圈养马麝非繁殖季节胆量水平及与麝香分泌和繁殖成效的关系
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摘要
2017年7月1日至8月31日,采用焦点取样和连续记录法,对甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝保育中心29头圈养马麝进行了行为取样,记录其行为发生持续时间及发生位点,根据动物在各位点对人为胁迫的应激程度定义其胆量水平,结合个体在各位点所占时间比例确定马麝个体的胆量值,分析性别、年龄等因素对其胆量的影响及胆量与麝香分泌和繁殖成效的关系.结果表明:上等体况马麝胆量(1.731±0.347)显著大于下等体况(0.915±0.789);雄麝胆量(1.035±0.120)显著小于雌麝(1.901±0.391);亚成体马麝组的胆量(1.450±0.463)有高于成体组(1.093±0.321)和老龄组(1.430±0.189)的趋势,但差异未达显著水平.区分性别后,年龄组对马麝的胆量值仍无显著影响.独居马麝胆量(0.853±0.326)小于群居马麝(1.397±0.179),但差异不显著,群居个体胆量随密度增加而趋于降低.雄麝胆量与其麝香分泌呈负相关;雌麝胆量与年均产仔数略呈正相关,与空怀率呈显著负相关,即雌麝胆量越高,其空怀率越低.研究结果可为预测圈养马麝的麝香分泌及繁殖成效提供参考,也可为圈养动物个体胆量研究提供思路.
This study was conducted in 2017 from July 1st to August 31 st at Xinglongshan musk deer farm in the Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve of Gansu Province,where we recorded behaviors and locations of 29 captive musk deer using the integrated methods of focal sampling and all occurrence recording. Based on the location selection patterns under artificial stress,we defined the animal's stress level and quantified individuals' boldness by combination with the occupation time ratio at each level. Then,the effects of gender,age-class,and other factors on boldness were analyzed along with musk secretion and reproduction success. The results showed that musk deer in better health( 1.731 ± 0. 347) were significantly bolder than those in ill health( 0. 915 ± 0. 789).Female musk deer( 1.901 ± 0.391) were significantly bolder than the males( 1.035 ± 0.120). The boldness of sub-adults( 1.450±0.463) was higher than those of the adults( 1.093±0.321) and the old( 1.430±0.189). No significant difference in boldness was observed among three age-classes under the same gender. Deer living in groups( 1. 397 ± 0. 179) were not significantly bolder than those living alone( 0.853 ± 0.326). More individuals in groups,less boldness. Furthermore,there was negative correlation between male's boldness and musk secretion. The litter size had positive relationship with boldness. The non-pregnant percentage was strongly correlated to the boldness,namely the bolder females had lower non-pregnant ratio. Our results provide reference for forecasting the musk secretion and reproduction success of captive musk deer,and provide new ideas for the study of boldness in captive animals.
This study was conducted in 2017 from July 1st to August 31 st at Xinglongshan musk deer farm in the Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve of Gansu Province,where we recorded behaviors and locations of 29 captive musk deer using the integrated methods of focal sampling and all occurrence recording. Based on the location selection patterns under artificial stress,we defined the animal's stress level and quantified individuals' boldness by combination with the occupation time ratio at each level. Then,the effects of gender,age-class,and other factors on boldness were analyzed along with musk secretion and reproduction success. The results showed that musk deer in better health( 1.731 ± 0. 347) were significantly bolder than those in ill health( 0. 915 ± 0. 789).Female musk deer( 1.901 ± 0.391) were significantly bolder than the males( 1.035 ± 0.120). The boldness of sub-adults( 1.450±0.463) was higher than those of the adults( 1.093±0.321) and the old( 1.430±0.189). No significant difference in boldness was observed among three age-classes under the same gender. Deer living in groups( 1. 397 ± 0. 179) were not significantly bolder than those living alone( 0.853 ± 0.326). More individuals in groups,less boldness. Furthermore,there was negative correlation between male's boldness and musk secretion. The litter size had positive relationship with boldness. The non-pregnant percentage was strongly correlated to the boldness,namely the bolder females had lower non-pregnant ratio. Our results provide reference for forecasting the musk secretion and reproduction success of captive musk deer,and provide new ideas for the study of boldness in captive animals.
引文
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[13] Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Yang Q-S(杨奇森),Feng Z-J(冯祚建),et al. Behavioral diversity of captive musk deer in Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm. Acta Zoologica Sinica(动物学报),2006,52(6):1026-1033(in Chinese)
[14] Wang P(王朋),Meng F-L(孟凡露),Zeng Z(曾治),et al. Ecological characteristics of preferred habitat of reindeer of Daxing’an Mountain forest area,Northeast China in summer. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(9):2529-2535(in Chinese)
[15] Luo J-M(罗金明),Wang Y-J(王永洁),Wang W-F(王文锋),et al. Characterization of trophic position of red-crowned crane(Grus japonensis)influenced by the food resource exhausting. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(7):2315-2320(in Chinese)
[16] Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Gong B-C(贡保草),Xue D-Y(薛达元),et al. Stereotypic behavior frequency and the influencing factors in captive alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus). Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2011,31(22):6896-6901(in Chinese)
[17] Zhang E. Daytime activity budgets of the Chinese water deer:Mammalia. Mammalia,2000,64:163-172
[18] Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Yang Q-S(杨奇森),Feng Z-J(冯祚建),et al. Stereotyped behavior of captive Moschus sifanicus in Xinglong Mountain in Nature Reserve.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2007,26(3):355-358(in Chinese)
[19] Du W-G(杜卫国),Sheng H-L(盛和林). Time budget and behavior of forest musk deer during lactation. Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报), 1998, 18(1):21-26(in Chinese)
[20] Zhang B-L(张保良). The Taming and Raising of Musk Deer. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1979(in Chinese)
[21] Bi S-Z(毕书增),Zhang Z-G(张治国),Jia L-Z(贾林征),et al. Studies on microscopic structure and ultrastructure of musk glandular sac of Moschus and on musk secretion after vigorous period. Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报),1987,7(2):96-99(in Chinese)
[22] Kang F-G(康发功),Sheng Y(盛岩),Ma L-T(马泠桃),et al. Musk secretion and its relationship to population dynamics and age-structure in captive Alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)at the Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm. Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2015,35(15):4993-4999(in Chinese)
[23] Huang B-J(黄步军),Sheng H-L(盛和林),Xu H-F(徐宏发). Nutrition influence on musk secretion of breeding musk deer. Zoological Research(动物学研究),1998,19(4):296-300(in Chinese)
[24] Meng XX,Yang QS,Lin X,et al.The temporal estrous patterns of female alpine musk deer in captivity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2003,82:75-85
[25] Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Feng J-Z(冯金朝),Zhou Y-J(周宜君),et al. Behavioral patterns of wild-caught and captive-bred male musk deer. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2006,17(11):2084-2087(in Chinese)
[26] Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Perkins G,Yang Q-S(杨奇森),et al. Behavioral differences between wild-caught and captive-bred adult male alpine musk deer in enclosure environment. Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2008,27(8):1317-1321(in Chinese)
[27] Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Yang Q-S(杨奇森),Feng Z-J(冯祚建),et al. Behavioral differences between female and male alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)in captivity. Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science)(西南大学学报:自然科学版),2007,29(4):101-105(in Chinese)
[28]lafsdóttir G,Magellan K. Interactions between boldness,foraging performance and behavioural plasticity across social contexts. Behavioral Ecology&Sociobiology,2016,70:1879-1889
[29] Sih A,Bell AM,Johnson JC,et al. Behavioral syndromes:An integrative overview. Quarterly Review of Biology,2004,79:241-277
[2] Koolhaas JM,Korte SM,De Boer SF,et al. Coping styles in animals:Current status in behavior and stressphysiology. Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,1999,23:925-935
[3] Groothuis TGG, Müller W, Engelhardt NV, et al.Maternal hormones as a tool to adjust offspring phenotype in avian species. Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,2005,29:329-352
[4] Bell A,Sih A. Exposure to predation generates personality in three-spined sticklebacks(Gasterosteus aculeatus).Ecology Letters,2007,10:828-834
[5] Conrad JL,Weinersmith KL,Brodin T,et al. Behavioural syndromes in fishes:A review with implications for ecology and fisheries management. Journal of Fish Biology,2011,78:395-435
[6] Réale D,Wright J. Evolutionary and ecological approaches to the study of personality. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,2010,365:3937-3946
[7] Wilson DS. Adaptive individual differences within single populations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B,1998,353:199-205
[8] Johnson JC,Sih A. Fear,food,sex and parental care:A syndrome of boldness in the fishing spider,Dolomedes triton. Animal Behaviour,2007,74:1131-1138
[9] Fraser DF,Gilliam JF,Daley MJ,et al. Explaining leptokurtic movement distributions:Intrapopulation variation in boldness and exploration. American Naturalist,2001,158:124-135
[10] Gu L(顾垒),Wen C(闻丞),Luo M(罗玫),et al. A rapid approach for assessing the conversation effectiveness of the most concerned endangered species in China. Biodiversity Science(生物多样性),2015,23(5):583-590(in Chinese)
[11] Homes V. On the Scent:Conserving Musk Deer. The Uses of Musk and Europe’s Role in Its Trade. Brussels,Belgium:TRAFFIC Europe,1999
[12] Jang Z-G(蒋志刚). Animal Behavior Principle and Species Conservation Methods. Beijing:Science Press,2004(in Chinese)
[13] Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Yang Q-S(杨奇森),Feng Z-J(冯祚建),et al. Behavioral diversity of captive musk deer in Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm. Acta Zoologica Sinica(动物学报),2006,52(6):1026-1033(in Chinese)
[14] Wang P(王朋),Meng F-L(孟凡露),Zeng Z(曾治),et al. Ecological characteristics of preferred habitat of reindeer of Daxing’an Mountain forest area,Northeast China in summer. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2014,25(9):2529-2535(in Chinese)
[15] Luo J-M(罗金明),Wang Y-J(王永洁),Wang W-F(王文锋),et al. Characterization of trophic position of red-crowned crane(Grus japonensis)influenced by the food resource exhausting. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2017,28(7):2315-2320(in Chinese)
[16] Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Gong B-C(贡保草),Xue D-Y(薛达元),et al. Stereotypic behavior frequency and the influencing factors in captive alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus). Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2011,31(22):6896-6901(in Chinese)
[17] Zhang E. Daytime activity budgets of the Chinese water deer:Mammalia. Mammalia,2000,64:163-172
[18] Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Yang Q-S(杨奇森),Feng Z-J(冯祚建),et al. Stereotyped behavior of captive Moschus sifanicus in Xinglong Mountain in Nature Reserve.Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2007,26(3):355-358(in Chinese)
[19] Du W-G(杜卫国),Sheng H-L(盛和林). Time budget and behavior of forest musk deer during lactation. Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报), 1998, 18(1):21-26(in Chinese)
[20] Zhang B-L(张保良). The Taming and Raising of Musk Deer. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1979(in Chinese)
[21] Bi S-Z(毕书增),Zhang Z-G(张治国),Jia L-Z(贾林征),et al. Studies on microscopic structure and ultrastructure of musk glandular sac of Moschus and on musk secretion after vigorous period. Acta Theriologica Sinica(兽类学报),1987,7(2):96-99(in Chinese)
[22] Kang F-G(康发功),Sheng Y(盛岩),Ma L-T(马泠桃),et al. Musk secretion and its relationship to population dynamics and age-structure in captive Alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)at the Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm. Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报),2015,35(15):4993-4999(in Chinese)
[23] Huang B-J(黄步军),Sheng H-L(盛和林),Xu H-F(徐宏发). Nutrition influence on musk secretion of breeding musk deer. Zoological Research(动物学研究),1998,19(4):296-300(in Chinese)
[24] Meng XX,Yang QS,Lin X,et al.The temporal estrous patterns of female alpine musk deer in captivity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2003,82:75-85
[25] Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Feng J-Z(冯金朝),Zhou Y-J(周宜君),et al. Behavioral patterns of wild-caught and captive-bred male musk deer. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2006,17(11):2084-2087(in Chinese)
[26] Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Perkins G,Yang Q-S(杨奇森),et al. Behavioral differences between wild-caught and captive-bred adult male alpine musk deer in enclosure environment. Chinese Journal of Ecology(生态学杂志),2008,27(8):1317-1321(in Chinese)
[27] Meng X-X(孟秀祥),Yang Q-S(杨奇森),Feng Z-J(冯祚建),et al. Behavioral differences between female and male alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus)in captivity. Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science)(西南大学学报:自然科学版),2007,29(4):101-105(in Chinese)
[28]lafsdóttir G,Magellan K. Interactions between boldness,foraging performance and behavioural plasticity across social contexts. Behavioral Ecology&Sociobiology,2016,70:1879-1889
[29] Sih A,Bell AM,Johnson JC,et al. Behavioral syndromes:An integrative overview. Quarterly Review of Biology,2004,79:241-277