太原市污灌区重金属镉、铅的生态毒性效应研究
摘要
在当前水资源紧缺的情况下,污水灌溉对我国的农业生产有着重要的意义。太原市污灌区是北方地区典型的污灌区之一,已有近三十多年的污灌历史,现有近40万亩污灌农田,主要分布在小店区、晋源区和清徐县。长期污水灌溉,会导致污水中的有害物质,如各种有机物、重金属等在土壤中富集,或通过渗漏污染地下水,或进一步通过作物富集,经食物链进入人体对健康产生危害。
为了解太原污灌区土壤-作物系统重金属镉和铅的污染现状,研究镉和铅的生态毒性效应,继而为土壤污染治理和食品安全评价提供基础数据资料。本文以太原市小店污灌区为研究对象,研究了污灌农田以及灌区作物、蔬菜的重金属镉、铅的污染状况,并通过大棚盆栽试验研究了污水与镉复合处理对菠菜生长及品质的影响,通过室内培养试验研究了污水与铅复合处理对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。主要结论如下：
1.对小店区表层(0-20cm)以及分层土壤样品(0-20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100cm)的镉、铅含量进行了分析,结果表明,所有表层土样的镉、铅含量均超过太原市土壤重金属背景值；50%的表层土样铅含量超过全国土壤重金属铅的背景值,这表明镉和铅在表层土壤中有明显的富集。土壤分层土样分析结果表明,底层土壤镉的含量逐渐降低并趋于稳定,而铅在土壤中纵向迁移趋势不明显。
2.污灌区主要作物玉米和22种大田蔬菜镉、铅含量的测定结果表明,玉米镉和铅的含量均超过了《食品中污染物限量》中规定的限值,而且铅的超标倍数远大于镉；22种蔬菜中59%的蔬菜镉含量超标,64%的蔬菜铅含量超标；蔬菜分类重金属含量结果表明,根茎类蔬菜镉含量最高,叶菜类蔬菜铅含量最高。
3.对菠菜进行污水与镉的复合处理研究,结果表明,污水与镉的复合处理对菠菜株高、叶面积、叶片数、茎粗等生长指标的影响,表现出低浓度刺激、高浓度抑制的效应。与清水和镉的处理相比,污水与镉的复合处理会降低菠菜叶绿素、维生素C的含量,会提高菠菜蛋白质、可溶性糖的含量,也会使菠菜亚硝酸盐含量增高；随着镉离子处理浓度的增加,除亚硝酸盐含量和镉含量会逐渐上升外,其他指标含量会逐渐下降。
4.污水与铅的复合处理对玉米生长影响研究表明,与单独污水处理相比,污水与铅复合处理对玉米种子萌发无明显影响,各处理组种子萌发率均在94%以上；随着铅离子浓度的增加,玉米幼苗株高、根长、鲜重也表现为低浓度刺激、高浓度抑制的效应,铅离子浓度200mg/L为效应转折点。玉米铅含量则随着铅离r处理浓度的增大不断增大。
In the case of the current water shortage, sewage irrigation is of great significance on China's agriculture. Taiyuan sewage irrigation area is one of the most typical sewage irrigation areas in the northern region, it has a wastewater irrgation history of nearly30years, nearly40million mu sewage irrigation farmland, mainly distributed in Xiaodian, Jinyuan District, and Qingxu County. Long-term sewage irrigation, will lead to harmful substances in the sewage, such as a variety of organic compounds, heavy metals and others enrichment in soil, or polluted groundwater through seepage, or further enriched by the crop, and then enter in the body via the food chain and has harmful on health.
In order to study Cd and Pb pollution status of soil-crop systems in sewage irrigation area, research ecological toxicity effects of Cd and Pb, and then provide the basic data for soil pollution control and food safety evaluation. Choosing Xiaodian sewage irrigation as the research object, studying the heavy metals Cd and Pb pollution station of sewage irrigated farmland, crops and vegetables, moreover, the effects of sewage and Cd combined treatment on the growth and quality of spinach is studied with greenhouse pot culture, the impact of sewage and Pb combined treatment on corn seed germination and seedling growth is investigated through indoor culture experiments. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The Cd, Pb contents of the Xiaodian surface (0-20cm), and layered soil samples (0～20,20～40,40～60,60～80,80～100cm) were analyzed, the results show that the Cd, Pb content of all surface soil samples are more than Taiyuan soil heavy metal background values; the Pb content of50%of surface soil samples exceeds the soil heavy metals lead background value, suggesting that Cd and Pb in surface soil have significantly enrichded. The analysis results of layered soil samples show that the Cd content in underlying soil decreased and stabilized, the Pb in the soil vertical migration trend is not obvious.
2. The Cd, Pb content determination results of corn and22kinds of vegetables in sewage irrigation, show that Cd and Pb concentrations of corn exceeds the prescribed environmental quality standard for foods, and Pb content's superstandard multiples is much larger than Cd content's; Cd content in59%of vegetables is more than the standard, Pb content in64%of vegetables is also more than the standard; the heavy metal content of vegetables classification results show that Cd content in root vegetables is the highest, Pb content in leafy vegetables is the highest.
3. The result of sewage and Cd combined treatment on the spinach show that the effect on the spinach plant height, leaf area, leaf number, stem diameter exhibits a regular pattern, low concentration of stimulation and high concentration of inhibition. Compared with the water and Cd group, the content of Vc and chlorophyll decreased, the content of protein, soluble sugar and nitrite in spinach treated by sewage increased significantly; the content of chlorophyll, Vc, protein and soluble sugar decreased and the content of nitrite and Cd increased with the rise in concentration of Cd21
4. The result of sewage and Pb compbined treatment on corn growth indicate that, compared with the separate sewage treatment, sewage and Pb combined treatment has no significant effect on seed germination, germination rate of each group is more than94%; with the increasing of Pb-concentrations, the change situation of corn plant height, root length, fresh weight show that the low concentration of stimulation, high concentration of inhibition,200mg/L of Pb2+concentration is the effect of turning point. Corn Pb content is increasing with the increase of Pb2+concentration.
为了解太原污灌区土壤-作物系统重金属镉和铅的污染现状,研究镉和铅的生态毒性效应,继而为土壤污染治理和食品安全评价提供基础数据资料。本文以太原市小店污灌区为研究对象,研究了污灌农田以及灌区作物、蔬菜的重金属镉、铅的污染状况,并通过大棚盆栽试验研究了污水与镉复合处理对菠菜生长及品质的影响,通过室内培养试验研究了污水与铅复合处理对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。主要结论如下：
1.对小店区表层(0-20cm)以及分层土壤样品(0-20、20～40、40～60、60～80、80～100cm)的镉、铅含量进行了分析,结果表明,所有表层土样的镉、铅含量均超过太原市土壤重金属背景值；50%的表层土样铅含量超过全国土壤重金属铅的背景值,这表明镉和铅在表层土壤中有明显的富集。土壤分层土样分析结果表明,底层土壤镉的含量逐渐降低并趋于稳定,而铅在土壤中纵向迁移趋势不明显。
2.污灌区主要作物玉米和22种大田蔬菜镉、铅含量的测定结果表明,玉米镉和铅的含量均超过了《食品中污染物限量》中规定的限值,而且铅的超标倍数远大于镉；22种蔬菜中59%的蔬菜镉含量超标,64%的蔬菜铅含量超标；蔬菜分类重金属含量结果表明,根茎类蔬菜镉含量最高,叶菜类蔬菜铅含量最高。
3.对菠菜进行污水与镉的复合处理研究,结果表明,污水与镉的复合处理对菠菜株高、叶面积、叶片数、茎粗等生长指标的影响,表现出低浓度刺激、高浓度抑制的效应。与清水和镉的处理相比,污水与镉的复合处理会降低菠菜叶绿素、维生素C的含量,会提高菠菜蛋白质、可溶性糖的含量,也会使菠菜亚硝酸盐含量增高；随着镉离子处理浓度的增加,除亚硝酸盐含量和镉含量会逐渐上升外,其他指标含量会逐渐下降。
4.污水与铅的复合处理对玉米生长影响研究表明,与单独污水处理相比,污水与铅复合处理对玉米种子萌发无明显影响,各处理组种子萌发率均在94%以上；随着铅离子浓度的增加,玉米幼苗株高、根长、鲜重也表现为低浓度刺激、高浓度抑制的效应,铅离子浓度200mg/L为效应转折点。玉米铅含量则随着铅离r处理浓度的增大不断增大。
In the case of the current water shortage, sewage irrigation is of great significance on China's agriculture. Taiyuan sewage irrigation area is one of the most typical sewage irrigation areas in the northern region, it has a wastewater irrgation history of nearly30years, nearly40million mu sewage irrigation farmland, mainly distributed in Xiaodian, Jinyuan District, and Qingxu County. Long-term sewage irrigation, will lead to harmful substances in the sewage, such as a variety of organic compounds, heavy metals and others enrichment in soil, or polluted groundwater through seepage, or further enriched by the crop, and then enter in the body via the food chain and has harmful on health.
In order to study Cd and Pb pollution status of soil-crop systems in sewage irrigation area, research ecological toxicity effects of Cd and Pb, and then provide the basic data for soil pollution control and food safety evaluation. Choosing Xiaodian sewage irrigation as the research object, studying the heavy metals Cd and Pb pollution station of sewage irrigated farmland, crops and vegetables, moreover, the effects of sewage and Cd combined treatment on the growth and quality of spinach is studied with greenhouse pot culture, the impact of sewage and Pb combined treatment on corn seed germination and seedling growth is investigated through indoor culture experiments. The main conclusions are as follows:
1. The Cd, Pb contents of the Xiaodian surface (0-20cm), and layered soil samples (0～20,20～40,40～60,60～80,80～100cm) were analyzed, the results show that the Cd, Pb content of all surface soil samples are more than Taiyuan soil heavy metal background values; the Pb content of50%of surface soil samples exceeds the soil heavy metals lead background value, suggesting that Cd and Pb in surface soil have significantly enrichded. The analysis results of layered soil samples show that the Cd content in underlying soil decreased and stabilized, the Pb in the soil vertical migration trend is not obvious.
2. The Cd, Pb content determination results of corn and22kinds of vegetables in sewage irrigation, show that Cd and Pb concentrations of corn exceeds the prescribed environmental quality standard for foods, and Pb content's superstandard multiples is much larger than Cd content's; Cd content in59%of vegetables is more than the standard, Pb content in64%of vegetables is also more than the standard; the heavy metal content of vegetables classification results show that Cd content in root vegetables is the highest, Pb content in leafy vegetables is the highest.
3. The result of sewage and Cd combined treatment on the spinach show that the effect on the spinach plant height, leaf area, leaf number, stem diameter exhibits a regular pattern, low concentration of stimulation and high concentration of inhibition. Compared with the water and Cd group, the content of Vc and chlorophyll decreased, the content of protein, soluble sugar and nitrite in spinach treated by sewage increased significantly; the content of chlorophyll, Vc, protein and soluble sugar decreased and the content of nitrite and Cd increased with the rise in concentration of Cd21
4. The result of sewage and Pb compbined treatment on corn growth indicate that, compared with the separate sewage treatment, sewage and Pb combined treatment has no significant effect on seed germination, germination rate of each group is more than94%; with the increasing of Pb-concentrations, the change situation of corn plant height, root length, fresh weight show that the low concentration of stimulation, high concentration of inhibition,200mg/L of Pb2+concentration is the effect of turning point. Corn Pb content is increasing with the increase of Pb2+concentration.
引文
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