三峡库区柑橘园施肥量对土壤氮淋失及残留量的影响
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摘要
本试验以三峡库区秭归县生态站所在流域内的柑橘园土壤作为研究对象,通过0～20、0～40、0～60 cm深度的原状土柱淋溶试验对不同施肥量对柑橘园土壤中氮素淋失及残留量的影响进行研究.试验中设置4种施肥处理,为不施肥处理(CK)、低氮施肥处理(T1:250 kg·hm~(-2))、中氮施肥处理(T2:500 kg·hm~(-2))、高氮施肥处理(T3:750 kg·hm~(-2)).结果表明:①柑橘园土壤中氮素淋失的主要形态为硝态氮(NO_3~--N),占总氮(TN)淋失量的36. 93%～60. 07%,铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)的比例为4. 40%～5. 79%.土壤中NO_3~--N残留量占TN残留量的比例为11. 31‰～45. 66‰,NH_4~+-N残留量的比例为1. 05‰～2. 07‰;②相同深度的柑橘园土壤中,氮素的淋失量和残留量与施肥量呈显著正相关.不同施肥量下土壤中TN的淋失量和残留量分别为11. 35～30. 11 kg·hm~(-2)和0. 30～1. 86 g·kg~(-1).其中,NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的淋失量占TN淋失量的比例在T2处理下达到峰值,NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的残留量占TN残留量比例峰值分别出现在T1和T2处理;③相同施肥量下,土壤中氮素不同形态的淋失量和残留量受土壤深度影响的差异较大.施肥后,NO_3~--N淋失量和残留量的峰值分别出现在20cm和40 cm深度,NH_4~+-N淋失量和残留量的峰值主要出现在20 cm深度.从试验中的结果推论,0～40 cm土柱中的中氮处理更有利于肥料氮向无机态氮转化以供植物吸收并降低施肥后氮素淋失的风险.
This experiment has the citrus orchard soil in the basin of the Zigui County Ecological Station in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area as its research object. Leaching tests of an undisturbed soil column at 0-20,0-40,and 0-60 cm depth were performed in a citrus orchard. The effects of nitrogen leaching and residual amounts in the soil were studied. Four kinds of fertilization treatments were set up in the experiment: no fertilization treatment( CK),low nitrogen fertilization treatment( T1: 250 kg·hm~(-2)),medium nitrogen fertilization treatment( T2: 500 kg·hm~(-2)),and high nitrogen fertilization treatment( T3: 750 kg·hm~(-2)). The results showed that:① The main form of nitrogen leaching in citrus orchard soil was nitrate nitrogen( NO_3~--N),accounting for 36. 93%-60. 07% of total nitrogen( TN) leaching. The ratio of TN to ammonium nitrogen( NH_4~+-N) was 4. 40% to 5. 79%. The ratio of NO_3~--N residues in soil to TN residues was 11. 31‰-45. 66‰,and the ratio of NH_4~+-N residues to TN residues was 1. 051‰-2. 07‰. ②Nitrogen leaching and residual amounts in citrus orchards at the same depth showed significant positive correlation with the amount of fertilizer applied. The leaching losses and residual amounts of TN in soil at different fertilization rates were 11. 35-30. 11 kg·hm~(-2) and 0. 30-1. 86 g·kg~(-1),respectively. Among them,the ratio of leaching losses of NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N to TN leaching amounts peaked under T2 treatment,and the peaks of NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N residues in TN residual amounts appeared in T1 and T2 treatment,respectively. ③ Given the same fertilization amounts,the leaching amounts and residual amounts of different forms of nitrogen in the soil were greatly affected by soil depth. After fertilization,the peaks of NO_3~--N leaching and residual amounts appeared at 20 cm and 40 cm,respectively,and the peaks of NH_4~+-N leaching and residual amounts mainly appeared at 20 cm depth. Inferred from the results of the experiment,the neutral nitrogen treatment in the 0-40 cm soil column is more conducive to the conversion of fertilizer nitrogen to inorganic nitrogen for plant absorption,and reduces the risk of nitrogen leaching after fertilization.
This experiment has the citrus orchard soil in the basin of the Zigui County Ecological Station in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area as its research object. Leaching tests of an undisturbed soil column at 0-20,0-40,and 0-60 cm depth were performed in a citrus orchard. The effects of nitrogen leaching and residual amounts in the soil were studied. Four kinds of fertilization treatments were set up in the experiment: no fertilization treatment( CK),low nitrogen fertilization treatment( T1: 250 kg·hm~(-2)),medium nitrogen fertilization treatment( T2: 500 kg·hm~(-2)),and high nitrogen fertilization treatment( T3: 750 kg·hm~(-2)). The results showed that:① The main form of nitrogen leaching in citrus orchard soil was nitrate nitrogen( NO_3~--N),accounting for 36. 93%-60. 07% of total nitrogen( TN) leaching. The ratio of TN to ammonium nitrogen( NH_4~+-N) was 4. 40% to 5. 79%. The ratio of NO_3~--N residues in soil to TN residues was 11. 31‰-45. 66‰,and the ratio of NH_4~+-N residues to TN residues was 1. 051‰-2. 07‰. ②Nitrogen leaching and residual amounts in citrus orchards at the same depth showed significant positive correlation with the amount of fertilizer applied. The leaching losses and residual amounts of TN in soil at different fertilization rates were 11. 35-30. 11 kg·hm~(-2) and 0. 30-1. 86 g·kg~(-1),respectively. Among them,the ratio of leaching losses of NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N to TN leaching amounts peaked under T2 treatment,and the peaks of NO_3~--N and NH_4~+-N residues in TN residual amounts appeared in T1 and T2 treatment,respectively. ③ Given the same fertilization amounts,the leaching amounts and residual amounts of different forms of nitrogen in the soil were greatly affected by soil depth. After fertilization,the peaks of NO_3~--N leaching and residual amounts appeared at 20 cm and 40 cm,respectively,and the peaks of NH_4~+-N leaching and residual amounts mainly appeared at 20 cm depth. Inferred from the results of the experiment,the neutral nitrogen treatment in the 0-40 cm soil column is more conducive to the conversion of fertilizer nitrogen to inorganic nitrogen for plant absorption,and reduces the risk of nitrogen leaching after fertilization.
引文
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[2]陈维梁,高扬,林勇明,等.紫色土坡耕地氮淋溶过程及其环境健康效应[J].环境科学,2014,35(6):2129-2138.Chen W L,Gao Y,Lin Y M,et al.Nitrogen leaching and associated environmental health effect in sloping cropland of purple soil[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(6):2129-2138.
[3]赵欣.浅析我国农业面源污染防治研究现状与对策[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(33):80-84.Zhao X.Brief analysis of present situation and countermeasures of agricultural non-point source pollution control in China[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,33(33):80-84.
[4]中华人民共和国环境保护部.长江三峡工程生态与环境监测公报[R].北京:中华人民共和国环境保护部,2017.
[5]谌芸,何丙辉,赵秀兰,等.小江流域农地水土流失对水体富营养化的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):31-34,43.Chen Y,He B H,Zhao X L,et al.Effect of soil erosion and water loss in farmland on water eutrophication in Xiaojiang River Basin[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(4):31-34,43.
[6]Mc Dowell R W,Sharpley A N.Variation of phosphorus leached from Pennsylvanian soils amended with manures,composts or inorganic fertilizer[J].Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2004,102(1):17-27.
[7]李强坤,李怀恩,胡亚伟,等.农业非点源污染田间模型及其应用[J].环境科学,2009,30(12):3509-3513.Li Q K,Li H E,Hu Y W,et al.Establishment and application of the estimation model for agricultural non-point source pollution in the field[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(12):3509-3513.
[8]韩晓飞,高明,谢德体,等.减磷配施有机肥对紫色土旱坡地磷素流失的消减效应[J].环境科学,2016,37(7):2770-2778.Han X F,Gao M,Xie D T,et al.Reduction effect of reduced phosphorus fertilizer and combining organic fertilizers on phosphorus loss of purple soil sloping field[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(7):2770-2778.
[9]刘志欣.近十年来重庆三峡库区农业面源污染变化研究[D].重庆:重庆师范大学,2016.Liu Z X.Changes of agricultural non-point source pollution in Chongqing Three Gorges Reservoir Area in recent ten years[D].Chongqing:Chongqing Normal University,2016.
[10]孙军益.三峡库区紫色土氮磷淋溶试验研究[D].重庆:重庆大学,2012.Sun J Y.Research in nitrogen and phosphorus leaching in Three Gorges Reservoir Region[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University,2012.
[11]李学平,孙燕,石孝均.紫色土稻田磷素淋失特征及其对地下水的影响[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(9):1832-1838.Li X P,Sun Y,Shi X J.Characteristics of phosphorus leaching and its impact on groundwater in purple paddy soil[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2008,28(9):1832-1838.
[12]唐平,叶荣生,商要凤,等.重庆三峡库区柑橘园土壤酸碱度及有效氮磷钾的含量特征[J].贵州农业科学,2016,44(3):96-98,105.Tang P,Ye R S,Shang Y F,et al.Characteristics of soil p Hand available NPK contents of Citrus Orchards in Chongqing Sanxia Reservoir Area[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2016,44(3):96-98,105.
[13]吴家森,陈闻,姜培坤,等.不同施肥对雷竹林土壤氮、磷渗漏流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(2):33-37,44.Wu J S,Chen W,Jiang P K,et al.Effects of different fertilization on seepage loses of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil under phyllostacys praecox stand[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(2):33-37,44.
[14]刘希玉,邹敬东,徐丽丽,等.不同肥料种类对稻田红壤碳氮淋失的影响[J].环境科学,2014,35(8):3083-3090.Liu X Y,Zou J D,Xu L L,et al.Effects of different fertilizer species on carbon and nitrogen leaching in a reddish paddy soil[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(8):3083-3090.
[15]周明华,朱波,汪涛,等.紫色土坡耕地磷素流失特征及施肥方式的影响[J].水利学报,2010,41(11):1374-1381.Zhou M H,Zhu B,Wang T,et al.Phosphorus losses and effects of fertilization on sloping cropland of purple soil[J].Shuili Xuebao,2010,41(11):1374-1381.
[16]习斌,翟丽梅,刘申,等.有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):326-335.Xi B,Zhai L M,Liu S,et al.Effects of combination of organic and inorganic fertilization on maize yield and soil nitrogen and phosphorus leaching[J].Journal of Plant Nurtrition and Fertilizer,2015,21(2):326-335.
[17]彭佩钦,仇少君,刘强,等.洞庭湖平原典型水稻土氮素固持动态及氮的残留形态[J].环境科学,2009,30(4):1139-1145.Peng P Q,Qiu S J,Liu Q,et al.Dynamics of labeled Substrate N by microorganism and soil clay immobilized and its residue fractions in typical paddy soils in Dongting Lake floodplain[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(4):1139-1145.
[18]曾立雄,黄志霖,肖文发,等.三峡库区不同土地利用类型氮磷流失特征及其对环境因子的响应[J].环境科学,2012,33(10):3390-3396.Zeng L X,Huang Z L,Xiao W F,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus loss in different land use types and its response to environmental factors in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(10):3390-3396.
[19]吴东,黄志霖,肖文发,等.三峡库区典型退耕还林模式土壤养分流失控制[J].环境科学,2015,36(10):3825-3831.Wu D,Huang Z L,Xiao W F,et al.Control of soil nutrient loss of typical reforestation patterns along the Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(10):3825-3831.
[20]赵建博.香溪河流域坡耕地土壤氮磷淋溶流失模拟研究[D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2015.
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