黄土丘陵沟壑区浅沟发育动态监测与形态定量研究
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摘要
基于测尺法对野外浅沟发育过程进行长历时动态监测,并结合三维激光扫描和立体摄影测量技术,定量刻画了坡面浅沟集水区3条具有不同上方汇水面积的浅沟形态,揭示了浅沟发育动态变化过程,建立了浅沟沟槽跌坎间距与坡度的关系。结果表明:在2003—2015年观测期间,上方汇水面积分别增加34. 8%和159. 6%时,浅沟长度分别增加39. 6%和138. 8%,沟槽平均宽度分别增加19. 7%和75. 3%,沟槽平均深度分别增加32. 4%和71. 4%,说明上方汇水面积对浅沟发育具有重要影响。浅沟形态监测表明,与2003年相比,2015年3条浅沟长度分别增加26. 4%、12. 1%、29. 4%,增加速率分别为0. 82、0. 55、0. 52 m/a;浅沟沟槽断面面积分别增加22. 5%、65. 1%、45. 9%,增加速率分别为5. 0、15. 8、4. 1 cm~2/a。浅沟集水区春季的横向犁耕将沟槽两侧的表层土壤带入沟槽,使得沟槽两侧坡面高度每年平均下降2 cm;浅沟沟槽宽度和深度随坡长呈先增大后减小的趋势,且在距坡底约20 m处达到最大值。70%的浅沟沟槽跌坎间距均分布在10～25 cm之间。浅沟沟槽坡度主要分布在15°～40°之间,跌坎间距和坡度呈负指数关系。研究结果可为浅沟侵蚀防治提供科学依据。
Dynamic quantification of field ephemeral gully development and morphology on natural hillslope has great significance on ephemeral gully erosion control and ephemeral gully erosion modelling.Due to the difficulty of dynamically monitoring field ephemeral gully catchments and limitation of measurement method,quantification of ephemeral gully morphology and its dynamic evolvement process is still lacking. Thus,based on the long-term field ephemeral gully development investigation data,threedimensional laser scanning and photogrammetry techniques were used to quantify the ephemeral gully morphology of three ephemeral gully catchments with different upslope drainage areas( 1 012 m~2,995 m~2 and 424 m~2). The dynamic evolution processes of ephemeral gully were revealed,and the relationship between drop-sills distance of headcuts and slope gradient was also analyzed. The result showed that during the monitoring period from 2003 to 2015,when upslope drainage area was increased by 34. 8%and 159. 6%,ephemeral gully length was increased by 39. 6% and 138. 8%,average ephemeral gully width was increased by 19. 7% and 75. 3%,and average ephemeral gully depth was increased by 32. 4% and 71. 4%,respectively. Dynamic monitoring illustrated that ephemeral gully length was increased by 26. 4%,12. 1%,29. 4% from 2003 to 2015 and the increasing rate was 0. 82 m/a,0. 55 m/a,0. 52 m/a;the cross-section areas of ephemeral gully in 2015 was increased by 22. 5%,65. 1%,45. 9% compared with those in 2013,and the increasing rate was 5. 0 cm~2/a,15. 8 cm~2/a,4. 1 cm~2/a. Tillage in spring brought the lateral topsoil into the ephemeral gully channel which induced 2 cm decrement of soil layer around the channel. With the increase of slope length,ephemeral gully width and depth were increased first and then decreased,with maximum value in the location of about 20 m to the slope bottom. Totally 70% of drop-sills distances of headcuts in ephemeral gully channel were distributed in 10 ～ 25 cm,while slope gradients were distributed in the range of 15° ～ 40°. A negative exponent relationship can be found between drop-sills distance and slope gradient. The research results enhanced the understanding on ephemeral gully erosion processes,which could provide scientific bases for ephemeral gully erosion control.
Dynamic quantification of field ephemeral gully development and morphology on natural hillslope has great significance on ephemeral gully erosion control and ephemeral gully erosion modelling.Due to the difficulty of dynamically monitoring field ephemeral gully catchments and limitation of measurement method,quantification of ephemeral gully morphology and its dynamic evolvement process is still lacking. Thus,based on the long-term field ephemeral gully development investigation data,threedimensional laser scanning and photogrammetry techniques were used to quantify the ephemeral gully morphology of three ephemeral gully catchments with different upslope drainage areas( 1 012 m~2,995 m~2 and 424 m~2). The dynamic evolution processes of ephemeral gully were revealed,and the relationship between drop-sills distance of headcuts and slope gradient was also analyzed. The result showed that during the monitoring period from 2003 to 2015,when upslope drainage area was increased by 34. 8%and 159. 6%,ephemeral gully length was increased by 39. 6% and 138. 8%,average ephemeral gully width was increased by 19. 7% and 75. 3%,and average ephemeral gully depth was increased by 32. 4% and 71. 4%,respectively. Dynamic monitoring illustrated that ephemeral gully length was increased by 26. 4%,12. 1%,29. 4% from 2003 to 2015 and the increasing rate was 0. 82 m/a,0. 55 m/a,0. 52 m/a;the cross-section areas of ephemeral gully in 2015 was increased by 22. 5%,65. 1%,45. 9% compared with those in 2013,and the increasing rate was 5. 0 cm~2/a,15. 8 cm~2/a,4. 1 cm~2/a. Tillage in spring brought the lateral topsoil into the ephemeral gully channel which induced 2 cm decrement of soil layer around the channel. With the increase of slope length,ephemeral gully width and depth were increased first and then decreased,with maximum value in the location of about 20 m to the slope bottom. Totally 70% of drop-sills distances of headcuts in ephemeral gully channel were distributed in 10 ～ 25 cm,while slope gradients were distributed in the range of 15° ～ 40°. A negative exponent relationship can be found between drop-sills distance and slope gradient. The research results enhanced the understanding on ephemeral gully erosion processes,which could provide scientific bases for ephemeral gully erosion control.
引文
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[3]唐克丽,郑世清,席道勤,等.杏子河流域坡耕地的水土流失及其防治[J].水土保持通报,1983,13(5):43-48.
[4]张科利.浅沟发育对土壤侵蚀作用的研究[J].中国水土保持,1991(4):17-19.ZHANG Keli.Study on the effect of shallow gully development on soil erosion[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,1991(4):17-19.(in Chinese)
[5]唐克丽,张科利,雷阿林.黄土丘陵区退耕上限坡度的研究论证[J].科学通报,1998,43(2):200-203.
[6]CASALI J,LOPEZ J J,GIRALDEZ J V.Ephemeral gully erosion in southern Navarra(Spain)[J].Catena,1999,36(1-2):65-84.
[7]POESEN J,NACHTERGAELE J,VERSTRAETEN G,et al.Gully erosion and environmental change:importance and research needs[J].Catena,2003,50(2-4):91-133.
[8]CAPRA A,LA SPADA C.Medium-term evolution of some ephemeral gullies in Sicily(Italy)[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2015,154:34-43.
[9]DAGGUPATI P,SHESHUKOV A Y,DOUGLAS-MANKIN K R.Evaluating ephemeral gullies with a process-based topographic index model[J].Catena,2014,113:177-186.
[10]DESMET P J J,POESEN J,GOVERS G,et al.Importance of slope gradient and contributing area for optimal prediction of the initiation and trajectory of ephemeral gullies[J].Catena,1999,37(3-4):377-392.
[11]郑粉莉,徐锡蒙,覃超.沟蚀过程研究进展[J/OL].农业机械学报,2016,47(8):48-59.ZHENG Fenli,XU Ximeng,QIN Chao.A review of gully erosion process research[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(8):48-59.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20160808&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.08.008.(in Chineses)
[12]MAUGNARD A,VAN DYCK S,BIELDERS C L.Assessing the regional and temporal variability of the topographic threshold for ephemeral gully initiation using quantile regression in Wallonia(Belgium)[J].Geomorphology,2014,206:165-177.
[13]VANDEKERCKHOVE L,POESEN J,OOSTWOUD W D,et al.Topographical thresholds for ephemeral gully initiation in intensively cultivated areas of the Mediterranean[J].Catena,1998,33(3-4):271-292.
[14]徐锡蒙,郑粉莉,覃超,等.沟蚀发育的黄土坡面上秸秆覆盖防蚀效果研究[J/OL].农业机械学报,2015,46(8):130-137.XU Ximeng,ZHENG Fenli,QIN Chao,et al.Erosion control effects of cornstalk mulching on loess hillslope with gully[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(8):130-137.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20150819&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2015.08.019.(in Chinese)
[15]郑粉莉,武敏,张玉斌,等.黄土陡坡裸露坡耕地浅沟发育过程研究[J].地理科学,2006,26(4):438-442.ZHENG Fenli,WU Min,ZHANG Yubin,et al.Ephemeral gully development process at loess steep hillslope[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2006,26(4):438-442.(in Chinese)
[16]GONG J G,JIA Y W,ZHOU Z H,et al.An experimental study on dynamic processes of ephemeral gully erosion in loess landscapes[J].Geomorphology,2011,125(1):203-213.
[17]XU Ximeng,ZHENG Fenli,WILSON G V,et al.Upslope inflow,hillslope gradient,and rainfall intensity impacts on ephemeral gully erosion[J].Land Degradation&Development,2017,28:2623-2635.
[18]龚家国,周祖昊,贾仰文,等.黄土区浅沟侵蚀沟槽发育及其水流水力学基本特性模拟实验研究[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(5):92-96.GONG Jiaguo,ZHOU Zuhao,JIA Yangwen,et al.Simulation experiment of ephemeral gully erosion on basis hydraulics parameters of concentrated flow and erosion morphology in loess area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(5):92-96.(in Chinese)
[19]董月群,雷廷武,张晴雯,等.集中水流冲刷条件下浅沟径流流速特征研究[J/OL].农业机械学报,2013,44(5):96-99.DONG Yuequn,LEI Tingwu,ZHANG Qingwen,et al.Ephemeral gully flow velocity under concentrated water flow[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2013,44(5):96-99.http:∥www.j-csam.org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?flag=1&file_no=20130518&journal_id=jcsam.DOI:10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2013.05.018.(in Chinese)
[20]DONG Yuequn,LI Fang,ZHANG Qingwen,et al.Determining ephemeral gully erosion process with the volume replacement method[J].Catena,2015,131:119-124.
[21]张天宇.垄作耕地浅沟深度的测量和换算[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(5):138-144.ZHANG Tianyu.Measurement and calibration of ephemeral gully depth in ridge-tillage croplands[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(5):138-144.(in Chinese)
[22]CASALI J,LOIZU J,CAMPO M A,et al.Accuracy of methods for field assessment of rill and ephemeral gully erosion[J].Catena,2006,67(2):128-138.
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