以数值实验为基础的米字型鱼礁布设模式差异下的流场效率
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摘要
人工鱼礁投放规模是鱼礁建设的核心问题之一,其中礁体数量与布设间距不仅表征了鱼礁规模的范围和密度,而且也决定着人工鱼礁流场效率。本研究采用数值实验方法,对典型结构边长为l的米字型人工鱼礁在4种投放量(2×2、3×3、4×4和5×5)、7种布设间距(0 l、0.5 l、1.0 l、1.5 l、2.0 l、3.0 l和4.0 l)下的流场相对体积、相对高度、相对长度等流场效率特性进行比较分析。结果显示,当上升流目标流速比分别为小于0.10、0.10～0.15和大于0.15倍时,上升流流场存在协同效应的最大布设间距分别为4.0 l、3.0 l、2.0 l,背涡流目标速度比下最大间距均为3.0 l;人工鱼礁投放量越多,上升流与背涡流相对体积越大,平均相对体积增长率越低,0.5 l布设间距的上升流相对体积与鱼礁单体相对流场体积最大,1.5 l布设间距的背涡流相对体积与鱼礁单体相对流场体积最大;上升流相对高度随投放量增加以1.01倍速率增加,随布设间距增加以0.90倍速率降低,背涡流相对长度随布设间距的增加先增后降,相对长度最大值位于1.0 l处。
The throwing scale of artificial reefs is one of the core issues in the construction of reefs. The throwing amount and disposal spacing of artificial reefs not only characterize the range and density, but also determine the efficiency of artificial reefs flow field effects. In our study, the flow field characteristics of seven disposal spacing(0 l, 0.5 l, 1.0 l, 1.5 l, 2.0 l, 3.0 l and 4.0 l) that is the multiple of the length of the single artificial reefs, with four throwing amounts of Mi-zi artificial reefs(2×2, 3×3, 4×4 and 5×5) were simulated using the large eddy simulation model based on the ANSYS software. Then, the relationships between the characteristics(including the relative volume, relative height and relative length) of different flow fields and the throwing amounts and disposal spacing and the target velocity ratio were studied. The results showed that when the upwelling target velocity ratio is less than 0.10, 0.10 to 0.15 and greater than 0.15 times, the maximum disposal spacing is 4.0 l, 3.0 l, 2.0 l, respectively,and there was a synergistic effect on the upwelling area. And the maximum disposal spacing is 3.0 l at all the back eddy target velocity ratios. The larger the reefing amount is, the higher the relative volume both the upwelling and the back eddy are, and the lower the average relative volume growth rate. At the disposal spacing of 0.5 l, the relative upwelling volume and the relative volume of the single artificial reefs are the largest, but the back eddy relative volume and the relative volume of the single artificial reefs are the largest at 1.5 l. The upwelling's relative height increased at a rate of 1.01 times with the laying amount increasing and decreased at a rate of 0.90 times with the disposal spacing increasing, while the relative length of the back eddy would increase firstly and then decrease with the disposal spacing and the maximum at 1.0 l. The study provides the theoretical planning guidance for the artificial reef placement in different construction modes.
The throwing scale of artificial reefs is one of the core issues in the construction of reefs. The throwing amount and disposal spacing of artificial reefs not only characterize the range and density, but also determine the efficiency of artificial reefs flow field effects. In our study, the flow field characteristics of seven disposal spacing(0 l, 0.5 l, 1.0 l, 1.5 l, 2.0 l, 3.0 l and 4.0 l) that is the multiple of the length of the single artificial reefs, with four throwing amounts of Mi-zi artificial reefs(2×2, 3×3, 4×4 and 5×5) were simulated using the large eddy simulation model based on the ANSYS software. Then, the relationships between the characteristics(including the relative volume, relative height and relative length) of different flow fields and the throwing amounts and disposal spacing and the target velocity ratio were studied. The results showed that when the upwelling target velocity ratio is less than 0.10, 0.10 to 0.15 and greater than 0.15 times, the maximum disposal spacing is 4.0 l, 3.0 l, 2.0 l, respectively,and there was a synergistic effect on the upwelling area. And the maximum disposal spacing is 3.0 l at all the back eddy target velocity ratios. The larger the reefing amount is, the higher the relative volume both the upwelling and the back eddy are, and the lower the average relative volume growth rate. At the disposal spacing of 0.5 l, the relative upwelling volume and the relative volume of the single artificial reefs are the largest, but the back eddy relative volume and the relative volume of the single artificial reefs are the largest at 1.5 l. The upwelling's relative height increased at a rate of 1.01 times with the laying amount increasing and decreased at a rate of 0.90 times with the disposal spacing increasing, while the relative length of the back eddy would increase firstly and then decrease with the disposal spacing and the maximum at 1.0 l. The study provides the theoretical planning guidance for the artificial reef placement in different construction modes.
引文
[1]Sreekanth G B, Lekshmi N M, Singh N P. Can artificial reefs really enhance the inshore fishery resources along Indian coast? A critical review[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B:Biological Sciences, 2017, 89(1):13-25.
[2]Israel D, Gallo C, Angel D L. Benthic artificial reefs as a means to reduce the environmental effects of cod mariculture in Skutulsfj?reur, Iceland[J]. Marine Biodiversity, 2017, 47(2):405-411.
[3]肖荣.镂空型人工鱼礁流场效应及营养盐输运的数值模拟研究[D].上海:上海海洋大学, 2015.Xiao R. Numerical simulation on features of flow field and transport of nutrient around hollow artificial reefs[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Ocean University, 2015(in Chinese).
[4]Moura A, Boaventura D, Cúrdia J, et al. Effect of depth and reef structure on early macrobenthic communities of the Algarve artificial reefs(southern Portugal)[J].Hydrobiologia, 2007, 580(1):173-180.
[5]Nicoletti L, Marzialetti S, Paganelli D, et al. Long-term changes in a benthic assemblage associated with artificial reefs[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2007, 580(1):233-240.
[6]Jiang Y Z, Lin N, Yuan X W, et al. Effects of an artificial reef system on demersal nekton assemblages in Xiangshan Bay, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2016, 34(1):59-68.
[7]Lima J S, Zalmon I R, Love M. Overview and trends of ecological and socioeconomic research on artificial reefs[J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2019, 145:81-96.
[8]Smith J A, Lowry M B, Champion C, et al. A designed artificial reef is among the most productive marine fish habitats:new metrics to address ‘production versus attraction’[J]. Marine Biology, 2016, 163(9):188.
[9]兰孝政.圆台型人工鱼礁流场效应的数值模拟研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2015.Lan X Z. Numerical simulations of the flow field around artificial reefs with truncated-cone shape[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2015(in Chinese).
[10]王伟定,梁君,毕远新,等.浙江省海洋牧场建设现状与展望[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版), 2016,35(3):181-185.Wang W D, Liang J, Bi Y X, et al. Status and prospects of marine ranching construction in Zhejiang Province[J].Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University(Natural Science Edition), 2016, 35(3):181-185(in Chinese).
[11]Santos M N, Monteiro C C. A fourteen-year overview of the fish assemblages and yield of the two oldest Algarve artificial reefs(southern Portugal)[J]. Hydrobiologia,2007, 580(1):225-231.
[12]姜少杰,刘海敌,吴伟,等.一种人工鱼礁的水动力学研究与建设效果评价[J].海洋学研究, 2017, 35(2):53-60.Jiang S J, Liu H D, Wu W, et al. Study on hydrodynamics and effect evaluation for constructing of an artificial reef[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2017,35(2):53-60(in Chinese).
[13]Dong Taur S U, Liu T L, Ou Ching Hsiewn O U.Numerical investigation into effects of seabed topography on flows in and around artificial reefs[J].Fisheries Science, 2008, 74(2):236-254.
[14]张硕,孙满昌,陈勇.不同高度混凝土模型礁背涡流特性的定量研究[J].大连水产学院学报, 2008, 23(4):278-282.Zhang S, Sun M C, Chen Y. Quantificational features of wake vortices of concrete artificial model reefs with different height[J]. Journal of Dalian Fisheries University, 2008, 23(4):278-282(in Chinese).
[15]刘洪生,马翔,章守宇,等.人工鱼礁流场风洞实验与数值模拟对比验证[J].中国水产科学, 2009, 16(3):365-371.Liu H S, Ma X, Zhang S Y, et al. Validation and comparison between wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulation of flow field around artificial reefs[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2009,16(3):365-371(in Chinese).
[16]刘彦,赵云鹏,崔勇,等.正方体人工鱼礁流场效应试验研究[J].海洋工程, 2012, 30(4):103-108, 130.Liu Y, Zhao Y P, Cui Y, et al. Experimental study of the flow field around cube artificial reef[J]. The Ocean Engineering, 2012, 30(4):103-108, 130(in Chinese).
[17]郑延璇,梁振林,关长涛,等.三种叠放形式的圆管型人工鱼礁流场效应数值模拟与PIV试验研究[J].海洋与湖沼, 2014, 45(1):11-19.Zheng Y X, Liang Z L, Guan C T, et al. Numerical simulation and experimental study on flow field of artificial reefs in three tube-stacking layouts[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2014, 45(1):11-19(in Chinese).
[18]姜昭阳.人工鱼礁水动力学与数值模拟研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2009.Jiang Z Y. Numerical simulation of hydrodynamics for artificial reefs[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2009(in Chinese).
[19]崔勇,关长涛,万荣,等.布设间距对人工鱼礁流场效应影响的数值模拟[J].海洋湖沼通报, 2011(2):59-65.Cui Y, Guan C T, Wan R, et al. Numerical simulation on influence of disposal space on effects of flow field around artificial reefs[J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 2011(2):59-65(in Chinese).
[20]关长涛,李梦杰,郑延璇,等.三圆管型人工鱼礁布设间距的数值模拟及物理稳定性研究[J].中国海洋大学学报, 2016, 46(9):9-17.Guan C T, Li M J, Zheng Y X, et al. Numerical simulation of disposal space and analysis on physical stability of three-tube artificial reefs[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2016, 46(9):9-17(in Chinese).
[21]Zheng Y X, Liang Z L, Guan C T, et al. Numerical simulation and experimental study of the effects of disposal space on the flow field around the combined three-tube reefs[J]. China Ocean Engineering, 2015,29(3):445-458.
[22]庞运禧,李芳成,李尧.同透空率下多孔人工鱼礁流场效应的三维数值模拟研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2017, 28(2):133-141.Pang Y X, Li F C, Li Y. Study on three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow field effect of multiaperture artificial fish reef under identical penetration rate[J]. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, 2017, 28(2):133-141(in Chinese).
[23]李豹德.从日本人工鱼礁建设探讨我国鱼礁建设的方向[J].海洋渔业, 1985(6):248-253.Li B D. Discussion on the direction of artificial reef construction in china from the construction of artificial reef in Japan[J]. Marine Fisheries, 1985(6):248-253(in Chinese).
[24]李珺,章守宇.米字型人工鱼礁流场数值模拟与水槽实验的比较[J].水产学报, 2010, 34(10):1587-1594.Li J, Zhang S Y. The comparison between numerical simulation and water channel experiment on an Mi-zi artificial reef[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China, 2010,34(10):1587-1594(in Chinese).
[25]郑延璇,关长涛,宋协法,等.星体型人工鱼礁流场效应的数值模拟[J].农业工程学报, 2012, 28(19):185-193.Zheng Y X, Guan C T, Song X F, et al. Numerical simulation on flow field around star artificial reefs[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(19):185-193(in Chinese).
[26]付东伟,栾曙光,张瑞瑾,等.人工鱼礁开口比和迎流面形状对流场效应影响的双因素方差分析[J].大连海洋大学学报, 2012, 27(3):274-278.Fu D W, Luan S G, Zhang R J, et al. Two-way analysis of variance of effects of cut-opening ratio and surface shape facing flowing in artificial fish-reefs on the flowing field[J]. Journal of Dalian Ocean University,2012, 27(3):274-278(in Chinese).
[27]唐衍力,龙翔宇,王欣欣,等.中国常用人工鱼礁流场效应的比较分析[J].农业工程学报, 2017, 33(8):97-103.Tang Y L, Long X Y, Wang X X, et al. Comparative analysis on flow field effect of general artificial reefs in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017, 33(8):97-103(in Chinese).
[28]李珺,林军,章守宇.方形人工鱼礁通透性及其对礁体周围流场影响的数值实验[J].上海海洋大学学报,2010, 19(6):836-840.Li J, Lin J, Zhang S Y. The numerical experiment on the permeability of a cubic artificial reef and the effect on the flow field around the reef[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 2010, 19(6):836-840(in Chinese).
[29]杨红生.我国海洋牧场建设回顾与展望[J].水产学报,2016, 40(7):1133-1140.Yang H S. Construction of marine ranching in China:reviews and prospects[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China,2016, 40(7):1133-1140(in Chinese).
[2]Israel D, Gallo C, Angel D L. Benthic artificial reefs as a means to reduce the environmental effects of cod mariculture in Skutulsfj?reur, Iceland[J]. Marine Biodiversity, 2017, 47(2):405-411.
[3]肖荣.镂空型人工鱼礁流场效应及营养盐输运的数值模拟研究[D].上海:上海海洋大学, 2015.Xiao R. Numerical simulation on features of flow field and transport of nutrient around hollow artificial reefs[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Ocean University, 2015(in Chinese).
[4]Moura A, Boaventura D, Cúrdia J, et al. Effect of depth and reef structure on early macrobenthic communities of the Algarve artificial reefs(southern Portugal)[J].Hydrobiologia, 2007, 580(1):173-180.
[5]Nicoletti L, Marzialetti S, Paganelli D, et al. Long-term changes in a benthic assemblage associated with artificial reefs[J]. Hydrobiologia, 2007, 580(1):233-240.
[6]Jiang Y Z, Lin N, Yuan X W, et al. Effects of an artificial reef system on demersal nekton assemblages in Xiangshan Bay, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2016, 34(1):59-68.
[7]Lima J S, Zalmon I R, Love M. Overview and trends of ecological and socioeconomic research on artificial reefs[J]. Marine Environmental Research, 2019, 145:81-96.
[8]Smith J A, Lowry M B, Champion C, et al. A designed artificial reef is among the most productive marine fish habitats:new metrics to address ‘production versus attraction’[J]. Marine Biology, 2016, 163(9):188.
[9]兰孝政.圆台型人工鱼礁流场效应的数值模拟研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2015.Lan X Z. Numerical simulations of the flow field around artificial reefs with truncated-cone shape[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China, 2015(in Chinese).
[10]王伟定,梁君,毕远新,等.浙江省海洋牧场建设现状与展望[J].浙江海洋学院学报(自然科学版), 2016,35(3):181-185.Wang W D, Liang J, Bi Y X, et al. Status and prospects of marine ranching construction in Zhejiang Province[J].Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University(Natural Science Edition), 2016, 35(3):181-185(in Chinese).
[11]Santos M N, Monteiro C C. A fourteen-year overview of the fish assemblages and yield of the two oldest Algarve artificial reefs(southern Portugal)[J]. Hydrobiologia,2007, 580(1):225-231.
[12]姜少杰,刘海敌,吴伟,等.一种人工鱼礁的水动力学研究与建设效果评价[J].海洋学研究, 2017, 35(2):53-60.Jiang S J, Liu H D, Wu W, et al. Study on hydrodynamics and effect evaluation for constructing of an artificial reef[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2017,35(2):53-60(in Chinese).
[13]Dong Taur S U, Liu T L, Ou Ching Hsiewn O U.Numerical investigation into effects of seabed topography on flows in and around artificial reefs[J].Fisheries Science, 2008, 74(2):236-254.
[14]张硕,孙满昌,陈勇.不同高度混凝土模型礁背涡流特性的定量研究[J].大连水产学院学报, 2008, 23(4):278-282.Zhang S, Sun M C, Chen Y. Quantificational features of wake vortices of concrete artificial model reefs with different height[J]. Journal of Dalian Fisheries University, 2008, 23(4):278-282(in Chinese).
[15]刘洪生,马翔,章守宇,等.人工鱼礁流场风洞实验与数值模拟对比验证[J].中国水产科学, 2009, 16(3):365-371.Liu H S, Ma X, Zhang S Y, et al. Validation and comparison between wind tunnel experiments and numerical simulation of flow field around artificial reefs[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2009,16(3):365-371(in Chinese).
[16]刘彦,赵云鹏,崔勇,等.正方体人工鱼礁流场效应试验研究[J].海洋工程, 2012, 30(4):103-108, 130.Liu Y, Zhao Y P, Cui Y, et al. Experimental study of the flow field around cube artificial reef[J]. The Ocean Engineering, 2012, 30(4):103-108, 130(in Chinese).
[17]郑延璇,梁振林,关长涛,等.三种叠放形式的圆管型人工鱼礁流场效应数值模拟与PIV试验研究[J].海洋与湖沼, 2014, 45(1):11-19.Zheng Y X, Liang Z L, Guan C T, et al. Numerical simulation and experimental study on flow field of artificial reefs in three tube-stacking layouts[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2014, 45(1):11-19(in Chinese).
[18]姜昭阳.人工鱼礁水动力学与数值模拟研究[D].青岛:中国海洋大学, 2009.Jiang Z Y. Numerical simulation of hydrodynamics for artificial reefs[D]. Qingdao:Ocean University of China,2009(in Chinese).
[19]崔勇,关长涛,万荣,等.布设间距对人工鱼礁流场效应影响的数值模拟[J].海洋湖沼通报, 2011(2):59-65.Cui Y, Guan C T, Wan R, et al. Numerical simulation on influence of disposal space on effects of flow field around artificial reefs[J]. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology, 2011(2):59-65(in Chinese).
[20]关长涛,李梦杰,郑延璇,等.三圆管型人工鱼礁布设间距的数值模拟及物理稳定性研究[J].中国海洋大学学报, 2016, 46(9):9-17.Guan C T, Li M J, Zheng Y X, et al. Numerical simulation of disposal space and analysis on physical stability of three-tube artificial reefs[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2016, 46(9):9-17(in Chinese).
[21]Zheng Y X, Liang Z L, Guan C T, et al. Numerical simulation and experimental study of the effects of disposal space on the flow field around the combined three-tube reefs[J]. China Ocean Engineering, 2015,29(3):445-458.
[22]庞运禧,李芳成,李尧.同透空率下多孔人工鱼礁流场效应的三维数值模拟研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2017, 28(2):133-141.Pang Y X, Li F C, Li Y. Study on three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow field effect of multiaperture artificial fish reef under identical penetration rate[J]. Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering, 2017, 28(2):133-141(in Chinese).
[23]李豹德.从日本人工鱼礁建设探讨我国鱼礁建设的方向[J].海洋渔业, 1985(6):248-253.Li B D. Discussion on the direction of artificial reef construction in china from the construction of artificial reef in Japan[J]. Marine Fisheries, 1985(6):248-253(in Chinese).
[24]李珺,章守宇.米字型人工鱼礁流场数值模拟与水槽实验的比较[J].水产学报, 2010, 34(10):1587-1594.Li J, Zhang S Y. The comparison between numerical simulation and water channel experiment on an Mi-zi artificial reef[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China, 2010,34(10):1587-1594(in Chinese).
[25]郑延璇,关长涛,宋协法,等.星体型人工鱼礁流场效应的数值模拟[J].农业工程学报, 2012, 28(19):185-193.Zheng Y X, Guan C T, Song X F, et al. Numerical simulation on flow field around star artificial reefs[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(19):185-193(in Chinese).
[26]付东伟,栾曙光,张瑞瑾,等.人工鱼礁开口比和迎流面形状对流场效应影响的双因素方差分析[J].大连海洋大学学报, 2012, 27(3):274-278.Fu D W, Luan S G, Zhang R J, et al. Two-way analysis of variance of effects of cut-opening ratio and surface shape facing flowing in artificial fish-reefs on the flowing field[J]. Journal of Dalian Ocean University,2012, 27(3):274-278(in Chinese).
[27]唐衍力,龙翔宇,王欣欣,等.中国常用人工鱼礁流场效应的比较分析[J].农业工程学报, 2017, 33(8):97-103.Tang Y L, Long X Y, Wang X X, et al. Comparative analysis on flow field effect of general artificial reefs in China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017, 33(8):97-103(in Chinese).
[28]李珺,林军,章守宇.方形人工鱼礁通透性及其对礁体周围流场影响的数值实验[J].上海海洋大学学报,2010, 19(6):836-840.Li J, Lin J, Zhang S Y. The numerical experiment on the permeability of a cubic artificial reef and the effect on the flow field around the reef[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 2010, 19(6):836-840(in Chinese).
[29]杨红生.我国海洋牧场建设回顾与展望[J].水产学报,2016, 40(7):1133-1140.Yang H S. Construction of marine ranching in China:reviews and prospects[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China,2016, 40(7):1133-1140(in Chinese).