校园再生水回用人工湿地景观绩效评价及优化设计——以辽宁公安司法管理干部学院为例
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摘要
设计生态是相对于自然的生态而言的人工设计的生命与自然环境相互作用的系统,其是解决当代生态问题的新范式。从环境、社会、经济3个方面对辽宁公安司法管理干部学院人工湿地的设计生态的景观绩效进行了评价,主要得到以下结论:(1)人工湿地能对回用再生水产生一定的净化作用。再生水经过人工湿地后,TP、TN、NH_3-N、COD、SS分别减少74.9%、6.66%、61%、41.18%和64.71%,但整体水质类别保持不变。湿地基质土壤中TN、TP的含量与湿地水体有密切关系,再生水回用于人工湿地可以提高湿地基质中的土壤肥力。湿地周边植物生境类型为落叶阔叶林、灌木丛、草丛、浅水沼泽,其结构、优势种、下层植物差异明显。植物群落地域特征十分明显,整体多样性较为丰富,共计22科,37属,37种。(2)人工湿地景观为校园师生提供了较好的游憩、社交和视觉景观服务,超过80%的使用者对其总体评价在"满意"以上。同时,人工湿地运行、维护成本低,约每年可节约用水成本6.7万元。(3)以提供生态系统服务为目标的景观在设计初期,应当全面考虑运行中的地域独特性,提高设计绩效的预见度。
Designed ecology is a new paradigm to address ecological challenges in the modern era. It involved a designed landscape system harvesting the interactions between humans and the nature. We evaluated the performance of a constructed wetland, a designed ecological landscape, in the Liaoning Administrators College of Police and Justice. The impacts of this landscape on environment, society, and economy were as follows:(1) The constructed wetland purified the reclaimed water. The reduction ratio of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, and suspended solids was 74.9%, 6.66%, 61%, 41.18%, and 64.71%, respectively; however, the water grade wasn′t improved.(2) A strong relationship between total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations was observed in wetland soil and wetland water, implying that the reclaimed water improved soil fertility.(3) The habitat types comprised broadleaved deciduous forest, bush, grass, and shallow swamp; variations in their structure, dominant species, and undergrowth plants were observed. Although the plant community revealed local characteristics, high biodiversity existed, which included 22 families, 37 genera, and 37 species.(4) The wetland landscape provided high-quality recreation as well as social and scenic benefits to people, as reflected in the survey results, with over 80% indicating ‘satisfied'. At the same time, the wetland could save 67, 000 Yuan every year with low management cost. Therefore, we recommend that ecological service proposals should incorporate the local characteristics in all future design considerations.
Designed ecology is a new paradigm to address ecological challenges in the modern era. It involved a designed landscape system harvesting the interactions between humans and the nature. We evaluated the performance of a constructed wetland, a designed ecological landscape, in the Liaoning Administrators College of Police and Justice. The impacts of this landscape on environment, society, and economy were as follows:(1) The constructed wetland purified the reclaimed water. The reduction ratio of total phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, and suspended solids was 74.9%, 6.66%, 61%, 41.18%, and 64.71%, respectively; however, the water grade wasn′t improved.(2) A strong relationship between total phosphorus and total nitrogen concentrations was observed in wetland soil and wetland water, implying that the reclaimed water improved soil fertility.(3) The habitat types comprised broadleaved deciduous forest, bush, grass, and shallow swamp; variations in their structure, dominant species, and undergrowth plants were observed. Although the plant community revealed local characteristics, high biodiversity existed, which included 22 families, 37 genera, and 37 species.(4) The wetland landscape provided high-quality recreation as well as social and scenic benefits to people, as reflected in the survey results, with over 80% indicating ‘satisfied'. At the same time, the wetland could save 67, 000 Yuan every year with low management cost. Therefore, we recommend that ecological service proposals should incorporate the local characteristics in all future design considerations.
引文
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[2] 翟俊.虽由人作,宛自天开——走向人工自然的城市园林绿地新范式//中国风景园林学会2013年会论文集(下册).武汉:中国风景园林学会,2013.
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[17] 焦盈盈.校园人工湖湿地净化水质试验研究.给水排水,2014,40(S1):79-81.
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[19] 刘超.新型多级垂直潜流人工湿地开发及其在分散型校园生活污水处理中的应用研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2018.
[20] 俞孔坚,张慧勇,文航舰.生态校园的综合设计理念与实践——辽宁公安司法管理干部学院新校区设计.建筑学报,2012,(3):13-19.
[21] 俞孔坚.海绵城市——理论与实践(下).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016.
[22] 丁怡,王玮,宋新山,王宇晖.人工湿地在水质净化中的应用及研究进展.工业水处理,2017,37(3):6-10.
[23] 徐斌,陈翔,武周虎,李修岭.表流人工湿地COD去除影响因素研究.绿色科技,2017,(8):28-31.
[24] 黄勇,董运常,罗伟聪,严过房,汪晓丽,罗倩.人工湿地基质类型及其去污能力的影响因素.贵州农业科学,2018,46(1):137-142.
[25] Xu J,Wu L S,Chang A C,Zhang Y.Impact of long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigation on agricultural soils:a preliminary assessment.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,183(1/3):780-786.
[26] 马莉,谢晓蓉,刘铁军,刘译锴,杨有俊,刘金荣.兰州地区再生水灌溉对冷季型草坪草土壤养分的影响.草业科学,2015,32(2):182-187.
[27] 郭魏,齐学斌,李中阳,李平.不同施氨水平下再生水灌溉对土壤微环境的影响.水土保持学报,2015,29(3):311-315,319-319.
[28] 李竞,马红霞,郑恩峰.再生水灌溉对园林植物叶片生理及根际土壤特性的影响.水土保持研究,2017,24(4):70-76.
[29] EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency).EPA/625/R-04-108 Guidelines for water reuse.Washington,DC:EPA,2004.
[30] 陈雁,李树华.再生水对园林植物生长影响的研究.灌溉排水学报,2008,27(2):98-101.
[31] 贾哲峰,周海峰,常智慧.再生水灌溉对绿地植物影响的研究进展.草业学报,2012,21(4):300-306.
[2] 翟俊.虽由人作,宛自天开——走向人工自然的城市园林绿地新范式//中国风景园林学会2013年会论文集(下册).武汉:中国风景园林学会,2013.
[3] 郑曦,张凌.基于自然过程的人工干预下的水系统生态设计.景观设计学,2013,1(4):78-82.
[4] 张韬,迈克尔·格罗福.景观设计语境下的思考:设计、生态、韧性与研究的交汇.王胤瑜,张晶蕊,译.景观设计学,2018,6(4):54-62.
[5] Felson A J,Pickett S T A.Designed experiments:new approaches to studying urban ecosystems.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2005,3(10):549-556.
[6] Ross M R V,Bernhardt E S,Doyle M W,Heffernan J B.Designer ecosystems:incorporating design approaches into applied ecology.Annual Review of Environment and Resources,2015,40:419-443.
[7] 杨沛儒.生态城市主义:5种设计维度.世界建筑,2010,(1):22-27.
[8] 俞孔坚.再谈设计的生态.景观设计学,2011,5:18-19.
[9] 俞孔坚.人类世生态系统与生态修复.萨拉·雅各布斯,译.景观设计学,2016,4(1):4-9.
[10] Landscape Architecture Foundation.2010-2014.Landscape performance series.[2019-04-02].https://lafoundation.org/research/landscape-performance-series/.
[11] Luo Y.Enhancing Quantification of a Landscape Project′s Environmental,Economic and Social Benefits:A Study of Landscape Architecture Foundation′s Landscape Performance Series[D].Texas:Texas A&M University,2014.
[12] 俞孔坚,李迪华.城市景观之路——与市长们交流.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[13] 李明翰,布鲁斯·德沃夏克,罗毅,马特·鲍姆加登.景观绩效:湿地治理系统和自然化景观的量化效益与经验总结.苏博,译.景观设计学,2013,1(4):56-68.
[14] 刘洁.设计生态学的景观绩效实证研究——以天津桥园公园盐碱地改善为例.景观设计学,2019,7(1):68-81.
[15] 威廉·S·桑德斯.设计生态学:俞孔坚的景观.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2013.
[16] 刘超,杨永哲,宛娜.新型人工湿地处理校园生活污水的运行特性.中国给水排水,2012,28(17):33-35.
[17] 焦盈盈.校园人工湖湿地净化水质试验研究.给水排水,2014,40(S1):79-81.
[18] 刘文博.校园人工湿地景观功能复合性研究——以西农人工湖湿地景观为例[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2014.
[19] 刘超.新型多级垂直潜流人工湿地开发及其在分散型校园生活污水处理中的应用研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2018.
[20] 俞孔坚,张慧勇,文航舰.生态校园的综合设计理念与实践——辽宁公安司法管理干部学院新校区设计.建筑学报,2012,(3):13-19.
[21] 俞孔坚.海绵城市——理论与实践(下).北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2016.
[22] 丁怡,王玮,宋新山,王宇晖.人工湿地在水质净化中的应用及研究进展.工业水处理,2017,37(3):6-10.
[23] 徐斌,陈翔,武周虎,李修岭.表流人工湿地COD去除影响因素研究.绿色科技,2017,(8):28-31.
[24] 黄勇,董运常,罗伟聪,严过房,汪晓丽,罗倩.人工湿地基质类型及其去污能力的影响因素.贵州农业科学,2018,46(1):137-142.
[25] Xu J,Wu L S,Chang A C,Zhang Y.Impact of long-term reclaimed wastewater irrigation on agricultural soils:a preliminary assessment.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,183(1/3):780-786.
[26] 马莉,谢晓蓉,刘铁军,刘译锴,杨有俊,刘金荣.兰州地区再生水灌溉对冷季型草坪草土壤养分的影响.草业科学,2015,32(2):182-187.
[27] 郭魏,齐学斌,李中阳,李平.不同施氨水平下再生水灌溉对土壤微环境的影响.水土保持学报,2015,29(3):311-315,319-319.
[28] 李竞,马红霞,郑恩峰.再生水灌溉对园林植物叶片生理及根际土壤特性的影响.水土保持研究,2017,24(4):70-76.
[29] EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency).EPA/625/R-04-108 Guidelines for water reuse.Washington,DC:EPA,2004.
[30] 陈雁,李树华.再生水对园林植物生长影响的研究.灌溉排水学报,2008,27(2):98-101.
[31] 贾哲峰,周海峰,常智慧.再生水灌溉对绿地植物影响的研究进展.草业学报,2012,21(4):300-306.