中国半干旱区呼包鄂城市群地表覆盖等级结构时空特征研究
|
摘要
以地处半干旱区的呼包鄂城市群为例,基于精确的建成区边界,采用决策树阈值分类模型与指数耦合模式,植被—不透水—土壤选取模型结合最小二乘像元混合分解模型等方法,构建半干旱区城市化过程中地表覆盖等级结构体系研究,从城市化—城市结构—城市组分揭示不同尺度21世纪以来的城市化过程。结果表明:①呼包鄂城市群2000～2015年的城市化过程较快,2005～2010年时段最为明显;总体空间格局呈现呼和浩特市外延式扩张,包头市填充式内展,鄂尔多斯市飞地式扩张为主;②不透水空间持续增加,在城区的占比由2000年的62.46%提升到2015年的75.40%;绿地空间呈现出波动变化的增加趋势,反映出半干旱区的城市化过程注重城市化与绿地协同建设;城市发展将裸土空间纳入,但城市化过程明显降低了裸土空间范围,有效提升了生态系统服务功能和人类福祉;③不透水组分密度变更顺序为低、中、高,增加明显的时段为2005～2010年;绿地组分呈现先降低后增加的变化特征,总体微幅增加,说明城区绿地得到提升;裸土组分密度呈现高、中、低的变化趋势,表明城市化扩张纳入了大量的裸土,随后裸土进一步转化为不透水面和植被,使城区内生态环境得到明显提升。总体而言,半干旱区的城市化过程可以有效降低周边裸土的面积,使其转化为可被利用的建筑和植被,有效改善区域水热环境和生态系统服务功能。
Taking the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos city group in semiarid area as an example,constructs a system of surface hierarchical structure in the semi-arid area for urbanization.It reveals the urbanization process of different scales since twenty-first Century.The results show that:(1) the process of urbanization in the study area is intense in 2000～2015,especially during the period of 2005～2010.Among them,the expansion of Hohhot city presents extension type,Baotou for filling type,and ordos for enclaving type.(2) The impermeable space continued to increase(low density-medium density-high density increasing),and its proportion in urban areas increased from 62.46% in 2000 to 75.40% in 2015.The green space shows an increasing trend of fluctuation,which reflects that the urbanization process in semi-arid area focuses on the coordinated construction of urbanization and green space.Although the development of the city includes the bare soil space,the process of urbanization obviously reduces the spatial scope of the bare soil,which effectively improves the ecosystem service and human well-being.(3) the change order of impermeable components density is low,medium and high.During this period,the composition of the green space was reduced first and then increased,and the overall micro amplitude increased,indicating that the green space in the urban area was promoted.At the same time,the density of bare soil components showed a trend of high,middle and low,indicating that urbanization was expanded into a large number of bare soil.Then bare soil was further transformed into impervious surface and vegetation,and the ecological environment in the urban area was significantly improved.
Taking the Hohhot-Baotou-Ordos city group in semiarid area as an example,constructs a system of surface hierarchical structure in the semi-arid area for urbanization.It reveals the urbanization process of different scales since twenty-first Century.The results show that:(1) the process of urbanization in the study area is intense in 2000～2015,especially during the period of 2005～2010.Among them,the expansion of Hohhot city presents extension type,Baotou for filling type,and ordos for enclaving type.(2) The impermeable space continued to increase(low density-medium density-high density increasing),and its proportion in urban areas increased from 62.46% in 2000 to 75.40% in 2015.The green space shows an increasing trend of fluctuation,which reflects that the urbanization process in semi-arid area focuses on the coordinated construction of urbanization and green space.Although the development of the city includes the bare soil space,the process of urbanization obviously reduces the spatial scope of the bare soil,which effectively improves the ecosystem service and human well-being.(3) the change order of impermeable components density is low,medium and high.During this period,the composition of the green space was reduced first and then increased,and the overall micro amplitude increased,indicating that the green space in the urban area was promoted.At the same time,the density of bare soil components showed a trend of high,middle and low,indicating that urbanization was expanded into a large number of bare soil.Then bare soil was further transformed into impervious surface and vegetation,and the ecological environment in the urban area was significantly improved.
引文
[1] Seto K C,Guneralp B,Hutyra L R.Global Forecasts of Urban Expansion to 2030 and Direct Impacts on Biodiversity and Carbon Pools[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2012,109(40):16083-16088.
[2] Svirejeva-Hopkins A,Schellnhuber H J,Pomaz V L.Urbanised Territories as a Apecific Component of the Global Carbon Cycle[J].Ecological Modelling,2004,173(2-3):295-312.
[3] Seto K C,Fragkias M,Guneralp B,et al.A Meta-analysis of Global Urban Land Expansion[J].PLoS ONE,2011,6(8):23-37.
[4] Schneider A.Monitoring Land Cover Change in Urban and Pen-urban Areas Using Dense Time Stacks of Landsat Satellite Data and a Data Mining Approach[J].Remote Sensing and Environment,2012,124:689-704.
[5] Shiflett S A,Liang L L,Crum S M,et al.Variation in the Urban Vegetation,Surface Temperature,Air Temperature Nexus[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,579:495-505.
[6] Estoque R C,Murayama Y,Myint S W.Effects of Landscape Composition and Pattern on Land Surface Temperature:An Urban Heat Island Study in the Megacities of Southeast Asia[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,577:349-359.
[7] Soulard C E,Acevedo W,Stehman S V.Removing Rural Roads from the National Land Cover Database to Create Improved Urban Maps for the United States,1992 to 2011[J].Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,2018,84(2):101-109.
[8] Bevilacqua P,Mazzeo D,Bruno R,et al.Surface Temperature Analysis of an Extensive Green Roof for the Mitigation of Urban Heat Island in Southern Mediterranean Climate[J].Energy and Buildings,2017,150:318-327.
[9] Luederitz C,Brink E,Gralla F,et al.A Review of Urban Ecosystem Services:Six key Challenges for Future Research[J].Ecosystem Services,2015,14(14):98-112.
[10] Morel J L,Chenu C,Lorenz K.Ecosystem Services Provided by Soils of Urban,Industrial,traffic,Mining,and Military Areas (SUITMAs)[J].Journal of Soils & Sediments,2015,15(8):1659-1666.
[11] Yan Y,Zhang C,Hu Y,et al.Urban Land-Cover Change and Its Impact on the Ecosystem Carbon Storage in a Dryland City[J].Remote Sensing,2015,8(1):6-17.
[12] Pan T,Lu D,Zhang C,et al.Urban Land-Cover Dynamics in Arid China based on High-Resolution Urban Land Mapping Products[J].Remote Sensing,2017,9(7):730-743.
[13] Liu H L,Willems P,Bao A M,et al.Effect of Climate Change on the Vulnerability of a Socio-ecological System in an Arid Area[J].Global & Planetary Change,2016,137(6):1-9.
[14] Lei S,Ren L,Bian Z.Time-space Characterization of Vegetation in a Semiarid Mining Area Using Empirical Orthogonal Function Decomposition of MODIS NDVI Time Series[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(6):516-528.
[15] Chen G,Kita I,Takeyama K.Utilization of Water Resources and Its Influences on Eco-Environment in the Arid Area:A Case Study in Minqin Oasis,Hexi Corridor,Northwest China[J].Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems,2016,7(2):1-5.
[16] Yao J Q,Yang Q,Chen Y N,et al.Climate Change in Arid Areas of Northwest China in Past 50 Years and Its Effects on the Local Ecological Environment[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(5):1283-1291.
[17] Mati B M.The Influence of Climate Change on Maize Production in the Semi-Humid-Semi-Arid Areas of Kenya[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2000,46(4):333-344.
[18] Tianbao,Zhao,Liang,et al.Simulation of Historical and Projected Climate Change in Arid and Semiarid Areas by CMIP5 Models[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(4):412-429.
[19] Tumbo S D,Kahimba F C,Mbilinyi B P,et al.Impact of Projected Climate Change on Agricultural Production in Semi-arid Areas of Tanzania:A Case of Same District[J].African Crop Science Journal,2012,20(Sup.2):443-451.
[20] Kuang Wenhui,Chi Wenfeng,Shi Wenjiao.Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Intra-urban Land Cover in the Cities of China and USA from 1978 to 2010[J].Acta Geographic Sinica,2014,69(7):883-895[匡文慧,迟文峰,史文娇.中国与美国大都市区城市内部土地覆盖结构时空差异[J].地理学报,2014,69(7):883-895.]
[21] Liu Jiyuan,Kuang Wenhui,Zhang Zengxiang,et al.Spatiotemporal Characteristics,Patterns and Causes of Land Use Changes in China Since the Late 1980s[J].Acta Geographic Sinica,2014,69(1):3-14.[刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥,等.20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):3-14.]
[22] Kuang Wenhui,Liu Jiyuan,Zhang Zengxiang,et al.Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Impervious Surface Areas Across China During the Early 21st Century[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(5-6):465-478.[匡文慧,刘纪远,张增祥,等.21世纪初中国人工建设不透水地表遥感监测与时空分析[J].科学通报,2013,58(5-6):465-478.]
[23] Honjo T,Tsunematsu N,Yokoyama H,et al.Analysis of Urban Surface Temperature Change Using Structure-from-motion Thermal Mosaicing[J].Urban Climate,2017,20:135-147.
[24] Cao S,Deyong H U,Zhao W,et al.Spatial Structure Comparison of Urban Agglomerations between China and USA in a Perspective of Impervious Surface Coverage:A Case Study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Boswash[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,6:127-136.
[25] Kuang Wenhui,Chen Lijun,Liu Jiyuan,et al.Remote Sensing-based Artificial Surface Cover Classification in Asia and Spatial Pattern Analysis[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2016,46(9):1162-1179.[匡文慧,陈利军,刘纪远,等.亚洲人造地表覆盖遥感精细化分类与分布特征分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,2016,46(9):1162-1179.]
[26] Kuang Wenhui,Liu Jiyuan,Lu Dengsheng.Pattern of Impervious Surface Change and Its Effect on Water Environment in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Area[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(11):1486-1496.[匡文慧,刘纪远,陆灯盛.京津唐城市群不透水地表增长格局以及水环境效应[J].地理学报,2011,66(11):1486-1496.]
[27] Zeng Peng,Li Hongtao.A Comparative Study of China’s Top Ten Urban Agglomeration of Industrial Structure and Division of Labor[J].Science & Technology Progress & Policy,2017,34(6):39-46.[曾鹏,李洪涛.中国十大城市群产业结构及分工比较研究[J].科技进步与对策,2017,34(6):39-46.]
[28] Lu D,Moran E,Batistella M.Linear Mixture Model Applied to Amazonian Vegetation Classification[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,87(4):456-469.
[29] Lu D,Moran E,Hetrick S.Detection of Impervious Surface Change with Multitemporal Landsat Images in an Urban-rural Frontier[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2011,66(3):298-306.
[30] Ma L,Li M,Ma X,et al.A Review of Supervised Object-based Land-cover Image Classification[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2017,130:277-293.
[31] Song J,Wang Z H.Evaluating the Impact of Built Environment Characteristics on Urban Boundary Layer Dynamics Using an Advanced Stochastic Approach[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,2016,16(10):6285-6301.
[32] Ban H,Ahlqvist O.Visualizing the Uncertainty of Urban Ontology Terms[M].Ontologies for Urban Development.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2007:85-94.
[33] Hamedianfar A,Shafri H Z M.Development of Fuzzy rule-based Parameters for Urban Object-oriented Classification Using Veryhigh-resolution Imagery[J].Geocarto International,2014,29(3):268-292.
[34] Mathieu R,Aryal J.Object-oriented Classification and Lkonos Multispectral Imagery for Mapping Vegetation Communities in Urban Areas[J].Nature,2005,431(7011):946-957.
[35] Myint S W,Okin G S.Modelling land-cover Types Using Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis in a Desert city[J].Int.J.Remote Sens.,2009,30,2237-2257.
[36] Li X,Myint S W,Zhang Y,et al.Object-based Land-cover Classificationfor Metropolitan Phoenix,Arizona,Using Aerial Photography[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.,2014,33:321-330.
[37] Wulder M A,Masek J.G,Cohen W B,et al.Opening the Archive:How Freedata Has Enabled the Science and Monitoring Promise of Landsat[J].Remote Sens.Environ,2012,122:2-10.
[38] Krehl A,Siedentop S,Taubenb?ck H,et al.A Comprehensive View on Urban Spatial Structure:Urban Density Patterns of German City Regions[J].ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information,2016,5(6):55-76.
[39] Grosvenor M,O’Neill P.The Density Debate in Urban Research:An Alternative Approach to Representing Urban Structure and Form[J].Geographical Research,2014,52(4):442-458.
[40] Kuang Wenhui,Yang Tianrong,Liu Ailin,et al.An EcoCity model for regulating urban land cover structure and thermal environment:Taking Beijing as an example[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2017,60(7):1098-1109.[匡文慧,杨天荣,刘爱琳,等.城市地表覆盖结构组分与热环境调控模型(EcoCity)研究——以北京城市为例[J].中国科学:地球科学,2017,47(7):847-859.]
[41] Pan Tao,Zhang Chi,Du Guoming,et al.Pattern of Impervious Surface Change and Its Effect on Land Surface Temperature in Urban and Rural Areas[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2017,19(1):134-142.[潘涛,张弛,杜国明,等.城乡不透水面增长格局及地表温度的响应特征研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2017,19(1):134-142.]
[42] Zhuang Yuan,Xue Dongqian,Wang Jian.Spatial-temporal Evolution of Urban Heat Island in Semiarid Typical industrial City:A Case Study of Baotou[J].Arid land geography,2017,40(2):276-283[庄元,薛东前,王剑.半干旱区典型工业城市热岛时空分布及演变特征——以包头市为例[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(2):276-283.]
[43] Pan Tao,Du Guoming,Zhang Chi,et al.Variation of Land Surface Temperature of Harbin City based Landsat TM Data in 2001-2015[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(11):1759-1766.[潘涛,杜国明,张弛,等.基于LandsatTM的2001-2015年哈尔滨市地表温度变化特征分析[J].地理科学,2016,36(11):1759-1766.]
[44] Kuang Wenhui,Du Guoming.Analyzing Urban Population Spatial Distribution in Beijing Proper[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2011,13(4):506-512.[匡文慧,杜国明.北京城市人口空间分布特征的GIS分析[J].地球信息科学学报,2011,13(4):506-512.]
[45] Kokkonen T V,Grimmond C S B,R?ty O,et al.Sensitivity of Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) to Downscaling of Reanalysis Forcing Data[J].Urban Climate,2018,23:36-52.
[46] Rao Sheng,Lin Quan,Wang Xiahui,et al.The Trade-off between Grassland Ecosystem Services in Zhenglan Banner[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources & Environment,2015,29(3):81-86.[饶胜,林泉,王夏晖,等.正蓝旗草地生态系统服务权衡研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(3):81-86.]
[47] Unkel G,Lima D,Selge F,et al.Aquatic Ecosystem Services of Reservoirs in Semi-Arid Areas:Sustainability and Reservoir Management[J].Wit Transactions on Ecology & the Environment,2015,197:187-200.
[2] Svirejeva-Hopkins A,Schellnhuber H J,Pomaz V L.Urbanised Territories as a Apecific Component of the Global Carbon Cycle[J].Ecological Modelling,2004,173(2-3):295-312.
[3] Seto K C,Fragkias M,Guneralp B,et al.A Meta-analysis of Global Urban Land Expansion[J].PLoS ONE,2011,6(8):23-37.
[4] Schneider A.Monitoring Land Cover Change in Urban and Pen-urban Areas Using Dense Time Stacks of Landsat Satellite Data and a Data Mining Approach[J].Remote Sensing and Environment,2012,124:689-704.
[5] Shiflett S A,Liang L L,Crum S M,et al.Variation in the Urban Vegetation,Surface Temperature,Air Temperature Nexus[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,579:495-505.
[6] Estoque R C,Murayama Y,Myint S W.Effects of Landscape Composition and Pattern on Land Surface Temperature:An Urban Heat Island Study in the Megacities of Southeast Asia[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,577:349-359.
[7] Soulard C E,Acevedo W,Stehman S V.Removing Rural Roads from the National Land Cover Database to Create Improved Urban Maps for the United States,1992 to 2011[J].Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing,2018,84(2):101-109.
[8] Bevilacqua P,Mazzeo D,Bruno R,et al.Surface Temperature Analysis of an Extensive Green Roof for the Mitigation of Urban Heat Island in Southern Mediterranean Climate[J].Energy and Buildings,2017,150:318-327.
[9] Luederitz C,Brink E,Gralla F,et al.A Review of Urban Ecosystem Services:Six key Challenges for Future Research[J].Ecosystem Services,2015,14(14):98-112.
[10] Morel J L,Chenu C,Lorenz K.Ecosystem Services Provided by Soils of Urban,Industrial,traffic,Mining,and Military Areas (SUITMAs)[J].Journal of Soils & Sediments,2015,15(8):1659-1666.
[11] Yan Y,Zhang C,Hu Y,et al.Urban Land-Cover Change and Its Impact on the Ecosystem Carbon Storage in a Dryland City[J].Remote Sensing,2015,8(1):6-17.
[12] Pan T,Lu D,Zhang C,et al.Urban Land-Cover Dynamics in Arid China based on High-Resolution Urban Land Mapping Products[J].Remote Sensing,2017,9(7):730-743.
[13] Liu H L,Willems P,Bao A M,et al.Effect of Climate Change on the Vulnerability of a Socio-ecological System in an Arid Area[J].Global & Planetary Change,2016,137(6):1-9.
[14] Lei S,Ren L,Bian Z.Time-space Characterization of Vegetation in a Semiarid Mining Area Using Empirical Orthogonal Function Decomposition of MODIS NDVI Time Series[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(6):516-528.
[15] Chen G,Kita I,Takeyama K.Utilization of Water Resources and Its Influences on Eco-Environment in the Arid Area:A Case Study in Minqin Oasis,Hexi Corridor,Northwest China[J].Journal of Rainwater Catchment Systems,2016,7(2):1-5.
[16] Yao J Q,Yang Q,Chen Y N,et al.Climate Change in Arid Areas of Northwest China in Past 50 Years and Its Effects on the Local Ecological Environment[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(5):1283-1291.
[17] Mati B M.The Influence of Climate Change on Maize Production in the Semi-Humid-Semi-Arid Areas of Kenya[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2000,46(4):333-344.
[18] Tianbao,Zhao,Liang,et al.Simulation of Historical and Projected Climate Change in Arid and Semiarid Areas by CMIP5 Models[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(4):412-429.
[19] Tumbo S D,Kahimba F C,Mbilinyi B P,et al.Impact of Projected Climate Change on Agricultural Production in Semi-arid Areas of Tanzania:A Case of Same District[J].African Crop Science Journal,2012,20(Sup.2):443-451.
[20] Kuang Wenhui,Chi Wenfeng,Shi Wenjiao.Spatio-temporal Characteristics of Intra-urban Land Cover in the Cities of China and USA from 1978 to 2010[J].Acta Geographic Sinica,2014,69(7):883-895[匡文慧,迟文峰,史文娇.中国与美国大都市区城市内部土地覆盖结构时空差异[J].地理学报,2014,69(7):883-895.]
[21] Liu Jiyuan,Kuang Wenhui,Zhang Zengxiang,et al.Spatiotemporal Characteristics,Patterns and Causes of Land Use Changes in China Since the Late 1980s[J].Acta Geographic Sinica,2014,69(1):3-14.[刘纪远,匡文慧,张增祥,等.20世纪80年代末以来中国土地利用变化的基本特征与空间格局[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):3-14.]
[22] Kuang Wenhui,Liu Jiyuan,Zhang Zengxiang,et al.Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Impervious Surface Areas Across China During the Early 21st Century[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2013,58(5-6):465-478.[匡文慧,刘纪远,张增祥,等.21世纪初中国人工建设不透水地表遥感监测与时空分析[J].科学通报,2013,58(5-6):465-478.]
[23] Honjo T,Tsunematsu N,Yokoyama H,et al.Analysis of Urban Surface Temperature Change Using Structure-from-motion Thermal Mosaicing[J].Urban Climate,2017,20:135-147.
[24] Cao S,Deyong H U,Zhao W,et al.Spatial Structure Comparison of Urban Agglomerations between China and USA in a Perspective of Impervious Surface Coverage:A Case Study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Boswash[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,6:127-136.
[25] Kuang Wenhui,Chen Lijun,Liu Jiyuan,et al.Remote Sensing-based Artificial Surface Cover Classification in Asia and Spatial Pattern Analysis[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2016,46(9):1162-1179.[匡文慧,陈利军,刘纪远,等.亚洲人造地表覆盖遥感精细化分类与分布特征分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,2016,46(9):1162-1179.]
[26] Kuang Wenhui,Liu Jiyuan,Lu Dengsheng.Pattern of Impervious Surface Change and Its Effect on Water Environment in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Area[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(11):1486-1496.[匡文慧,刘纪远,陆灯盛.京津唐城市群不透水地表增长格局以及水环境效应[J].地理学报,2011,66(11):1486-1496.]
[27] Zeng Peng,Li Hongtao.A Comparative Study of China’s Top Ten Urban Agglomeration of Industrial Structure and Division of Labor[J].Science & Technology Progress & Policy,2017,34(6):39-46.[曾鹏,李洪涛.中国十大城市群产业结构及分工比较研究[J].科技进步与对策,2017,34(6):39-46.]
[28] Lu D,Moran E,Batistella M.Linear Mixture Model Applied to Amazonian Vegetation Classification[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,87(4):456-469.
[29] Lu D,Moran E,Hetrick S.Detection of Impervious Surface Change with Multitemporal Landsat Images in an Urban-rural Frontier[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2011,66(3):298-306.
[30] Ma L,Li M,Ma X,et al.A Review of Supervised Object-based Land-cover Image Classification[J].ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,2017,130:277-293.
[31] Song J,Wang Z H.Evaluating the Impact of Built Environment Characteristics on Urban Boundary Layer Dynamics Using an Advanced Stochastic Approach[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,2016,16(10):6285-6301.
[32] Ban H,Ahlqvist O.Visualizing the Uncertainty of Urban Ontology Terms[M].Ontologies for Urban Development.Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2007:85-94.
[33] Hamedianfar A,Shafri H Z M.Development of Fuzzy rule-based Parameters for Urban Object-oriented Classification Using Veryhigh-resolution Imagery[J].Geocarto International,2014,29(3):268-292.
[34] Mathieu R,Aryal J.Object-oriented Classification and Lkonos Multispectral Imagery for Mapping Vegetation Communities in Urban Areas[J].Nature,2005,431(7011):946-957.
[35] Myint S W,Okin G S.Modelling land-cover Types Using Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis in a Desert city[J].Int.J.Remote Sens.,2009,30,2237-2257.
[36] Li X,Myint S W,Zhang Y,et al.Object-based Land-cover Classificationfor Metropolitan Phoenix,Arizona,Using Aerial Photography[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation.,2014,33:321-330.
[37] Wulder M A,Masek J.G,Cohen W B,et al.Opening the Archive:How Freedata Has Enabled the Science and Monitoring Promise of Landsat[J].Remote Sens.Environ,2012,122:2-10.
[38] Krehl A,Siedentop S,Taubenb?ck H,et al.A Comprehensive View on Urban Spatial Structure:Urban Density Patterns of German City Regions[J].ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information,2016,5(6):55-76.
[39] Grosvenor M,O’Neill P.The Density Debate in Urban Research:An Alternative Approach to Representing Urban Structure and Form[J].Geographical Research,2014,52(4):442-458.
[40] Kuang Wenhui,Yang Tianrong,Liu Ailin,et al.An EcoCity model for regulating urban land cover structure and thermal environment:Taking Beijing as an example[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2017,60(7):1098-1109.[匡文慧,杨天荣,刘爱琳,等.城市地表覆盖结构组分与热环境调控模型(EcoCity)研究——以北京城市为例[J].中国科学:地球科学,2017,47(7):847-859.]
[41] Pan Tao,Zhang Chi,Du Guoming,et al.Pattern of Impervious Surface Change and Its Effect on Land Surface Temperature in Urban and Rural Areas[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2017,19(1):134-142.[潘涛,张弛,杜国明,等.城乡不透水面增长格局及地表温度的响应特征研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2017,19(1):134-142.]
[42] Zhuang Yuan,Xue Dongqian,Wang Jian.Spatial-temporal Evolution of Urban Heat Island in Semiarid Typical industrial City:A Case Study of Baotou[J].Arid land geography,2017,40(2):276-283[庄元,薛东前,王剑.半干旱区典型工业城市热岛时空分布及演变特征——以包头市为例[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(2):276-283.]
[43] Pan Tao,Du Guoming,Zhang Chi,et al.Variation of Land Surface Temperature of Harbin City based Landsat TM Data in 2001-2015[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(11):1759-1766.[潘涛,杜国明,张弛,等.基于LandsatTM的2001-2015年哈尔滨市地表温度变化特征分析[J].地理科学,2016,36(11):1759-1766.]
[44] Kuang Wenhui,Du Guoming.Analyzing Urban Population Spatial Distribution in Beijing Proper[J].Journal of Geo-information Science,2011,13(4):506-512.[匡文慧,杜国明.北京城市人口空间分布特征的GIS分析[J].地球信息科学学报,2011,13(4):506-512.]
[45] Kokkonen T V,Grimmond C S B,R?ty O,et al.Sensitivity of Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS) to Downscaling of Reanalysis Forcing Data[J].Urban Climate,2018,23:36-52.
[46] Rao Sheng,Lin Quan,Wang Xiahui,et al.The Trade-off between Grassland Ecosystem Services in Zhenglan Banner[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources & Environment,2015,29(3):81-86.[饶胜,林泉,王夏晖,等.正蓝旗草地生态系统服务权衡研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2015,29(3):81-86.]
[47] Unkel G,Lima D,Selge F,et al.Aquatic Ecosystem Services of Reservoirs in Semi-Arid Areas:Sustainability and Reservoir Management[J].Wit Transactions on Ecology & the Environment,2015,197:187-200.