2002年10月Millstone Hill地区电离层暴时特性研究
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摘要
磁暴期间电离层行为是电离层物理的重要研究内容.本文利用美国Millstone Hill非相干散射雷达以及GPS-TEC数据资料,分析了2002年10月13—17日和22—26日磁暴事件期间电离层电子密度响应在不同高度存在的差异.结果表明:正、负相暴电子密度的变化幅度随高度变化趋势相同,但不同高度上响应的时间、相位和幅度存在差异;负相暴最大变化幅度所在高度值同静时峰高值非常吻合,二者有很好的线性关系,但正相暴最大变化幅度所在高度值同静时峰高值无关,波动较大,意味着电离层正相暴响应更易到达各个高度上;特别地,22—26日负相暴在能量初次耦合进入电离层时高高度有极小的变化,其最大绝对变化量仅为低高度的4%.大气成分和风场的共同作用是两次负相暴发生的主要原因,但前者成分效应明显,后者动力学作用明显,有时甚至700km以上电离层的贡献也是不可忽略的.
The ionospheric behavior during magnetic storms is an important research topic in ionospheric physics.In this paper,the ionospheric observations from the 31-days Millstone Hillincoherent scatter radar and GPS satellites are used to study the ionospheric responses of electron density at different altitudes during the magnetic storm events on October 13—17 and 22—26,2002.The results show that the absolute changes in electron density versus the heights are the same for both positive and negative phase storms,however,time,phase and magnitude of responses are inconsistent with each other at different heights;The height of the maximum absolute change of the negative phase storm is highly consistent with the non-storm F2 layer height,which has a good correlation between them,while the positive phase storm has no relation and fluctuation is larger.It means that the response of the positive phase storm arrives at all altitudes easier.Especially,the negative phase storm during 22—26 has a smaller change at higher heights when the energy is first coupled into the ionosphere,accounting for about 4% of the lower height,and the height of the maximum absolute change is uncertain.Though the composition is more obvious for the former and the wind field is more apparent for the latter,the combined contribution of atmospheric composition and wind field might be the main causes of the two negative phase storms,and sometimes even the contribution of the ionosphere above 700 km cannot be negligible.
The ionospheric behavior during magnetic storms is an important research topic in ionospheric physics.In this paper,the ionospheric observations from the 31-days Millstone Hillincoherent scatter radar and GPS satellites are used to study the ionospheric responses of electron density at different altitudes during the magnetic storm events on October 13—17 and 22—26,2002.The results show that the absolute changes in electron density versus the heights are the same for both positive and negative phase storms,however,time,phase and magnitude of responses are inconsistent with each other at different heights;The height of the maximum absolute change of the negative phase storm is highly consistent with the non-storm F2 layer height,which has a good correlation between them,while the positive phase storm has no relation and fluctuation is larger.It means that the response of the positive phase storm arrives at all altitudes easier.Especially,the negative phase storm during 22—26 has a smaller change at higher heights when the energy is first coupled into the ionosphere,accounting for about 4% of the lower height,and the height of the maximum absolute change is uncertain.Though the composition is more obvious for the former and the wind field is more apparent for the latter,the combined contribution of atmospheric composition and wind field might be the main causes of the two negative phase storms,and sometimes even the contribution of the ionosphere above 700 km cannot be negligible.
引文
Astafyeva E,Zakharenkova I,F9rster M.2015.Ionospheric response to the 2015St.Patrick′s Day storm:A global multiinstrumental overview.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,120(10):9023-9037.
Balan N,Otsuka Y,Nishioka M,et al.2013.Physical mechanisms of the ionospheric storms at equatorial and higher latitudes during the recovery phase of geomagnetic storms.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,118(5):2660-2669.
Belehaki A,Tsagouri I.2002.Investigation of the relative bottomside/topside contribution to the total electron content estimates.Annals of Geophysics,45(1):73-86.
Cai H T,Ma S Y,Mccrea I W,et al.2009.Polar ionospheric responses to 4-times rapid turnings of the IMF Bz,componentEISCAT/ESR radar observations.Chinese Journal of.Geophysics(in Chinese),2009,52(7):1685-1692,doi:10.3969/j.issn0001-5733.
Chen G M,Xu J Y,Wang W B,et al.2014.The responses of ionospheric topside diffusive fluxes to two geomagnetic storms in October 2002.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,119(8):6806-6820.
Ding Z H,Dai L D,Dong M Y,et al.2014.Progress of the incoherent scattering radar:From the traditional radar to the latest EISCAT 3D.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),29(5):2376-2381,doi:10.6038/pg20140557.
Gong Y,Zhou Q H,Zhang S D,et al.2013.The Fregion and topside ionosphere response to a strong geomagnetic storm at Arecibo.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,118(8):5177-5183.
Gulyaeva T L.2011.Storm time behavior of topside scale height inferred from the ionosphere-plasmasphere model driven by the F2layer peak and GPS-TEC observations.Advances in Space Research,47(6):913-920.
Joshua B M,Adeniyi J O,Oladipo O A,et al.2018.Simultaneous response of NmF2 and GPS-TEC to storm events at Ilorin.Advances in Space Research,61(12):2904-2913.
Kuai J W,Liu L B,Lei J H,et al.2017.Regional differences of the ionospheric response to the July 2012 geomagnetic storm.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,122(4):4654-4668.
Lai P C,Burke W J,Gentile L C.2013.Topside electron density profiles observed at low latitudes by COSMIC and compared with in situ ion densities measured by C/NOFS.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,118(5):2670-2680.
Lei J H,Wang W B,Burns A G,et al.2014.New aspects of the ionospheric response to the October 2003 superstorms from multiple-satellite observations.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,119(3):2298-2317.
Lei J H,Zhu Q Y,Wang W B,et al.2015.Response of the topside and bottomside ionosphere at low and middle latitudes to the October 2003superstorms.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,120(8):6974-6986.
Liu J,Zhao B Q,Liu L.2010a.Time delay and duration of ionospheric total electron content responses to geomagnetic disturbances.Annales Geophysicae,28(3):795-805.
Liu J,Liu L B,Zhao B Q,et al.2010b.Response of the topside ionosphere to recurrent geomagnetic activity.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,115(A12):A12327,doi:10.1029/2010JA015810.
Liu L B,Wan W X,Zhang M L,et al.2007a.Variations of topside ionospheric scale heights over Millstone Hill during the 30-day incoherent scatter radar experiment.Annales Geophysicae,25(9):2019-2027.
Liu L B,Le H J,Wan W X,et al.2007b.An analysis of the scale heights in the lower topside ionosphere based on the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar measurements.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,112(A6):A06307,doi:10.1029/2007JA012250.
Liu L B,Wan W X.2018.Chinese ionospheric investigations in2016-2017.Earth and Planetary Physics,2:89-111,doi:10.26464/epp2018011.
Mansilla G A.2011.Moderate geomagnetic storms and their ionospheric effects at middle and low latitudes.Advances in Space Research,48(3):478-487.
Prolss G W.1995.Ionospheric F region storms.∥Volland H ed.Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics.Boca Ration,Florida:CRC Press,195-248.
Sojka J J,Rice D,Eccles V,et al.2018.Polar topside ionosphere during geomagnetic storms:comparison of ISIS-II with TDIM.Radio Science,53(7):906-920.
Su F F,Wang W B,Burns A G,et al.2015.The correlation between electron temperature and density in the topside ionosphere during 2006-2009.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,120(12):10724-10739.
Themens D R,Jayachandran P T,Bilitza D,et al.2018.Topside electron density representations for middle and high latitudes:Atopside parameterization for E-CHAIM based on the NeQuick.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,123(2):1603-1617.
Tsagouri I,Belehaki A,Moraitis G,et al.2000.Positive and negative ionospheric disturbances at middle latitudes during geomagnetic storms.Geophysical Research Letters,27(21):3579-3582.
Wang M,Lou W Y,Li P,et al.2013.Monitoring the ionospheric storm effect with multiple instruments in North China:July15-16,2012 magnetic storm event.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,102:261-268.
Yu T,Wan W X,Liu L B.2003.A theoretical model for ionospheric electric fields at mid-and low-latitudes.Science in China Series G:Physics,Mechanics and Astronomy,46(1):23-32.
Yuan Z G,Ning B Q,Deng X H.2009.Effects of TADs on the Fregion of the mid-latitude ionosphere during an intense geomagnetic storm.Advances in Space Research,44(9):1013-1018.
Zhang D H,Mo X H,Ercha A,et al.2012.Case study of ionospheric fluctuation over mid-latitude region during one large magnetic storm.Science China Technological Sciences,55(5):1198-1206.
Zhang S R,Holt J M,Erickson P J,et al.2005.October 2002 30-day incoherent scatter radar experiments at Millstone Hill and Svalbard and simultaneous GUVI/TIMED observations.Geophysical Research Letters,32(1):L01108,doi:10.1029/2004GL020732.
Zhao B Q,Wan W B,Lei J H,et al.2012.Positive ionospheric storm effects at Latin America longitude during the superstorm of 20-22 November 2003:revisit.Annales Geophysicae,30(5):831-840.
Zhong J H,Wang W B,Yue X A,et al.2016.Long-duration depletion in the topside ionospheric total electron content during the recovery phase of the March 2015strong storm.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,121(5):4733-4747.
Zhu Q Y,Lei J H,Luan X L,et al.2016.Contribution of the topside and bottomside ionosphere to the total electron content during two strong geomagnetic storms.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,121(3):2475-2488.
蔡红涛,马淑英,McCrea I W等.2009.极区电离层对IMF Bz4次快速转向的响应-EISCAT/ESR雷达观测.地球物理学报,52(7):1685-1692,doi:10.3969/j.issn0001-5733.
丁宗华,代连东,董明玉等.2014.非相干散射雷达进展:从传统体制到EISCAT 3D.地球物理学进展,29(5):2376-2381,doi:10.6038/pg20140557.
Balan N,Otsuka Y,Nishioka M,et al.2013.Physical mechanisms of the ionospheric storms at equatorial and higher latitudes during the recovery phase of geomagnetic storms.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,118(5):2660-2669.
Belehaki A,Tsagouri I.2002.Investigation of the relative bottomside/topside contribution to the total electron content estimates.Annals of Geophysics,45(1):73-86.
Cai H T,Ma S Y,Mccrea I W,et al.2009.Polar ionospheric responses to 4-times rapid turnings of the IMF Bz,componentEISCAT/ESR radar observations.Chinese Journal of.Geophysics(in Chinese),2009,52(7):1685-1692,doi:10.3969/j.issn0001-5733.
Chen G M,Xu J Y,Wang W B,et al.2014.The responses of ionospheric topside diffusive fluxes to two geomagnetic storms in October 2002.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,119(8):6806-6820.
Ding Z H,Dai L D,Dong M Y,et al.2014.Progress of the incoherent scattering radar:From the traditional radar to the latest EISCAT 3D.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),29(5):2376-2381,doi:10.6038/pg20140557.
Gong Y,Zhou Q H,Zhang S D,et al.2013.The Fregion and topside ionosphere response to a strong geomagnetic storm at Arecibo.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,118(8):5177-5183.
Gulyaeva T L.2011.Storm time behavior of topside scale height inferred from the ionosphere-plasmasphere model driven by the F2layer peak and GPS-TEC observations.Advances in Space Research,47(6):913-920.
Joshua B M,Adeniyi J O,Oladipo O A,et al.2018.Simultaneous response of NmF2 and GPS-TEC to storm events at Ilorin.Advances in Space Research,61(12):2904-2913.
Kuai J W,Liu L B,Lei J H,et al.2017.Regional differences of the ionospheric response to the July 2012 geomagnetic storm.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,122(4):4654-4668.
Lai P C,Burke W J,Gentile L C.2013.Topside electron density profiles observed at low latitudes by COSMIC and compared with in situ ion densities measured by C/NOFS.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,118(5):2670-2680.
Lei J H,Wang W B,Burns A G,et al.2014.New aspects of the ionospheric response to the October 2003 superstorms from multiple-satellite observations.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,119(3):2298-2317.
Lei J H,Zhu Q Y,Wang W B,et al.2015.Response of the topside and bottomside ionosphere at low and middle latitudes to the October 2003superstorms.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,120(8):6974-6986.
Liu J,Zhao B Q,Liu L.2010a.Time delay and duration of ionospheric total electron content responses to geomagnetic disturbances.Annales Geophysicae,28(3):795-805.
Liu J,Liu L B,Zhao B Q,et al.2010b.Response of the topside ionosphere to recurrent geomagnetic activity.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,115(A12):A12327,doi:10.1029/2010JA015810.
Liu L B,Wan W X,Zhang M L,et al.2007a.Variations of topside ionospheric scale heights over Millstone Hill during the 30-day incoherent scatter radar experiment.Annales Geophysicae,25(9):2019-2027.
Liu L B,Le H J,Wan W X,et al.2007b.An analysis of the scale heights in the lower topside ionosphere based on the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar measurements.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,112(A6):A06307,doi:10.1029/2007JA012250.
Liu L B,Wan W X.2018.Chinese ionospheric investigations in2016-2017.Earth and Planetary Physics,2:89-111,doi:10.26464/epp2018011.
Mansilla G A.2011.Moderate geomagnetic storms and their ionospheric effects at middle and low latitudes.Advances in Space Research,48(3):478-487.
Prolss G W.1995.Ionospheric F region storms.∥Volland H ed.Handbook of Atmospheric Electrodynamics.Boca Ration,Florida:CRC Press,195-248.
Sojka J J,Rice D,Eccles V,et al.2018.Polar topside ionosphere during geomagnetic storms:comparison of ISIS-II with TDIM.Radio Science,53(7):906-920.
Su F F,Wang W B,Burns A G,et al.2015.The correlation between electron temperature and density in the topside ionosphere during 2006-2009.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,120(12):10724-10739.
Themens D R,Jayachandran P T,Bilitza D,et al.2018.Topside electron density representations for middle and high latitudes:Atopside parameterization for E-CHAIM based on the NeQuick.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,123(2):1603-1617.
Tsagouri I,Belehaki A,Moraitis G,et al.2000.Positive and negative ionospheric disturbances at middle latitudes during geomagnetic storms.Geophysical Research Letters,27(21):3579-3582.
Wang M,Lou W Y,Li P,et al.2013.Monitoring the ionospheric storm effect with multiple instruments in North China:July15-16,2012 magnetic storm event.Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,102:261-268.
Yu T,Wan W X,Liu L B.2003.A theoretical model for ionospheric electric fields at mid-and low-latitudes.Science in China Series G:Physics,Mechanics and Astronomy,46(1):23-32.
Yuan Z G,Ning B Q,Deng X H.2009.Effects of TADs on the Fregion of the mid-latitude ionosphere during an intense geomagnetic storm.Advances in Space Research,44(9):1013-1018.
Zhang D H,Mo X H,Ercha A,et al.2012.Case study of ionospheric fluctuation over mid-latitude region during one large magnetic storm.Science China Technological Sciences,55(5):1198-1206.
Zhang S R,Holt J M,Erickson P J,et al.2005.October 2002 30-day incoherent scatter radar experiments at Millstone Hill and Svalbard and simultaneous GUVI/TIMED observations.Geophysical Research Letters,32(1):L01108,doi:10.1029/2004GL020732.
Zhao B Q,Wan W B,Lei J H,et al.2012.Positive ionospheric storm effects at Latin America longitude during the superstorm of 20-22 November 2003:revisit.Annales Geophysicae,30(5):831-840.
Zhong J H,Wang W B,Yue X A,et al.2016.Long-duration depletion in the topside ionospheric total electron content during the recovery phase of the March 2015strong storm.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,121(5):4733-4747.
Zhu Q Y,Lei J H,Luan X L,et al.2016.Contribution of the topside and bottomside ionosphere to the total electron content during two strong geomagnetic storms.Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,121(3):2475-2488.
蔡红涛,马淑英,McCrea I W等.2009.极区电离层对IMF Bz4次快速转向的响应-EISCAT/ESR雷达观测.地球物理学报,52(7):1685-1692,doi:10.3969/j.issn0001-5733.
丁宗华,代连东,董明玉等.2014.非相干散射雷达进展:从传统体制到EISCAT 3D.地球物理学进展,29(5):2376-2381,doi:10.6038/pg20140557.