东北黑土区农田侵蚀沟填埋复垦工程技术
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摘要
沟道侵蚀损毁耕地,阻碍机械行走,对农业生产和农田生态系统造成了严重的损伤。针对东北黑土区现代农业可持续发展的需求,逐渐完善构建了农田侵蚀沟填埋复垦工程技术。工程技术的原理为秸秆填埋沟道,上层覆土,修复受损耕地,恢复垦殖,机械自由行走;在沟底铺设连通的暗管并间隔修筑渗井,复垦后原沟道位的地表径流通过覆土层和渗井垂直下渗入秸秆层,再汇入暗管排出,变地表径流为地下暗管排水,减小或消除地表股流的冲刷,避免再次成沟。工程由沟道整形、暗管铺设、秸秆打捆、秸秆铺设、表层覆土、截流埂修筑、渗井修筑和出口防护8项措施组成,工程适用于耕地中且沟道深度≤2 m的浅沟、小型沟以及支沟修复,已在国家正在实施的东北黑土区侵蚀沟治理专项、黑土地保护、黑土地整治工程中成功复垦侵蚀沟300余条,再造耕地1. 33 km~2,达到了设计要求。据测算可在东北黑土区20万条侵蚀沟上应用,可修复沟毁耕地1 333 km~2,增产粮食6亿kg/a。
[Background]Gully erosion greatly harms the ability of crop production and agroecosystem due to the loss of arable soil and the obstacle of tractor travel. Gully erosion is a big issue and urgently needed to renovate for the agricultural sustainable development in the Molliosls area of Northeast China.[Methods]An innovative rehabilitation engineering of gully filling in the farmland was set up. The basic design principle was the gully disappearance with the gully body filled by straw and its surface covered by soil. A drainage system consisting of conceal conduit and seepage pit was established under ground. New gully will be not formed in the filled area,and tractors can move freely. [Results] The rehabilitation engineering consists of gully reshaping,conceal conduit laying,straw bundling,straw bundle stacking,surface earthling,earth bund constructing,seepage pit building and exit protecting. The land destroyed by gully erosion was filled and gully disappeared. The stream on the surface of rehabilitation gully got into the conceal conduit through the infiltration of gully surface covered soil and the seepage pit to straw layer,then concentered to the conceal conduit. More than 90% of the converged flow was drained out the field from underground,which greatly decreased the power of water flow and no new gully was formed. Small gully or the brand of median and large gully with the depth ≤ 2 m could be rehabilitated by this engineering. Up to now,over 300 gullies was rehabilitated by the national projects of gully controlling,Mollisols land protecting and territorial controlling in the Mollisols area of Northeast China,and 1. 33 km~2 farmland was rehabilitated. More than 0. 2 million gullies and 1 333 km~2 farmland are expected to be rehabilitated by the engineering in the northeast of China. About 0. 6 billon kg grains would be increased each year. [Conclusions] The key technology of the gully rehabilitation engineering is to change the surface water flow to the conceal conduit and seepage pit drainage. The optimal gullies for the rehabilitation are formed in the farmland and their depths are < 2 m.
[Background]Gully erosion greatly harms the ability of crop production and agroecosystem due to the loss of arable soil and the obstacle of tractor travel. Gully erosion is a big issue and urgently needed to renovate for the agricultural sustainable development in the Molliosls area of Northeast China.[Methods]An innovative rehabilitation engineering of gully filling in the farmland was set up. The basic design principle was the gully disappearance with the gully body filled by straw and its surface covered by soil. A drainage system consisting of conceal conduit and seepage pit was established under ground. New gully will be not formed in the filled area,and tractors can move freely. [Results] The rehabilitation engineering consists of gully reshaping,conceal conduit laying,straw bundling,straw bundle stacking,surface earthling,earth bund constructing,seepage pit building and exit protecting. The land destroyed by gully erosion was filled and gully disappeared. The stream on the surface of rehabilitation gully got into the conceal conduit through the infiltration of gully surface covered soil and the seepage pit to straw layer,then concentered to the conceal conduit. More than 90% of the converged flow was drained out the field from underground,which greatly decreased the power of water flow and no new gully was formed. Small gully or the brand of median and large gully with the depth ≤ 2 m could be rehabilitated by this engineering. Up to now,over 300 gullies was rehabilitated by the national projects of gully controlling,Mollisols land protecting and territorial controlling in the Mollisols area of Northeast China,and 1. 33 km~2 farmland was rehabilitated. More than 0. 2 million gullies and 1 333 km~2 farmland are expected to be rehabilitated by the engineering in the northeast of China. About 0. 6 billon kg grains would be increased each year. [Conclusions] The key technology of the gully rehabilitation engineering is to change the surface water flow to the conceal conduit and seepage pit drainage. The optimal gullies for the rehabilitation are formed in the farmland and their depths are < 2 m.
引文
[1] CASTILLO C,GMEZ J A. A century of gully erosion research:Urgency,complexity and study approaches[J].Earth-Science Reviews,2016,160:300.
[2]水利部，中国科学院，中国工程院．中国水土流失与生态安全:东北黑土卷[M]．北京:科学出版社，2010:126.Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Chinese Academy of Engineering. Runoff and soil loss and ecological security in China:Mollisols area in Northeast China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:126.
[3]李智广，王岩松，刘宪春，等．我国东北黑土区侵蚀沟道的普查方法与成果[J]．中国水土保持科学，2013,11(5):9.LI Zhiguang,WANG Yansong,LIU Xianchun,et al. Survey methods and results of erosion gullies in black soil areas of northeastern China[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(5):9.
[4]张兴义，刘晓冰，赵军．黑土利用与保护[M]．北京:科学出版社，2018:131.ZHANG Xingyi,LIU Xiaobing,ZHAO Jun. Utilization and conservation of black soil[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2018:131.
[5]刘宝元，刘刚，王大安，等．区域沟蚀野外调查方法:以东北地区为例[J]．中国水土保持科学，2018,16(4):34.LIU Baoyuan,LIU Gang,WANG Da'an,et al. A field survey method for regional gully erosion:A case study in northeastern China[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,16(4):34.
[6]王岩松，王念忠，钟云飞，等．东北黑土区侵蚀沟省际分布特征[J]．中国水土保持，2013,10:67.WANG Yansong,WANG Nianzhong,ZHONG Yunfei,et al. Distribution characteristics of gully erosion in province scale in Northeast China[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013,10:67.
[7] YANG Jiuchun,ZHANG Shuwen,CHANG Liping,et al. Gully erosion regionalization of black soil area in northeastern China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science,2017,27(1):78.
[8] PIMENTEL D. AND BURGESS M. Soil erosion threatens food production[J]. Agriculture,2013,3(3):443.
[9] CASTILLO C,GMEZ J A. 2016. A century of gully erosion research:Urgency,complexity and study approaches[J]. Earth Sci. Rev. 160:300.
[10] PIMENTEL D,BURGESS M. Soil erosion threatens food production[J]. Agriculture,2013,3:443.
[11]白建宏，回莉君．东北黑土区侵蚀沟发展与危害初步调查[J]．中国水土保持，2015,8:68.BAI Jianhong,HUI Lijun. The investigation of gully development and its harmfulness in Northeast China[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2015,8:68.
[12]王文娟，张树文，邓荣鑫．东北黑土区沟蚀现状及其与景观格局的关系[J]．农业工程学报，2011,27(10):192.WANG Wenjuan,ZHANG Shuwen,DENG Rongxin. Gully status and relationship with landscape pattern in black soil area of Northeast China[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(10):192.
[13]中华人民共和国水利部．SL 446—2009东北黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准[S]．北京:中国水利水电出版社，2009:16.Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China. SL 446-2009 Techniques standard for comprehensive control of soil erosion in the black soil region[S].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2009:16.
[14] MORGAN R P C,MNGOMEZULU D. Threshold conditions for initiation of valley-side gullies in the Middle Veld of Swaziland[J]. Catena,2003,50:401.
[15] MORGAN R P C. Soil erosion and conservation[M].Cornwall:Blackwell Publishing,2005:326.
[2]水利部，中国科学院，中国工程院．中国水土流失与生态安全:东北黑土卷[M]．北京:科学出版社，2010:126.Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Chinese Academy of Engineering. Runoff and soil loss and ecological security in China:Mollisols area in Northeast China[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010:126.
[3]李智广，王岩松，刘宪春，等．我国东北黑土区侵蚀沟道的普查方法与成果[J]．中国水土保持科学，2013,11(5):9.LI Zhiguang,WANG Yansong,LIU Xianchun,et al. Survey methods and results of erosion gullies in black soil areas of northeastern China[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,11(5):9.
[4]张兴义，刘晓冰，赵军．黑土利用与保护[M]．北京:科学出版社，2018:131.ZHANG Xingyi,LIU Xiaobing,ZHAO Jun. Utilization and conservation of black soil[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2018:131.
[5]刘宝元，刘刚，王大安，等．区域沟蚀野外调查方法:以东北地区为例[J]．中国水土保持科学，2018,16(4):34.LIU Baoyuan,LIU Gang,WANG Da'an,et al. A field survey method for regional gully erosion:A case study in northeastern China[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,16(4):34.
[6]王岩松，王念忠，钟云飞，等．东北黑土区侵蚀沟省际分布特征[J]．中国水土保持，2013,10:67.WANG Yansong,WANG Nianzhong,ZHONG Yunfei,et al. Distribution characteristics of gully erosion in province scale in Northeast China[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013,10:67.
[7] YANG Jiuchun,ZHANG Shuwen,CHANG Liping,et al. Gully erosion regionalization of black soil area in northeastern China[J]. Chinese Geographical Science,2017,27(1):78.
[8] PIMENTEL D. AND BURGESS M. Soil erosion threatens food production[J]. Agriculture,2013,3(3):443.
[9] CASTILLO C,GMEZ J A. 2016. A century of gully erosion research:Urgency,complexity and study approaches[J]. Earth Sci. Rev. 160:300.
[10] PIMENTEL D,BURGESS M. Soil erosion threatens food production[J]. Agriculture,2013,3:443.
[11]白建宏，回莉君．东北黑土区侵蚀沟发展与危害初步调查[J]．中国水土保持，2015,8:68.BAI Jianhong,HUI Lijun. The investigation of gully development and its harmfulness in Northeast China[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2015,8:68.
[12]王文娟，张树文，邓荣鑫．东北黑土区沟蚀现状及其与景观格局的关系[J]．农业工程学报，2011,27(10):192.WANG Wenjuan,ZHANG Shuwen,DENG Rongxin. Gully status and relationship with landscape pattern in black soil area of Northeast China[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2011,27(10):192.
[13]中华人民共和国水利部．SL 446—2009东北黑土区水土流失综合防治技术标准[S]．北京:中国水利水电出版社，2009:16.Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China. SL 446-2009 Techniques standard for comprehensive control of soil erosion in the black soil region[S].Beijing:China Water Power Press,2009:16.
[14] MORGAN R P C,MNGOMEZULU D. Threshold conditions for initiation of valley-side gullies in the Middle Veld of Swaziland[J]. Catena,2003,50:401.
[15] MORGAN R P C. Soil erosion and conservation[M].Cornwall:Blackwell Publishing,2005:326.
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