国外公众参与保护地事务研究进展
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摘要
公众参与是保护地治理研究领域中的重要内容之一。以Web of Science数据库收录的国外保护地公众参与领域相关文献为基础,运用可视化软件Citespace 5. 0. R7及系统综述的方法,从公众参与在国外保护地领域的研究缘起、研究概况、主要研究内容、研究评述、研究展望及对中国的启示5个方面进行了总结。研究发现,国外有关保护地公众参与的研究涉及较为广泛,无论是对具体案例的分析,还是对基础理论的探讨,研究开始深化和细化,研究方法趋于多样。同时,对目前研究中所显现出来的一些局限性进行了归纳分析。在此基础上,提出应完善保护地及国家公园公众参与的理论体系,实现研究结果的普适性运用;构建保护地及国家公园公众参与的整体机制;深化保护地及国家公园公众参与的研究方法;深化实践应用研究,增加可借鉴性;探索具有中国特色的保护地公众参与路径来指导保护地公众参与研究。
Public participation is an attempt by development partners to broadly consult and involve the public as to where projects should be situated. As bottom-up management,it is also a management strategy to increase public enthusiasm and initiative,which has become a key concept and common practice for management of protected areas across the world. So research on public participation has been a focus in the field of protected area governance. Based on the relevant academic publications collected from the Web of Science database,this paper synthesizes the research origins,profiles,contents,perspectives and research forecast by using the software Citespace 5. 0. R7 and systematic review methods. First,we investigate the general characteristics of these studies. This research shows that public participation was first introduced as a research topic in protected areas in the end of 20th century,then developed slowly in the early 21st,and the literatures emerged in large numbers after 2009. Most research has been carried out in United States,United Kingdom,Australia,Canada,Germany and so on, and these studies show an extension from nature conservation to ecosystem management,environmental change, environmental governance, and stakeholders related to protected areas,demonstrating a development process from a single problem to a multi-dimensional study. And most of the studies used qualitative methods. Second,we analyze the theoretical bases of all the papers and find that theoretical research mainly involves two aspects,one is to introduce other theories into the protected areas,such as stakeholder theory, governance theory, deliberative democracy theory and planned behavior theory; the other is to generalize the ideas embodied in public participation practice in protected areas and form a new theoretical framework. Third,we analyze the actual research content of these papers from four aspects. The first aspect is to analyze the values underlying public participation in protected area affairs. For this aspect,foreign researchers put forward the idea that effective public participation can not only balance the interests between the public and the government to achieve the dual value of the two,but also contribute to the sustainable development of each areas. The second aspect analyzes the limitations and shortcomings in public participation in protected areas. Some studies reveal that public participation can divide stakeholders,making it really difficult for any effective coalition of stakeholders to emerge,leaving out a large barrier-cost, diffuse citizen goodwill and so on. The third aspect is influencing factors of public participation. The fourth aspect is the evaluation of public participation.Fourth,we evaluate the status of international research and find that the papers involve a wide range of objectives. Whether it is the analysis of specific cases or the discussion of basic theories,it begins to deepen and refine,and the research methods tend to be diverse. But there are still some limitations emerged in the current research. In conclusion,the study suggests that future research should pay attention to the following matters: improving the theoretical system of public participation of protected areas and then realizing the universal application of research results,building the overall mechanism of public participation of protected areas; deepening the research methods and practical application research to increase reference,and exploring the paths of public participation of protected areas with Chinese characteristics.
Public participation is an attempt by development partners to broadly consult and involve the public as to where projects should be situated. As bottom-up management,it is also a management strategy to increase public enthusiasm and initiative,which has become a key concept and common practice for management of protected areas across the world. So research on public participation has been a focus in the field of protected area governance. Based on the relevant academic publications collected from the Web of Science database,this paper synthesizes the research origins,profiles,contents,perspectives and research forecast by using the software Citespace 5. 0. R7 and systematic review methods. First,we investigate the general characteristics of these studies. This research shows that public participation was first introduced as a research topic in protected areas in the end of 20th century,then developed slowly in the early 21st,and the literatures emerged in large numbers after 2009. Most research has been carried out in United States,United Kingdom,Australia,Canada,Germany and so on, and these studies show an extension from nature conservation to ecosystem management,environmental change, environmental governance, and stakeholders related to protected areas,demonstrating a development process from a single problem to a multi-dimensional study. And most of the studies used qualitative methods. Second,we analyze the theoretical bases of all the papers and find that theoretical research mainly involves two aspects,one is to introduce other theories into the protected areas,such as stakeholder theory, governance theory, deliberative democracy theory and planned behavior theory; the other is to generalize the ideas embodied in public participation practice in protected areas and form a new theoretical framework. Third,we analyze the actual research content of these papers from four aspects. The first aspect is to analyze the values underlying public participation in protected area affairs. For this aspect,foreign researchers put forward the idea that effective public participation can not only balance the interests between the public and the government to achieve the dual value of the two,but also contribute to the sustainable development of each areas. The second aspect analyzes the limitations and shortcomings in public participation in protected areas. Some studies reveal that public participation can divide stakeholders,making it really difficult for any effective coalition of stakeholders to emerge,leaving out a large barrier-cost, diffuse citizen goodwill and so on. The third aspect is influencing factors of public participation. The fourth aspect is the evaluation of public participation.Fourth,we evaluate the status of international research and find that the papers involve a wide range of objectives. Whether it is the analysis of specific cases or the discussion of basic theories,it begins to deepen and refine,and the research methods tend to be diverse. But there are still some limitations emerged in the current research. In conclusion,the study suggests that future research should pay attention to the following matters: improving the theoretical system of public participation of protected areas and then realizing the universal application of research results,building the overall mechanism of public participation of protected areas; deepening the research methods and practical application research to increase reference,and exploring the paths of public participation of protected areas with Chinese characteristics.
引文
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[3]约翰·克莱顿·托马斯.公共决策中的公民参与:公共管理者的新技能与新策略[M].孙柏瑛,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2001:3,19,33,60.
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[12]ANDRADE G S M,RHODES J R.Protected areas and local communities:an inevitable partnership toward successful conservation strategies[J].Ecology&Society,2012,17(4):1-16.
[13]STERLING E J,BETLEY E,SIGOUIN A,et al.Assessing the evidence for stakeholder engagement in biodiversity conservation[J].Biological Conservation,2017,209:159-171.
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[15]ALMANY G R,HAMILTON R J,WILLIAMSON D H,et al.Research partnerships with local communities:two case studies from Papua New Guinea and Australia[J].Coral Reefs,2010,29(3):567-576.
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[19]FISCHER A,YOUNG J C.Understanding mental constructs of biodiversity:implications for biodiversity management and conservation[J].Biological Conservation,2007,136(2):271-282.
[20]PETURSSON J G,VEDELD P.Rhetoric and reality in protected area governance:institutional change under different conservation discourses in Mount Elgon National Park,Uganda[J].Ecological Economics,2017,131:166-177.
[21]BASKENT E Z,TERZIOˇGLU S,BA爦KAYA S.Developing and implementing multiple-use forest management planning in Turkey[J].Environmental Management,2008,42(1):37-48.
[22]BROWN G,HAUSNER V H,GRODZI'NSKA-JURCZAK M,et al.Cross-cultural values and management preferences in protected areas of Norway and Poland[J].Journal for Nature Conservation,2015,28:89-104.
[23]BOUMAOUR A,GRIMES S,BRIGAND L,et al.Integration process and stakeholders'interactions analysis around a protection project:case of the national park of Gouraya,Algeria(Southwestern Mediterranean)[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2018,153:215-230.
[24]LI T H Y,ST N G,SKITMORE M.Evaluating stakeholder satisfaction during public participation in major infrastructure and construction projects:a fuzzy approach[J].Automation in Construction,2013,29(1):123-135.
[25]CHEN J L,LIU H H,CHUANG C T,et al.The factors affecting stakeholders'acceptance of offshore wind farms along the western coast of Taiwan:evidence from stakeholders'perceptions[J].Ocean&Coastal Management,2015,109:40-50.
[26]BUONO F,PEDIADITI K,GERRIT J.Local community participation in Italian National Parks management:theory versus practice[J].Journal of Environmental Policy&Planning,2012,14(2):189-208.
[27]王京传,李天元.国外公众参与旅游目的地公共事务研究综述[J].旅游学刊,2014,29(3):116-128.
[28]TULER S,WEBLER T.Public participation-relevance and application in the national park service[J].Park Science,2000,20(1):24,26,47.
[29]MBILE P,VABI M,MEBOKA M,et al.Linking management and livelihood in environmental conservation:case of the Korup National Park,Cameroon[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2005,76(1):1-13.
[30]LANGEMEYER J,PALOMO I,BARAIBAR S,et al.Participatory multi-criteria decision aid:operationalizing an integrated assessment of ecosystem services[J].Ecosystem Services,2018,30:49-60.
[31]MARKS R.Stakeholder participation for environmental management:a literature review[J].Biological Conservation,2008,141(10):2417-2431.
[32]KAI M,KISHIDA S,SAKAI K.Applying adaptive management in resource use in South African national parks:a case study approach[J].Koedoe-African Protected Area Conservation and Science,2011,53(53):144-157.
[33]MICHELI F,NICCOLINI F.Achieving success under pressure in the conservation of intensely used coastal areas[J].Ecology&Society,2013,18(4):59-63.
[34]HERBERT R J H,HUMPHREYS J,DAVIES C,J,et al.Ecological impacts of non-native Pacific oysters(Crassostrea gigas)and management measures for protected areas in Europe[J].Biodiversity&Conservation,2016,25(14):1-31.
[35]NAGENDRA H,TUCKER C,CARLSON L,et al.Monitoring parks through remote sensing:studies in Nepal and Honduras[J].Environmental Management,2004,34(5):748.
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