变质岩中的球状结构及其对变质作用的指示
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摘要
球状结构是指由纤维状晶体组成的放射状集合体,其为一种高度不平衡的结构。它们常见于火山岩、假玄武玻璃、沉积岩以及热液沉积物中,在不同变质级别的变质岩中也有广泛报道。变质岩中的球状结构记录了丰富的变质作用信息,然而其在变质岩中的成因机制和对变质作用的指示意义尚缺少详细的研究。球状结构的生长需要温度、压力或成分的改变使得结晶体系远离平衡,它的结晶动力学过程受物质的扩散控制,要求晶体生长速率远大于物质扩散速率。详细解析球状结构和分析导致不平衡的因素有助于限定变质作用的条件和过程。本文拟从变质岩中报道的代表性球状结构出发,基于球状结构结晶所需的热力学和动力学条件,总结变质岩中球状结构的四种可能成因机制:流体结晶、变质熔体结晶、冲击变质作用和高度不平衡的变质反应。组成球状结构的纤维状晶体具有大的表面能,在持续保持温压和流体条件不变的情况下会快速重结晶使得球状结构消失,球状结构得以保留意味着其所处的环境要迅速转变为它不再结晶的条件。因此,变质岩中的球状结构指示寄主岩石经历了持续时间很短的非平衡变质作用过程。借鉴其它学科研究球状结构的定量方法和在变质作用条件下开展球状结构的实验研究是变质岩中球状结构研究的潜在方向。
Spherulite or spherulitic texture is a highly non-equilibrium texture consisting of radially arranged fibrous crystals.Spherulites are not only commonly observed in volcanic rocks,pseudotachylyte,sedimentary rocks and hydrothermal sediments,but also widely reported in metamorphic rocks of variable metamorphic grades. Abundant petrogenetic information is recorded in metamorphic spherulites,however,their crystallization mechanism and implication for metamorphism are rarely discussed. From the view of thermodynamics,far from equilibrium conditions induced by temperature,pressure or composition change are required for the crystallization of spherulite. Considering kinetics,spherulite growth is diffusion-controlled and requires very small ratio of diffusion rate to growth rate. Detailed deciphering the controlling factors responsible for formation of spherulites provides valuable constrains on metamorphic conditions and process. Here in this paper, four mechanisms, including crystallization from solute-rich fluid,metamorphic melt,shock metamorphism and highly non-equilibrium metamorphic reaction,are suggested for the growth of spherulites in metamorphic rocks,based on representative spherulites reported in metamorphic rocks and the conditions required by the growth of spherulites. If the crystallization conditions are kept for a fairly long period of time,fibrous crystals in the spherulites with large interface energies are susceptible to recrystallization,which would inevitably obliterate the spherulitic texture. The preservation of spherulites is possible only if they rapidly stay away from crystallization conditions subsequent to their formation. Therefore,the occurrence of spherulites in metamorphic rocks indicates that the host rocks have suffered a highly non-equilibrium and short-lived metamorphic process. Applying quantitative methods used in other subjects and conducting experimental studies at metamorphic conditions are potential ways for further study of spherulites in metamorphic rocks.
Spherulite or spherulitic texture is a highly non-equilibrium texture consisting of radially arranged fibrous crystals.Spherulites are not only commonly observed in volcanic rocks,pseudotachylyte,sedimentary rocks and hydrothermal sediments,but also widely reported in metamorphic rocks of variable metamorphic grades. Abundant petrogenetic information is recorded in metamorphic spherulites,however,their crystallization mechanism and implication for metamorphism are rarely discussed. From the view of thermodynamics,far from equilibrium conditions induced by temperature,pressure or composition change are required for the crystallization of spherulite. Considering kinetics,spherulite growth is diffusion-controlled and requires very small ratio of diffusion rate to growth rate. Detailed deciphering the controlling factors responsible for formation of spherulites provides valuable constrains on metamorphic conditions and process. Here in this paper, four mechanisms, including crystallization from solute-rich fluid,metamorphic melt,shock metamorphism and highly non-equilibrium metamorphic reaction,are suggested for the growth of spherulites in metamorphic rocks,based on representative spherulites reported in metamorphic rocks and the conditions required by the growth of spherulites. If the crystallization conditions are kept for a fairly long period of time,fibrous crystals in the spherulites with large interface energies are susceptible to recrystallization,which would inevitably obliterate the spherulitic texture. The preservation of spherulites is possible only if they rapidly stay away from crystallization conditions subsequent to their formation. Therefore,the occurrence of spherulites in metamorphic rocks indicates that the host rocks have suffered a highly non-equilibrium and short-lived metamorphic process. Applying quantitative methods used in other subjects and conducting experimental studies at metamorphic conditions are potential ways for further study of spherulites in metamorphic rocks.
引文
Austrheim H and Andersen TB.2004.Pseudotachylytes from Corsica:Fossil earthquakes from a subduction complex.Terra Nova,16(4):193-197
Baker DR and Freda C.2001.Eutectic crystallization in the undercooled orthoclase-quartz-H2O system:Experiments and simulations.European Journal of Mineralogy,13(3):453-466
Barrenechea JF,Luque FJ,Millward D,Ortega L,Beyssac O and Rodas M.2009.Graphite morphologies from the Borrowdale deposit(NWEngland,UK):Raman and SIMS data.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,158(1):37-51
Bucher K and Grapes R.2009.The eclogite-facies Allalin gabbro of the Zermatt-Saas ophiolite,western Alps:A record of subduction zone hydration.Journal of Petrology,50(8):1405-1442
Bullock LA,Gertisser R and O'Driscoll B.2017.Spherulite formation in obsidian lavas in the Aeolian Islands,Italy.Periodico di Mineralogia,86(1):37-54
Castro JM,Beck P,Tuffen H,Nichols ARL,Dingwell DB and Martin MC.2008.Timescales of spherulite crystallization in obsidian inferred from water concentration profiles.American Mineralogist,93(11-12):1816-1822
Cesare B,Ferrero S,Salvioli-Mariani E,Pedron D and Cavallo A.2009．“Nanogranite”and glassy inclusions:The anatectic melt in migmatites and granulites.Geology,37(7):627-630
Chen AP,Yang JJ,Zhong DL,Shi YH and Liu JB.2019.Epidote spherulites and radial euhedral epidote aggregates in a greenschist facies metavolcanic breccia hosting an UHP eclogite in Dabieshan(China):Implication for dynamic metamorphism.American Mineralogist,104(8):1197-1212
Corrigan GM.1982.The crystal morphology of plagioclase feldspar produced during isothermal supercooling and constant rate cooling experiments.Mineralogical Magazine,46(341):433-439
Donaldson CH.1976.An experimental investigation of olivine morphology.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,57(2):187-213
French BM.1998.Traces of Catastrophe:A Handbook of ShockMetamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures.Houston,USA:Lunar and Planetary Institute,1-120
Ghose N,Chatterjee N and Fareeduddin N.2014.A Petrographic Atlas of Ophiolite:An Example from the Eastern India-Asia Collision Zone.India:Springer Press,1-234
Gránásy L,Rátkai L,Szállás A,Korbuly B,Tóth GI,K9rnyei L and Pusztai T.2014.Phase-field modeling of polycrystalline solidification from needle crystals to spherulites:A review.Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,45(4):1694-1719
Hammer JE and Rutherford MJ.2002.An experimental study of the kinetics of decompression-induced crystallization in silicic melt.Journal of Geophysical Research,107(B1):ECV 8-1-ECV 8-24
Hiroi Y,Yanagi A,Kato M,Kobayashi T,Prame B,Hokada T,SatishKumar M,Ishikawa M,Adachi T,Osanai Y,Motoyoshi Y and Shiraishi K.2014.Supercooled melt inclusions in lower-crustal granulites as a consequence of rapid exhumation by channel flow.Gondwana Research,25(1):226-234
Hodgson WA.1968.The diagenesis of spherulitic carbonate concretions and other rocks from Mangakahia Group sediments,Kaipara Harbour,New Zealand.Journal of Sedimentary Research,38(4):1254-1263
John T and Schenk V.2006.Interrelations between intermediate-depth earthquakes and fluid flow within subducting oceanic plates:Constraints from eclogite facies pseudotachylytes.Geology,34(7):557-560
Jones B.2017.Review of aragonite and calcite crystal morphogenesis in thermal spring systems.Sedimentary Geology,354:9-23
Keith HD and Padden FJ.1963.A phenomenological theory of spherulitic crystallization.Journal of Applied Physics,34(8):2409-2421
Kirkpatrick RJ.1981.Kinetics of crystallization of igneous rocks.Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry,8(1):321-395
Korsakov AV,Perraki M,Zedgenizov DA,Bindi L,Vandenabeele P,Suzuki A and Kagi H.2010.Diamond-graphite relationships in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks from the Kokchetav Massif,northern Kazakhstan.Journal of Petrology,51(3):763-783
Lofgren G.1971a.Spherulitic textures in glassy and crystalline rocks.Journal of Geophysical Research,76(23):5635-5648
Lofgren G.1971b.Experimentally produced devitrification textures in natural rhyolitic glass.Geological Society of America Bulletin,82(1):111-124
Lofgren G.1974.An experimental study of plagioclase crystal morphology:Isothermal crystallization.American Journal of Science,274(3):243-273
Lofgren G.1980.Experimental studies on the dynamic crystallization of silicate melts.In:Hargraves RB(ed.).Physics of Magmatic Processes.Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,487-551
Luque FJ,Ortega L,Barrenechea JF,Millward D,Beyssac O and Huizenga JM.2009.Deposition of highly crystalline graphite from moderate-temperature fluids.Geology,37(3):275-278
Means W and Park Y.1994.New experimental approach to understanding igneous texture.Geology,22(4):323-326
Melinger-Cohen AZ,Bina CR and Jacobsen SD.2015.A petrologic model for hydrothermal metamorphism in the Portage Lake Volcanic Series,Northern Michigan.Bachelor Degree Thesis.Northwestern Undergraduate Research Journal,http://www.thenurj.com/theses
Mills RD,Ratner JJ and Glazner AF.2011.Experimental evidence for crystal coarsening and fabric development during temperature cycling.Geology,39(12):1139-1142
Misch P.1965.Radial epidote glomeroblasts formed under conditions of synkinematic metamorphism:A new mechanism of collective crystalloblastesis.Geologische Rundschau,54(2):944-956
Mottet B,Pichavant M,Bény JM and Alary JA.1992.Morphology of zirconia synthesized hydrothermally from zirconium oxychloride.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,75(9):2515-2519
Oaki Y and Imai,H.2003.Experimental demonstration for the morphological evolution of crystals grown in gel media.Crystal Growth&Design,3(5):711-716
Pattison DRM,De Capitani C and Gaidies F.2011.Petrological consequences of variations in metamorphic reaction affinity.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,29(9):953-977
Petley-Ragan A,Dunkel KG,Austrheim H,Ildefonse B and Jamtveit B.2018.Microstructural records of earthquakes in the lower crust and associated fluid-driven metamorphism in plagioclase-rich granulites.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,123(5):3729-3746
Pirajno F.2009.Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral Systems.Dordrecht:Springer,1-1016
Plümper O,Beinlich A,Bach W,Janots E and Austrheim H.2014.Garnets within geode-like serpentinite veins:Implications for element transport,hydrogen production and life-supporting environment formation.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,141:454-471
Ridley J and Thompson AB.1986.The role of mineral kinetics in the development of metamorphic microtextures.In:Walther JV and Wood BJ(eds.).Fluid-Rock Interactions during Metamorphism.New York:Springer-Verlag,154-193
Rubie DC.1986.The catalysis of mineral reactions by water and restrictions on the presence of aqueous fluid during metamorphism.Mineralogical Magazine,50(357):399-415
Rubie DC.1998.Disequilibrium during metamorphism:The role of nucleation kinetics.In:Treloar PJ and O’Brien PJ(eds.).What Drives Metamorphism and Metamorphic Reactions?Geological Society,London,Special Publications,138(1):199-214
Rumble D.2014.Hydrothermal graphitic carbon.Elements,10(6):427-433
Saito Y and Ueta T.1989.Monte Carlo studies of equilibrium and growth shapes of a crystal.Physical Review A,40(6):3408-3419
Shtukenberg AG,Punin YO,Gunn E and Kahr B.2012.Spherulites.Chemical Reviews,112(3):1805-1838
Spear FS.2017.Garnet growth after overstepping.Chemical Geology,466:491-499
Sunagawa I.1999.Growth and morphology of crystals.Forma,14(1-2):147-166
Van Leeuwen C.1979.On the driving force for crystallization:The growth affinity.Journal of Crystal Growth,46(1):91-95
Van Staal CR,Ravenhurst CE,Winchester JA,Roddick JC and Langton JP.1990.Post-tectonic blueschist suture in the northern Appalachians of northern New Brunswick,Canada.Geology,18(11):1073-1077
Vernon RH.2004.A Practical Guide to Rock Microstructure.New York:Cambridge University Press,1-578
Viete DR and Lister GS.2017.On the significance of short-duration regional metamorphism.Journal of the Geological Society,174(3):377-392
Walther JV and Wood BJ.1984.Rate and mechanism in prograde metamorphism.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,88(3):246-259
Watkins J,Manga M,Huber C and Martin M.2009.Diffusion-controlled spherulite growth in obsidian inferred from H2O concentration profiles.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,157(2):163-172
Wilbur DE and Ague JJ.2006.Chemical disequilibrium during garnet growth:Monte Carlo simulations of natural crystal morphologies.Geology,34(8):689-692
Xiao RF,Alexander JID and Rosenberger F.1988.Morphological evolution of growing crystals:A Monte Carlo simulation.Physical Review A,38(5):2447-2456
Yang JJ,Fan ZF,Yu C and Yan R.2014a.Coseismic formation of eclogite facies cataclasite dykes at Yangkou in the Chinese Su-Lu UHPmetamorphic belt.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,32(9):937-960
Yang JJ,Huang MX,Wu QY and Zhang HR.2014b.Coesite-bearing eclogite breccia:Implication for coseismic ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and the rate of the process.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,167(6):1013
Yang JJ,Zhang HR,Chen AP and Huang MX.2017.Petrological evidence for shock-induced high-P metamorphism in a gabbro.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,35(2):121-140
Baker DR and Freda C.2001.Eutectic crystallization in the undercooled orthoclase-quartz-H2O system:Experiments and simulations.European Journal of Mineralogy,13(3):453-466
Barrenechea JF,Luque FJ,Millward D,Ortega L,Beyssac O and Rodas M.2009.Graphite morphologies from the Borrowdale deposit(NWEngland,UK):Raman and SIMS data.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,158(1):37-51
Bucher K and Grapes R.2009.The eclogite-facies Allalin gabbro of the Zermatt-Saas ophiolite,western Alps:A record of subduction zone hydration.Journal of Petrology,50(8):1405-1442
Bullock LA,Gertisser R and O'Driscoll B.2017.Spherulite formation in obsidian lavas in the Aeolian Islands,Italy.Periodico di Mineralogia,86(1):37-54
Castro JM,Beck P,Tuffen H,Nichols ARL,Dingwell DB and Martin MC.2008.Timescales of spherulite crystallization in obsidian inferred from water concentration profiles.American Mineralogist,93(11-12):1816-1822
Cesare B,Ferrero S,Salvioli-Mariani E,Pedron D and Cavallo A.2009．“Nanogranite”and glassy inclusions:The anatectic melt in migmatites and granulites.Geology,37(7):627-630
Chen AP,Yang JJ,Zhong DL,Shi YH and Liu JB.2019.Epidote spherulites and radial euhedral epidote aggregates in a greenschist facies metavolcanic breccia hosting an UHP eclogite in Dabieshan(China):Implication for dynamic metamorphism.American Mineralogist,104(8):1197-1212
Corrigan GM.1982.The crystal morphology of plagioclase feldspar produced during isothermal supercooling and constant rate cooling experiments.Mineralogical Magazine,46(341):433-439
Donaldson CH.1976.An experimental investigation of olivine morphology.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,57(2):187-213
French BM.1998.Traces of Catastrophe:A Handbook of ShockMetamorphic Effects in Terrestrial Meteorite Impact Structures.Houston,USA:Lunar and Planetary Institute,1-120
Ghose N,Chatterjee N and Fareeduddin N.2014.A Petrographic Atlas of Ophiolite:An Example from the Eastern India-Asia Collision Zone.India:Springer Press,1-234
Gránásy L,Rátkai L,Szállás A,Korbuly B,Tóth GI,K9rnyei L and Pusztai T.2014.Phase-field modeling of polycrystalline solidification from needle crystals to spherulites:A review.Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,45(4):1694-1719
Hammer JE and Rutherford MJ.2002.An experimental study of the kinetics of decompression-induced crystallization in silicic melt.Journal of Geophysical Research,107(B1):ECV 8-1-ECV 8-24
Hiroi Y,Yanagi A,Kato M,Kobayashi T,Prame B,Hokada T,SatishKumar M,Ishikawa M,Adachi T,Osanai Y,Motoyoshi Y and Shiraishi K.2014.Supercooled melt inclusions in lower-crustal granulites as a consequence of rapid exhumation by channel flow.Gondwana Research,25(1):226-234
Hodgson WA.1968.The diagenesis of spherulitic carbonate concretions and other rocks from Mangakahia Group sediments,Kaipara Harbour,New Zealand.Journal of Sedimentary Research,38(4):1254-1263
John T and Schenk V.2006.Interrelations between intermediate-depth earthquakes and fluid flow within subducting oceanic plates:Constraints from eclogite facies pseudotachylytes.Geology,34(7):557-560
Jones B.2017.Review of aragonite and calcite crystal morphogenesis in thermal spring systems.Sedimentary Geology,354:9-23
Keith HD and Padden FJ.1963.A phenomenological theory of spherulitic crystallization.Journal of Applied Physics,34(8):2409-2421
Kirkpatrick RJ.1981.Kinetics of crystallization of igneous rocks.Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry,8(1):321-395
Korsakov AV,Perraki M,Zedgenizov DA,Bindi L,Vandenabeele P,Suzuki A and Kagi H.2010.Diamond-graphite relationships in ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks from the Kokchetav Massif,northern Kazakhstan.Journal of Petrology,51(3):763-783
Lofgren G.1971a.Spherulitic textures in glassy and crystalline rocks.Journal of Geophysical Research,76(23):5635-5648
Lofgren G.1971b.Experimentally produced devitrification textures in natural rhyolitic glass.Geological Society of America Bulletin,82(1):111-124
Lofgren G.1974.An experimental study of plagioclase crystal morphology:Isothermal crystallization.American Journal of Science,274(3):243-273
Lofgren G.1980.Experimental studies on the dynamic crystallization of silicate melts.In:Hargraves RB(ed.).Physics of Magmatic Processes.Princeton,New Jersey:Princeton University Press,487-551
Luque FJ,Ortega L,Barrenechea JF,Millward D,Beyssac O and Huizenga JM.2009.Deposition of highly crystalline graphite from moderate-temperature fluids.Geology,37(3):275-278
Means W and Park Y.1994.New experimental approach to understanding igneous texture.Geology,22(4):323-326
Melinger-Cohen AZ,Bina CR and Jacobsen SD.2015.A petrologic model for hydrothermal metamorphism in the Portage Lake Volcanic Series,Northern Michigan.Bachelor Degree Thesis.Northwestern Undergraduate Research Journal,http://www.thenurj.com/theses
Mills RD,Ratner JJ and Glazner AF.2011.Experimental evidence for crystal coarsening and fabric development during temperature cycling.Geology,39(12):1139-1142
Misch P.1965.Radial epidote glomeroblasts formed under conditions of synkinematic metamorphism:A new mechanism of collective crystalloblastesis.Geologische Rundschau,54(2):944-956
Mottet B,Pichavant M,Bény JM and Alary JA.1992.Morphology of zirconia synthesized hydrothermally from zirconium oxychloride.Journal of the American Ceramic Society,75(9):2515-2519
Oaki Y and Imai,H.2003.Experimental demonstration for the morphological evolution of crystals grown in gel media.Crystal Growth&Design,3(5):711-716
Pattison DRM,De Capitani C and Gaidies F.2011.Petrological consequences of variations in metamorphic reaction affinity.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,29(9):953-977
Petley-Ragan A,Dunkel KG,Austrheim H,Ildefonse B and Jamtveit B.2018.Microstructural records of earthquakes in the lower crust and associated fluid-driven metamorphism in plagioclase-rich granulites.Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,123(5):3729-3746
Pirajno F.2009.Hydrothermal Processes and Mineral Systems.Dordrecht:Springer,1-1016
Plümper O,Beinlich A,Bach W,Janots E and Austrheim H.2014.Garnets within geode-like serpentinite veins:Implications for element transport,hydrogen production and life-supporting environment formation.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,141:454-471
Ridley J and Thompson AB.1986.The role of mineral kinetics in the development of metamorphic microtextures.In:Walther JV and Wood BJ(eds.).Fluid-Rock Interactions during Metamorphism.New York:Springer-Verlag,154-193
Rubie DC.1986.The catalysis of mineral reactions by water and restrictions on the presence of aqueous fluid during metamorphism.Mineralogical Magazine,50(357):399-415
Rubie DC.1998.Disequilibrium during metamorphism:The role of nucleation kinetics.In:Treloar PJ and O’Brien PJ(eds.).What Drives Metamorphism and Metamorphic Reactions?Geological Society,London,Special Publications,138(1):199-214
Rumble D.2014.Hydrothermal graphitic carbon.Elements,10(6):427-433
Saito Y and Ueta T.1989.Monte Carlo studies of equilibrium and growth shapes of a crystal.Physical Review A,40(6):3408-3419
Shtukenberg AG,Punin YO,Gunn E and Kahr B.2012.Spherulites.Chemical Reviews,112(3):1805-1838
Spear FS.2017.Garnet growth after overstepping.Chemical Geology,466:491-499
Sunagawa I.1999.Growth and morphology of crystals.Forma,14(1-2):147-166
Van Leeuwen C.1979.On the driving force for crystallization:The growth affinity.Journal of Crystal Growth,46(1):91-95
Van Staal CR,Ravenhurst CE,Winchester JA,Roddick JC and Langton JP.1990.Post-tectonic blueschist suture in the northern Appalachians of northern New Brunswick,Canada.Geology,18(11):1073-1077
Vernon RH.2004.A Practical Guide to Rock Microstructure.New York:Cambridge University Press,1-578
Viete DR and Lister GS.2017.On the significance of short-duration regional metamorphism.Journal of the Geological Society,174(3):377-392
Walther JV and Wood BJ.1984.Rate and mechanism in prograde metamorphism.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,88(3):246-259
Watkins J,Manga M,Huber C and Martin M.2009.Diffusion-controlled spherulite growth in obsidian inferred from H2O concentration profiles.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,157(2):163-172
Wilbur DE and Ague JJ.2006.Chemical disequilibrium during garnet growth:Monte Carlo simulations of natural crystal morphologies.Geology,34(8):689-692
Xiao RF,Alexander JID and Rosenberger F.1988.Morphological evolution of growing crystals:A Monte Carlo simulation.Physical Review A,38(5):2447-2456
Yang JJ,Fan ZF,Yu C and Yan R.2014a.Coseismic formation of eclogite facies cataclasite dykes at Yangkou in the Chinese Su-Lu UHPmetamorphic belt.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,32(9):937-960
Yang JJ,Huang MX,Wu QY and Zhang HR.2014b.Coesite-bearing eclogite breccia:Implication for coseismic ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism and the rate of the process.Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,167(6):1013
Yang JJ,Zhang HR,Chen AP and Huang MX.2017.Petrological evidence for shock-induced high-P metamorphism in a gabbro.Journal of Metamorphic Geology,35(2):121-140
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