贫困山区农户人力资本对生计策略的影响研究——以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例
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摘要
人力资本是构建农户生计的关键要素,从人力资本视角探讨农户生计选择对于推动农户生计转型、实现乡村振兴具有重要意义。论文以西南贫困山区四川省凉山彝族自治州为案例区,采用2018年508个农户样本数据,应用回归模型,估算了人力资本对农户生计策略的影响。结果表明:人力资本是山区农户生计选择的重要影响因素,不同类型人力资本对农户生计策略的影响不同,且具有明显的空间差异。教育文化、健康状况对非农生计策略的选择具有正向影响,且高山区>二半山区>河谷区,健康状况对河谷区农户生计选择影响不显著;非农技能培训对非农生计策略选择具有显著的正向影响,且高山区>二半山区>河谷区;农业技能培训对非农生计策略选择具有负向影响,且高山区<二半山区<河谷区,但其对高山区农户生计选择并不显著;青壮年劳动力倾向于选择非农生计,务农人口老龄化问题严峻,高山区表现最为突出,二半山区次之,河谷区较不明显。最后,根据研究结论,探讨了人力资本、劳动力转移与乡村发展之间辩证关系及相关政策建议。
Human capital is the key factor for building farmers' livelihoods and examining farming households' livelihood strategy is important for promoting livelihood transformation and rural revitalization. Taking Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province in the mountainous area of southwest China as the case study area,this study measured the impact of human capital on farming households' livelihood strategy by using the survey data from 508 farmers in 2018 and applying regression models. The results show: human capital is an important factor of farmers' livelihood choices in mountainous areas, and different types of human capital have different impacts on farmers' livelihood strategy, with clear spatial differences. Education level and health condition have positive effects on off-farm livelihood strategy, with most significant impacts in the high mountain villages,followed by the semi-mountain villages, and health condition has no significant effect on farmers' livelihood choices in the river valley villages. Off-farm skill training has a significant positive impact on off-farm livelihood strategy choices, with most significant impact in the high mountain villages, followed by the semimountain and river valley villages; agricultural skill training has a negative impact on off-farm livelihood strategy choices, with most significant impact in the river valley villages, followed by the semi-mountain villages, and agricultural skill training has no significant effect on farmers' livelihood choices in the high mountain villages. Young adult labor force tend to choose off-farm livelihood, and the aging problem of farming population is getting worse, with the high mountain villages being the most significant, followed by the semimountain villages, and the river valley villages being less obvious. Income gaps between farm and off-farm livelihood types is the fundamental reason affecting farmers' livelihood choices, and poor rural public services and lack of development opportunity are important reasons that affect farmers' livelihood choices. Finally, based on the above conclusions, this article explored the dialectical relationship between human capitals, labor off-farm employment, and rural development and its policy implications.
Human capital is the key factor for building farmers' livelihoods and examining farming households' livelihood strategy is important for promoting livelihood transformation and rural revitalization. Taking Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province in the mountainous area of southwest China as the case study area,this study measured the impact of human capital on farming households' livelihood strategy by using the survey data from 508 farmers in 2018 and applying regression models. The results show: human capital is an important factor of farmers' livelihood choices in mountainous areas, and different types of human capital have different impacts on farmers' livelihood strategy, with clear spatial differences. Education level and health condition have positive effects on off-farm livelihood strategy, with most significant impacts in the high mountain villages,followed by the semi-mountain villages, and health condition has no significant effect on farmers' livelihood choices in the river valley villages. Off-farm skill training has a significant positive impact on off-farm livelihood strategy choices, with most significant impact in the high mountain villages, followed by the semimountain and river valley villages; agricultural skill training has a negative impact on off-farm livelihood strategy choices, with most significant impact in the river valley villages, followed by the semi-mountain villages, and agricultural skill training has no significant effect on farmers' livelihood choices in the high mountain villages. Young adult labor force tend to choose off-farm livelihood, and the aging problem of farming population is getting worse, with the high mountain villages being the most significant, followed by the semimountain villages, and the river valley villages being less obvious. Income gaps between farm and off-farm livelihood types is the fundamental reason affecting farmers' livelihood choices, and poor rural public services and lack of development opportunity are important reasons that affect farmers' livelihood choices. Finally, based on the above conclusions, this article explored the dialectical relationship between human capitals, labor off-farm employment, and rural development and its policy implications.
引文
郭秀丽,周立华,陈勇,等.2017.典型沙漠化地区农户生计资本对生计策略的影响:以内蒙古自治区杭锦旗为例[J].生态学报,37(20):6963-6972.[Guo X L,Zhou L H,Chen Y,et al.2017.Impact of farmers'livelihood capital on livelihood strategy in a typical desertification area inthe inner mongolia autonomous region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37(20):6963-6972.]
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何仁伟.2018.城乡融合与乡村振兴:理论探讨、机理阐释与实现路径[J].地理研究,37(11):2127-2140.[He R W.2018.Urban-rural integration and rural revitalization:Theory,mechanism and implementation.Geographical Research,37(11):2127-2140.]
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何仁伟,李光勤,刘运伟,等.2017.基于可持续生计的精准扶贫分析方法及应用研究:以四川凉山彝族自治州为例[J].地理科学进展,36(2):182-192.[He R W,Li G Q,Liu Y W,et al.2017.Theoretical analysis and case study on targeted poverty alleviation based on sustainable livelihoods framework:A case study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,Sichuan Province.Progress in Geography,36(2):182-192.]
何仁伟,刘邵权,陈国阶,等.2013.中国农户可持续生计研究进展及趋向[J].地理科学进展,32(4):657-670.[He RW,Liu S Q,Chen G J,et al.2013.Research progress and tendency of sustainable livelihoods for peasant household in China.Progress in Geography,32(4):657-670.]
何仁伟,刘邵权,刘运伟,等.2014.典型山区农户生计资本评价及其空间格局:以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例[J].山地学报,32(6):641-651.[He R W,Liu S Q,Liu Y W,et al.2014.Evaluation and spatial distribution of farmer's livelihood capital in representative mountain areas:A case study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan,China.Mountain Research,32(6):641-651.]
李立娜,何仁伟,李平,等.2018.典型山区农户生计脆弱性及其空间差异:以四川凉山彝族自治州为例[J].山地学报,36(5):134-147.[Li L N,He R W,Li P,et al.2018.Assessment and spatial difference of peasant household's livelihood vulnerability in representative mountain areas:Acase study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan,China.Mountain Research,36(5):134-147.]
李实,杨修娜.2015.我国农民工培训效果分析[J].北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),(6):35-47.[Li S,Yang X N.2015.The effect of the training for rural migrants.Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences Edition),(6):35-47.]
李晓楠,李锐,罗邦用.2016.农业技术培训和非农职业培训对农村居民收入的影响[J].数理统计与管理,34(5):867-877.[Li X N,Li R,Luo B Y.2016.Effect of training on the incomeof rural households.Journal of Applied Statistics and Management,34(5):867-877.]
刘彦随.2018.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J].地理学报,73(4):637-650.[Liu Y S.2018.Research on the urbanrural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,73(4):637-650.]
马文武,刘虔.2019.异质性收入视角下人力资本对农民减贫的作用效应研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,29(3):137-147.[Ma W W,Liu Q.2019.Research on the effect of human capital on farmers'poverty reduction from the perspective of heterogeneous income.China Population,Resources and Environment,29(3):137-147.]
蒙吉军,艾木入拉,刘洋,等.2013.农牧户可持续生计资产与生计策略的关系研究:以鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),49(2):321-328.[Meng J J,Amrulla,Liu Y,et al.2013.Study on relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood strategy of farming and grazing households:A case of Uxin Banner in Ordos.Acta Scientiarum Naturaliumuniversitatis Pekinensis,49(2):321-328.]
彭小辉,史清华.2018.中国农村人口结构变化及就业选择[J].长安大学学报(社会科学版),20(2):89-98.[Peng XH,Shi Q H.2018.Structure change of rural population and employment choice in China.Journal of Chang'an University(Social Science Edition),20(2):89-98.]
涂丽.2018.生计资本、生计指数与农户的生计策略:基于CLDS家户数据的实证分析[J].农村经济,(8):76-83.[Tu L.2018.Livelihood capital,livelihood index and farmers'livelihood strategy:An empirical analysis based on CLDS household data.Rural Economy,(8):76-83.]
王美英.2017.凉山连片特困地区精准扶贫实践困境与破解对策:基于凉山布拖县的调查分析[J].贵州民族研究,38(5):56-61.[Wang M Y.2017.The practice dilemma and resolution countermeasure of targeted poverty alleviation in Liangshan Contiguous Destitute Areas:Based on the investigation and analysis of Liangshan Butuo County.Guizhou Ethnic Studies,38(5):56-61.]
韦惠兰,祁应军.2016.农户生计资本与生计策略关系的实证分析:以河西走廊沙化土地封禁保护区外围为例[J].中国沙漠,36(2):540-548.[Wei H L,Qi Y J.2016.Empirical analysis of relationship between farmers'livelihood capital and livelihood strategies:A case of Hexi Corridor closing area for protection of desertified land perimeter.Journal of Desert Research,36(2):540-548.]
俞福丽,蒋乃华.2015.健康对农民种植业收入的影响研究:基于中国健康与营养调查数据的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,(4):66-71.[Yu F L,Jiang N H.2015.The effect of health on the income of rural residents in planting industry.Issues in Agricultural Economy,(4):66-71.]
苑会娜.2009.进城农民工的健康与收入:来自北京市农民工调查的证据[J].管理世界,(5):56-66.[Yuan H N.2009.Health and income of peasant workers:Evidence from the investigation of peasant workers in Beijing.Management World,(5):56-66.]
赵文娟,杨世龙,王潇.2016.基于Logistic回归模型的生计资本与生计策略研究:以云南新平县干热河谷傣族地区为例[J].资源科学,38(1):136-143.[Zhao W J,Yang S L,Wang X.2016.The relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood strategy based on logistic regression model in Xinping County of Yunnan dry-hot valley.Resources Science,38(1):136-143.]
郑长德.2008.凉山彝族自治州少数民族人口变化研究[J].西北人口,29(4):49-54.[Zheng C D.2008.Study in population change of ethnic minority of Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Liangshan.Northwest Population,29(4):49-54.]
Bhandari P B.2013.Rural livelihood change?Household capital,community resources and livelihood transition[J].Journal of Rural Studies,32:126-136.
Cao M,Xu D,Xie F,et al.2016.The influence factors analysis of households'poverty vulnerability in southwest ethnic areas of China based on the hierarchical linear model:A case study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture[J].Applied Geography,66:144-152.
Chambers R,Conway G R.1992.Sustainable rural livelihoods:Practical concepts for the 21st century(IDS Discussion Paper 296)[M].Brighton,UK:Institute of Development Studies.
DFID.1999.Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets[M].London,UK:Department for International Development.
Fang Y P,Fan J,Shen M Y,et al.2014.Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livelihood capital in mountain areas:Empirical analysis based on different settlements in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River,China[J].Ecological Indicators,38(3):225-235.
Fogel R W.1994.Economic growth,population theory,and physiology:The bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy[J].American Economic Review,84(3):369-395.
Jan I,Khattak M K,Khan M A,et al.2012.Factors affecting rural livelihood choices in northwest Pakistan[J].Sarhad Journal of Agriculture,28(4):681-688.
Liu Z,Chen Q,Xie H.2018.Influence of the farmer's livelihood assets on livelihood strategies in the western mountainous area,China[J].Sustainability,10(3):875.doi:10.3390/su10030875.
López R,Valdés A.2000.Fighting rural poverty in Latin America:New evidence of the effects of education,demographics,and access to land[J].Economic Development and Cultural Change,49(1):197-211.
Rahut D B,Scharf M M.2012.Non-farm employment and incomes in rural Cambodia[J].Asian-Pacific Economic Literature,26(2):54-71.
Wang D W,Cai F,Zhang G Q.2010.Factors influencing migrant workers'employment and earnings:The role of dducation and training[J].Social Sciences in China,(3):123-145.doi:10.1080/02529203.2010.503078.
Xu D,Zhang J,Rasul G,et al.2015.Household livelihood strategies and dependence on agriculture in the mountainous settlements in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China[J].Sustainability,7(5):4850-4869.
何仁伟.2013.典型山区农户生计空间差异与生计选择研究:以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例[D].北京:中国科学院大学.[He R W.2013.Research on the spatial difference of farmers'livelihoods and their choice in typical mountainous areas::A case study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,Sichuan Province.Beijing,China:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences.]
何仁伟.2018.城乡融合与乡村振兴:理论探讨、机理阐释与实现路径[J].地理研究,37(11):2127-2140.[He R W.2018.Urban-rural integration and rural revitalization:Theory,mechanism and implementation.Geographical Research,37(11):2127-2140.]
何仁伟,李光勤,刘邵权,等.2017.可持续生计视角下中国农村贫困治理研究综述[J].中国人口·资源与环境,27(11):69-85.[He R W,Li G Q,Liu S Q,et al.2017.A literature review of China's rural poverty governance from the perspective of sustainable livelihood.China Population,Resources and Environment,27(11):69-85.]
何仁伟,李光勤,刘运伟,等.2017.基于可持续生计的精准扶贫分析方法及应用研究:以四川凉山彝族自治州为例[J].地理科学进展,36(2):182-192.[He R W,Li G Q,Liu Y W,et al.2017.Theoretical analysis and case study on targeted poverty alleviation based on sustainable livelihoods framework:A case study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture,Sichuan Province.Progress in Geography,36(2):182-192.]
何仁伟,刘邵权,陈国阶,等.2013.中国农户可持续生计研究进展及趋向[J].地理科学进展,32(4):657-670.[He RW,Liu S Q,Chen G J,et al.2013.Research progress and tendency of sustainable livelihoods for peasant household in China.Progress in Geography,32(4):657-670.]
何仁伟,刘邵权,刘运伟,等.2014.典型山区农户生计资本评价及其空间格局:以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例[J].山地学报,32(6):641-651.[He R W,Liu S Q,Liu Y W,et al.2014.Evaluation and spatial distribution of farmer's livelihood capital in representative mountain areas:A case study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan,China.Mountain Research,32(6):641-651.]
李立娜,何仁伟,李平,等.2018.典型山区农户生计脆弱性及其空间差异:以四川凉山彝族自治州为例[J].山地学报,36(5):134-147.[Li L N,He R W,Li P,et al.2018.Assessment and spatial difference of peasant household's livelihood vulnerability in representative mountain areas:Acase study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan,China.Mountain Research,36(5):134-147.]
李实,杨修娜.2015.我国农民工培训效果分析[J].北京师范大学学报(社会科学版),(6):35-47.[Li S,Yang X N.2015.The effect of the training for rural migrants.Journal of Beijing Normal University(Social Sciences Edition),(6):35-47.]
李晓楠,李锐,罗邦用.2016.农业技术培训和非农职业培训对农村居民收入的影响[J].数理统计与管理,34(5):867-877.[Li X N,Li R,Luo B Y.2016.Effect of training on the incomeof rural households.Journal of Applied Statistics and Management,34(5):867-877.]
刘彦随.2018.中国新时代城乡融合与乡村振兴[J].地理学报,73(4):637-650.[Liu Y S.2018.Research on the urbanrural integration and rural revitalization in the new era in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,73(4):637-650.]
马文武,刘虔.2019.异质性收入视角下人力资本对农民减贫的作用效应研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,29(3):137-147.[Ma W W,Liu Q.2019.Research on the effect of human capital on farmers'poverty reduction from the perspective of heterogeneous income.China Population,Resources and Environment,29(3):137-147.]
蒙吉军,艾木入拉,刘洋,等.2013.农牧户可持续生计资产与生计策略的关系研究:以鄂尔多斯市乌审旗为例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),49(2):321-328.[Meng J J,Amrulla,Liu Y,et al.2013.Study on relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood strategy of farming and grazing households:A case of Uxin Banner in Ordos.Acta Scientiarum Naturaliumuniversitatis Pekinensis,49(2):321-328.]
彭小辉,史清华.2018.中国农村人口结构变化及就业选择[J].长安大学学报(社会科学版),20(2):89-98.[Peng XH,Shi Q H.2018.Structure change of rural population and employment choice in China.Journal of Chang'an University(Social Science Edition),20(2):89-98.]
涂丽.2018.生计资本、生计指数与农户的生计策略:基于CLDS家户数据的实证分析[J].农村经济,(8):76-83.[Tu L.2018.Livelihood capital,livelihood index and farmers'livelihood strategy:An empirical analysis based on CLDS household data.Rural Economy,(8):76-83.]
王美英.2017.凉山连片特困地区精准扶贫实践困境与破解对策:基于凉山布拖县的调查分析[J].贵州民族研究,38(5):56-61.[Wang M Y.2017.The practice dilemma and resolution countermeasure of targeted poverty alleviation in Liangshan Contiguous Destitute Areas:Based on the investigation and analysis of Liangshan Butuo County.Guizhou Ethnic Studies,38(5):56-61.]
韦惠兰,祁应军.2016.农户生计资本与生计策略关系的实证分析:以河西走廊沙化土地封禁保护区外围为例[J].中国沙漠,36(2):540-548.[Wei H L,Qi Y J.2016.Empirical analysis of relationship between farmers'livelihood capital and livelihood strategies:A case of Hexi Corridor closing area for protection of desertified land perimeter.Journal of Desert Research,36(2):540-548.]
俞福丽,蒋乃华.2015.健康对农民种植业收入的影响研究:基于中国健康与营养调查数据的实证研究[J].农业经济问题,(4):66-71.[Yu F L,Jiang N H.2015.The effect of health on the income of rural residents in planting industry.Issues in Agricultural Economy,(4):66-71.]
苑会娜.2009.进城农民工的健康与收入:来自北京市农民工调查的证据[J].管理世界,(5):56-66.[Yuan H N.2009.Health and income of peasant workers:Evidence from the investigation of peasant workers in Beijing.Management World,(5):56-66.]
赵文娟,杨世龙,王潇.2016.基于Logistic回归模型的生计资本与生计策略研究:以云南新平县干热河谷傣族地区为例[J].资源科学,38(1):136-143.[Zhao W J,Yang S L,Wang X.2016.The relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood strategy based on logistic regression model in Xinping County of Yunnan dry-hot valley.Resources Science,38(1):136-143.]
郑长德.2008.凉山彝族自治州少数民族人口变化研究[J].西北人口,29(4):49-54.[Zheng C D.2008.Study in population change of ethnic minority of Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Liangshan.Northwest Population,29(4):49-54.]
Bhandari P B.2013.Rural livelihood change?Household capital,community resources and livelihood transition[J].Journal of Rural Studies,32:126-136.
Cao M,Xu D,Xie F,et al.2016.The influence factors analysis of households'poverty vulnerability in southwest ethnic areas of China based on the hierarchical linear model:A case study of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture[J].Applied Geography,66:144-152.
Chambers R,Conway G R.1992.Sustainable rural livelihoods:Practical concepts for the 21st century(IDS Discussion Paper 296)[M].Brighton,UK:Institute of Development Studies.
DFID.1999.Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets[M].London,UK:Department for International Development.
Fang Y P,Fan J,Shen M Y,et al.2014.Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livelihood capital in mountain areas:Empirical analysis based on different settlements in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River,China[J].Ecological Indicators,38(3):225-235.
Fogel R W.1994.Economic growth,population theory,and physiology:The bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy[J].American Economic Review,84(3):369-395.
Jan I,Khattak M K,Khan M A,et al.2012.Factors affecting rural livelihood choices in northwest Pakistan[J].Sarhad Journal of Agriculture,28(4):681-688.
Liu Z,Chen Q,Xie H.2018.Influence of the farmer's livelihood assets on livelihood strategies in the western mountainous area,China[J].Sustainability,10(3):875.doi:10.3390/su10030875.
López R,Valdés A.2000.Fighting rural poverty in Latin America:New evidence of the effects of education,demographics,and access to land[J].Economic Development and Cultural Change,49(1):197-211.
Rahut D B,Scharf M M.2012.Non-farm employment and incomes in rural Cambodia[J].Asian-Pacific Economic Literature,26(2):54-71.
Wang D W,Cai F,Zhang G Q.2010.Factors influencing migrant workers'employment and earnings:The role of dducation and training[J].Social Sciences in China,(3):123-145.doi:10.1080/02529203.2010.503078.
Xu D,Zhang J,Rasul G,et al.2015.Household livelihood strategies and dependence on agriculture in the mountainous settlements in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China[J].Sustainability,7(5):4850-4869.