical oxygen demand, As, Pb and fecal coliforms. The comprehensive nutritional index of TN, TP and COD_(Mn) showed an upward trend during 2015—2017, which was consistent with the trends of contaminant exceeding the standard, comprehensive pollution index and pollutant sharing rate. The health risk assessment indicated that total health risks of Wangcheng drinking water source were 7.93×10~(-5), 4.89×10~(-5), 3.80×10~(-5), 3.63×10~(-5) in 2014—2017, showing a decreasing trend. And only in the year 2014 the risk was higher than the maximum acceptable level for the International Commission on Radiation Protection(ICRP). Generally, it is effective to control the overall health risks of the drinking water by reducing the carcinogenic substances such as Cr~(6+) and As and the non-carcinogenic NH_3-N and fluoride in the drinking water source. The results achieved in this study could provide scientific guidance for promoting water environmental security in Changsha Integrated Hub.
引文
[1] 薛兴华,常胜,宋鄂平.三峡水库蓄水后荆江洲滩变化特征[J].地理学报,2018,73(9):1714-1727.XUE X H,CHANG S,SONG E P.Variation characteristics of Jingjiang shoal after impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2018,73(9):1714-1727(in Chinese).
[2] 杨振冰,刘园园,何蕊廷,等.三峡库区不同水文类型支流大型底栖动物对蓄水的响应[J].生态学报,2018 (20):1-10.YANG Z B,LIU Y Y,HE X T,et al.Responses of benthic macroinvertebrates in tributaries of different hydrological regimes in Three Gorges Reservoir region to reservoir impoundment[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018 (20):1-10(in Chinese).
[3] 杨丹,谢宗强,樊大勇,等.三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的影响[J].自然资源学报,2018,33 (7):1283-1290.YANG D,XIE Z Q,FAN D Y,et al.The effect of water fluctuation on the contents of soil Cu,Zn,Cr and Cd at the riparian area of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2018,33 (7):1283-1290(in Chinese).
[4] YANG F,WANG Y,CHAN Z.Review of environmental conditions in the water level fluctuation zone:Perspectives on riparian vegetation engineering in the Three Gorges Reservoir [J].Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management,2015,18(2):240-249.
[5] BAO Y,GAO P,HE X.The water-level fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir—A unique geomorphological unit[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2015,150:14-24.
[6] BALDWIN D S,WILSON J,UIUNEY H,et al.Influence of extreme drawdown on water quality downstream of a large water storage reservoir[J].River Research and Applications,2010,26(2):194-206.
[7] 陈亚林,罗兴建,汪新丽,等.1997-2002年三峡库区重庆段痢疾流行特征分析[J].预防医学情报杂志,2004 (3):316-317.CHEN Y L,LUO X J,WANG X L,et al.Analysis of dysentery epidemic characteristics in Chongqing section of Three Gorges Reservoir area from 1997 to 2002[J].Journal of Preventive Medicine Information,2004 (3):316-317(in Chinese).
[8] 何军,夏明.三峡水库四期试验性蓄水前后嘉陵江饮用水源水质变化规律分析[J].三峡环境与生态,2010,32(2):14-18.HE J,XIA M.Drinking water quality analysis of the Jialing river during the fourth test of water storage in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Environment and Ecology in the Three Gorges,2010,32(2):14-18(in Chinese).
[9] 汪仁.湘江长沙综合枢纽库区水生态系统服务功能价值评价[D].长沙:湖南师范大学,2017.WANG R.Comprehensive evaluation of Changsha Xiangjiang integrated reservoir area water ecosystem service function[D].Changsha:Hunan Normal University,2017(in Chinese).
[10] 李晓鹏.湘江长沙综合枢纽库区水环境承载力研究[D].长沙:湖南师范大学,2017.LI X P.Research on water environment carrying capacity of Changsha multipurpose hydraulic project reservoir area in Xiang River[D].Changsha:Hunan Normal University,2017(in Chinese).
[11] 胡旷成,铁柏清,张蕊琪,等.长沙水利枢纽工程蓄水后的湘江长沙段重金属污染评价[J].四川环境,2016,35(4):42-48.HU K C,TIE B Q,ZHANG X Q,et al.Assessment of heavy metal pollution of Changsha section of Xiangjiang River ater water storage of the water hub project[J].Sichuan Environment,2016,35(4):42-48(in Chinese).
[12] 张蕊琪.湘江水利枢纽工程对湘江(长沙段)水体富营养化的影响[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2016.ZHANG X Q.Effects of the Changsha hydropower project on eutrophication of Xiangjiang River in Changsha.[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2016(in Chinese).
[13] 帅红,李景保,蒋聪,等.湘江长沙综合枢纽蓄水初期长沙段水环境参数的变化[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24 (12):2085-2093.SHUAI H,LI J B,JIANG C,et al.Water environment parameter changing of Changsha section after the preliminary stage water retaining of multipurpose hydraulic project in Xiangjiang river.[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24 (12):2085-2093(in Chinese).
[14] 陈妮.2006—2015年南四湖水质综合评价及改善效果分析[D].青岛:青岛理工大学,2018.CHEN N.Evaluation of comprehensive water quality and analysis of the improvement effect in Nansi lake during the year 2006—2015[D].Qingdao:Qingdao University of Technology,2018(in Chinese).
[15] 关伯仁,司志中.水质系统规划研究——以伊洛河洛阳段为例[J].地理研究,1986(1):106-107.GUAN B R,SI Z Z.Water quality system planning—a case study on oryanic pollution control planning for a river system[J].Geographical Research,1986(1):106-107(in Chinese).
[16] 国家环境保护总局,中国环境监测总站.湖泊(水库)富营养化评价方法及分级技术规定[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001.State Environmental Protection Administration,China Environmental Monitoring Headquarters.Methods for eutrophication evaluation of lakes (reservoirs) and technical provisions for their classification[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2001(in Chinese).
[17] 联合国环境规划署(UNEP).水体富营养化[J].世界环境,1994,2(1):23-26.United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).Eutrophication of water[J].World Environment,1994,2(1):23-26(in Chinese).
[18] 杨梅玲,胡忠军,刘其根,等.利用综合营养状态指数和修正的营养状态指数评价千岛湖水质变化(2007年-2011年)[J].上海海洋大学学报,2013,22(2):240-245.YANG M L,HU Z J,LIU Q G,et al.Evaluation of water quality by two trophic state indices in Lake Qiandaohu during 2007-2011[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2013,22(2):240-245(in Chinese).
[19] 符刚,曾强,赵亮,等.基于GIS的天津市饮用水水质健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2015,36 (12):4553-4560.FU G,ZENG L,ZHAO L,et al.Health risk assessment of drinking water quality in Tianjin based on GIS[J].Environmental Science,2015,36 (12):4553-4560(in Chinese).
[20] 国家环境保护总局和国家质量监督检验检疫总局联合发布.地表水环境质量标准:GB 3838-2002[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.Environmental quality standards for surface water:GB 3838-2002[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2012(in Chinese).
[21] 袁啸,铁柏清,陈喆,等.长沙水利枢纽工程蓄水前湘江长沙段水质评价[J].水环境保护,2012,28 (3):59-63.YUAN X,TIE B Q,CHEN Z,et al.Water quality monitoring of Changsha section of Xiangjiang River before impoundment of Changsha Water Conservancy Project[J].Water Resources Protection,2012,28 (3):59-63(in Chinese).
[22] 袁啸.湘江水利枢纽工程对湘江(长沙段)水质影响与预警研究湘江水利枢纽工程对湘江(长沙段)水质影响与预警研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2016.YUAN X.The study on the water quality influence and pre-alarm of the Changsha hydropower project for Xiangjiang river in Changsha[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2016(in Chinese).
[2] 杨振冰,刘园园,何蕊廷,等.三峡库区不同水文类型支流大型底栖动物对蓄水的响应[J].生态学报,2018 (20):1-10.YANG Z B,LIU Y Y,HE X T,et al.Responses of benthic macroinvertebrates in tributaries of different hydrological regimes in Three Gorges Reservoir region to reservoir impoundment[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018 (20):1-10(in Chinese).
[3] 杨丹,谢宗强,樊大勇,等.三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的影响[J].自然资源学报,2018,33 (7):1283-1290.YANG D,XIE Z Q,FAN D Y,et al.The effect of water fluctuation on the contents of soil Cu,Zn,Cr and Cd at the riparian area of Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2018,33 (7):1283-1290(in Chinese).
[4] YANG F,WANG Y,CHAN Z.Review of environmental conditions in the water level fluctuation zone:Perspectives on riparian vegetation engineering in the Three Gorges Reservoir [J].Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management,2015,18(2):240-249.
[5] BAO Y,GAO P,HE X.The water-level fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir—A unique geomorphological unit[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2015,150:14-24.
[6] BALDWIN D S,WILSON J,UIUNEY H,et al.Influence of extreme drawdown on water quality downstream of a large water storage reservoir[J].River Research and Applications,2010,26(2):194-206.
[7] 陈亚林,罗兴建,汪新丽,等.1997-2002年三峡库区重庆段痢疾流行特征分析[J].预防医学情报杂志,2004 (3):316-317.CHEN Y L,LUO X J,WANG X L,et al.Analysis of dysentery epidemic characteristics in Chongqing section of Three Gorges Reservoir area from 1997 to 2002[J].Journal of Preventive Medicine Information,2004 (3):316-317(in Chinese).
[8] 何军,夏明.三峡水库四期试验性蓄水前后嘉陵江饮用水源水质变化规律分析[J].三峡环境与生态,2010,32(2):14-18.HE J,XIA M.Drinking water quality analysis of the Jialing river during the fourth test of water storage in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Environment and Ecology in the Three Gorges,2010,32(2):14-18(in Chinese).
[9] 汪仁.湘江长沙综合枢纽库区水生态系统服务功能价值评价[D].长沙:湖南师范大学,2017.WANG R.Comprehensive evaluation of Changsha Xiangjiang integrated reservoir area water ecosystem service function[D].Changsha:Hunan Normal University,2017(in Chinese).
[10] 李晓鹏.湘江长沙综合枢纽库区水环境承载力研究[D].长沙:湖南师范大学,2017.LI X P.Research on water environment carrying capacity of Changsha multipurpose hydraulic project reservoir area in Xiang River[D].Changsha:Hunan Normal University,2017(in Chinese).
[11] 胡旷成,铁柏清,张蕊琪,等.长沙水利枢纽工程蓄水后的湘江长沙段重金属污染评价[J].四川环境,2016,35(4):42-48.HU K C,TIE B Q,ZHANG X Q,et al.Assessment of heavy metal pollution of Changsha section of Xiangjiang River ater water storage of the water hub project[J].Sichuan Environment,2016,35(4):42-48(in Chinese).
[12] 张蕊琪.湘江水利枢纽工程对湘江(长沙段)水体富营养化的影响[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2016.ZHANG X Q.Effects of the Changsha hydropower project on eutrophication of Xiangjiang River in Changsha.[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2016(in Chinese).
[13] 帅红,李景保,蒋聪,等.湘江长沙综合枢纽蓄水初期长沙段水环境参数的变化[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24 (12):2085-2093.SHUAI H,LI J B,JIANG C,et al.Water environment parameter changing of Changsha section after the preliminary stage water retaining of multipurpose hydraulic project in Xiangjiang river.[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24 (12):2085-2093(in Chinese).
[14] 陈妮.2006—2015年南四湖水质综合评价及改善效果分析[D].青岛:青岛理工大学,2018.CHEN N.Evaluation of comprehensive water quality and analysis of the improvement effect in Nansi lake during the year 2006—2015[D].Qingdao:Qingdao University of Technology,2018(in Chinese).
[15] 关伯仁,司志中.水质系统规划研究——以伊洛河洛阳段为例[J].地理研究,1986(1):106-107.GUAN B R,SI Z Z.Water quality system planning—a case study on oryanic pollution control planning for a river system[J].Geographical Research,1986(1):106-107(in Chinese).
[16] 国家环境保护总局,中国环境监测总站.湖泊(水库)富营养化评价方法及分级技术规定[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001.State Environmental Protection Administration,China Environmental Monitoring Headquarters.Methods for eutrophication evaluation of lakes (reservoirs) and technical provisions for their classification[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2001(in Chinese).
[17] 联合国环境规划署(UNEP).水体富营养化[J].世界环境,1994,2(1):23-26.United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).Eutrophication of water[J].World Environment,1994,2(1):23-26(in Chinese).
[18] 杨梅玲,胡忠军,刘其根,等.利用综合营养状态指数和修正的营养状态指数评价千岛湖水质变化(2007年-2011年)[J].上海海洋大学学报,2013,22(2):240-245.YANG M L,HU Z J,LIU Q G,et al.Evaluation of water quality by two trophic state indices in Lake Qiandaohu during 2007-2011[J].Journal of Shanghai Ocean University,2013,22(2):240-245(in Chinese).
[19] 符刚,曾强,赵亮,等.基于GIS的天津市饮用水水质健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2015,36 (12):4553-4560.FU G,ZENG L,ZHAO L,et al.Health risk assessment of drinking water quality in Tianjin based on GIS[J].Environmental Science,2015,36 (12):4553-4560(in Chinese).
[20] 国家环境保护总局和国家质量监督检验检疫总局联合发布.地表水环境质量标准:GB 3838-2002[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.Environmental quality standards for surface water:GB 3838-2002[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2012(in Chinese).
[21] 袁啸,铁柏清,陈喆,等.长沙水利枢纽工程蓄水前湘江长沙段水质评价[J].水环境保护,2012,28 (3):59-63.YUAN X,TIE B Q,CHEN Z,et al.Water quality monitoring of Changsha section of Xiangjiang River before impoundment of Changsha Water Conservancy Project[J].Water Resources Protection,2012,28 (3):59-63(in Chinese).
[22] 袁啸.湘江水利枢纽工程对湘江(长沙段)水质影响与预警研究湘江水利枢纽工程对湘江(长沙段)水质影响与预警研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2016.YUAN X.The study on the water quality influence and pre-alarm of the Changsha hydropower project for Xiangjiang river in Changsha[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University,2016(in Chinese).