氮沉降对草地土壤及团聚体元素有效性的影响
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摘要
深入理解土壤及团聚体元素有效性对氮沉降的响应机制,是研究全球变化背景下土壤养分供应及生态系统结构和功能的关键。本研究综合评述了草地生态系统土壤表土及团聚体内元素分布及其对氮沉降的响应机制。总体而言,草地表土内碳、氮、磷、硫有效性研究较多,且研究结果因氮添加形态、添加时间及生态系统类型而异。氮沉降通过改变碳、氮、磷、硫等生源要素的转化过程及其在土壤团聚体内的再分配,而影响这些元素的生物有效性。然而,氮沉降影响草地土壤交换性盐基及有效态微量元素的研究较少。氮沉降促进土壤酸化,导致各团聚体内钙、镁差异性流失,其中大粒径团聚体内盐基元素更易流失;酸化还有助于提高团聚体内铁、锰、铜、锌有效性。土壤小粒径团聚体内的养分对外界环境变化响应不敏感。当前研究的不足之处在于,较少关注氮沉降对土壤团聚作用及团聚体元素有效性的影响。今后应加强团聚体元素有效性与土壤酶活性耦合变化关系的研究,并分析氮沉降背景下土壤物理结构和化学组成的变化对植物群落的反馈作用。
Understanding the nitrogen-induced changes of nutrient availability in bulk soils and soil aggregates is essential for studying soil nutrient supply as well as ecosystem structure and functioning under global change. Here,we reviewed research advances in elemental distribution of both bulk soils and soil aggregates as well as the mechanisms underlying their responses to nitrogen deposition in grassland ecosystems. A large number of studies have focused on soil carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur availability,with the results depending on the form and duration of nitrogen addition as well as ecosystem types. Nitrogen deposition affects elemental bioavailability by altering the turnover of carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur,as well as their distribution within soil aggregates. Relatively few studies have investigated the effects of nitrogen addition on exchangeable base cations and available micronutrients in bulk soils of grasslands.Soil acidification induced by N deposition causes imbalance in the leaching of calcium and magnesium among soil aggregates,with higher leaching losses in macroaggregates. Soil acidification is the main cause for higher availability of iron,manganese,and copper within soil aggregates.Nutrient concentrations in soil microaggregates are less sensitive to environmental changes. Currently,there are limited studies on the responses of soil aggregation and elemental availability within soil aggregates to nitrogen deposition. Further studies should focus on the coupled responses of elemental availability and enzymatic activities within soil aggregates,and analyze the feedback of soil physical structure and chemical composition to plant communities.
Understanding the nitrogen-induced changes of nutrient availability in bulk soils and soil aggregates is essential for studying soil nutrient supply as well as ecosystem structure and functioning under global change. Here,we reviewed research advances in elemental distribution of both bulk soils and soil aggregates as well as the mechanisms underlying their responses to nitrogen deposition in grassland ecosystems. A large number of studies have focused on soil carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur availability,with the results depending on the form and duration of nitrogen addition as well as ecosystem types. Nitrogen deposition affects elemental bioavailability by altering the turnover of carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur,as well as their distribution within soil aggregates. Relatively few studies have investigated the effects of nitrogen addition on exchangeable base cations and available micronutrients in bulk soils of grasslands.Soil acidification induced by N deposition causes imbalance in the leaching of calcium and magnesium among soil aggregates,with higher leaching losses in macroaggregates. Soil acidification is the main cause for higher availability of iron,manganese,and copper within soil aggregates.Nutrient concentrations in soil microaggregates are less sensitive to environmental changes. Currently,there are limited studies on the responses of soil aggregation and elemental availability within soil aggregates to nitrogen deposition. Further studies should focus on the coupled responses of elemental availability and enzymatic activities within soil aggregates,and analyze the feedback of soil physical structure and chemical composition to plant communities.
引文
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Egan G,Crawley MJ,Fornara DA.2018.Effects of long-term grassland management on the carbon and nitrogen pools of different soil aggregate fractions.Science of the Total Environment,613:810-819.
Fonte SJ,Nesper M,Hegglin D,et al.2014.Pasture degradation impacts soil phosphorus storage via changes to aggregate-associated soil organic matter in highly weathered tropical soils.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,68:150-157.
Galloway JN,Townsend AR,Erisman JW,et al.2008.Transformation of the nitrogen cycle:Recent trends,questions,and potential solutions.Science,320:889-892.
Glab T,Gondek K.2014.The influence of soil compaction and N fertilization on physico-chemical properties of MollicFluvisol soil under red clover/grass mixture.Geoderma,226:204-212.
Gunina A,Ryzhova I,Dorodnikov M,et al.2014.Effect of plant communities on aggregate composition and organic matter stabilisation in young soils.Plant and Soil,387:265-275.
Henry HAL,Juarez JD,Chrisropher BF,Vitousek PM.2005.Interactive effects of elevated CO2,N deposition and climate change on extracellular enzyme activity and soil density fractionation in a California annual grassland.Global Change Biology,11:1808-1815.
Jing X,Yang X,Ren F,et al.2018.Neutral effect of nitrogen addition and negative effect of phosphorus addition on topsoil extracellular enzymatic activities in an alpine grassland ecosystem.Applied Soil Ecology,107:205-213.
Keeler BL,Hobbie SE,Kellogg LE.2009.Effects of long-term nitrogen addition on microbial enzyme activity in eight forested and grassland sites:Implications for litter and soil organic matter decomposition.Ecosystems,12:1-15.
Le Bauer DS,Treseder KK.2008.Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed.Ecology,89:371-379.
Li J,Li F,Chen S,et al.2018.Nitrogen additions promote decomposition of soil organic carbon in a Tibetan alpine meadow.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,82:614-621.
Li W,Zhang R,Liu S,et al.2018.Effect of loss of plant functional group and simulated nitrogen deposition on subalpine ecosystem properties on the Tibetan Plateau.Science of the Total Environment,631:289-297.
Liu D,Li Y,Wang T,et al.2018.Contrasting responses of grassland water and carbon exchanges to climate change between Tibetan Plateau and Inner Mongolia.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,249:163-175.
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