汉语‘都’的句法研究
摘要
本文在乔姆斯基(Chomsky，1993；1995)最简方案框架下进行了汉语‘都’量化现象的句法研究。本文有五部分组成。为使读者宏观地了解‘都’量化现象，本文第一章介绍了‘都’量化的一些基本概念并对‘都’量化成分做了细致分类。
本文第二章讨论了‘都’的句法位置。我们从两个方面来讨论：‘都’相对于‘都’量化成分的位置及‘都’相对于谓语动词的位置。通过观察大量‘都’字句，我们发现‘都’既可以出现在‘都’量化成分的左边也可出现在其右边。同时我们还注意到除在‘得’字句外，‘都’总是贴附在谓语动词之前。
本文第三章考察了‘都’量化方向问题。我们首先介绍了董秀芳(Dong，2000)及蒋严(Jiang，1998)对‘都’量化方向存在左右两种情况的分析。相对而言，蒋严的分析更全面更有说服力。蒋严(Jiang，1998)竭力证明不存在‘都’量化成分位于‘都’右侧的情况。
按蒋严的理论，‘都’量化成分并不一定非要出现在‘都’字句里，有时‘都’量化的成分是预设，或者在前文提到的内容。因此第四章里，我们试着探索‘都’量化成分的共同特征。首先我们综述了前人的研究，这些研究都只讨论了‘都’量化名词的特性。通过借鉴前人的研究方法，我们发现所有‘都’量化成分都必须满足语义上的复数条件。我们不排除有些‘都’量化成分以单数形式出现，但其表达的语义必定是复数。同时我们还注意到张宁(Zhang Ning，1997)和张谊生(Zhang Yisheng，2003)通过对‘都’量化名词的研究得出的‘可衡量性’和‘可重复性’原则同样适用于其它‘都’量化成分。
This thesis is a study of the syntax of the Chinese dou quantification within the framework of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1993; 1995). It is made up of four chapters. In Chapter One, with a view to rendering an overall picture of dou-quantification, the basic terms of dou -quantification are introduced and a classification of different types of dou-quantified elements is made.
Chapter two focuses on the study of dou's syntactic position. We discuss this issue from two aspects: dou's syntactic position in relation to dou -quantified elements, and its syntactic position in relation to the predicate. Based on the observation of Chinese dou sentences, we can arrive at the conclusion that dou can appear either to the left or to the right of dou-quantified elements. We have also observed that in a great majority of cases the predicate immediately follows dou, but given the special DE-structure, this cannot be an obligatory requirement.
In Chapter Three we take another look at the directionality of dou. Both Dong's (2002) and Jiang's (1998) analyses are introduced in this chapter. Comparatively speaking, Jiang's analysis is more comprehensive and convincing. Jiang (1998) argues that there does not exist rightward dou-quantification, which abides by the syntactic spirit of uniformity.
According to Jiang's theory, the dou-quantified element does not necessarily exist in overt form in the dou sentence. Sometimes it may be presupposed or be mentioned in the previous context. So in Chapter Four we try to explore the general feature of dou -quantifiable elements. Previous studies, most of which focus on dou-quantified NPs, are introduced. We find that all the dou-quantified elements must be plural in meaning, and name this requirement Plural Constraint. We also notice that the principles of 'measurability' and 'repeatability' suit both dou-quantified NPs and the other dou-quantified elements.
This thesis focuses on generalizing Chinese dou-quantification. We have made a detailed classification of dou-quantified elements, explained the nature of leftward dou-quantification, and reached the conclusion that dou-quantification is exclusively rightward. We have also studied the common features of dou-quantified elements and concluded that all of them are plural in meaning.
本文第二章讨论了‘都’的句法位置。我们从两个方面来讨论：‘都’相对于‘都’量化成分的位置及‘都’相对于谓语动词的位置。通过观察大量‘都’字句，我们发现‘都’既可以出现在‘都’量化成分的左边也可出现在其右边。同时我们还注意到除在‘得’字句外，‘都’总是贴附在谓语动词之前。
本文第三章考察了‘都’量化方向问题。我们首先介绍了董秀芳(Dong，2000)及蒋严(Jiang，1998)对‘都’量化方向存在左右两种情况的分析。相对而言，蒋严的分析更全面更有说服力。蒋严(Jiang，1998)竭力证明不存在‘都’量化成分位于‘都’右侧的情况。
按蒋严的理论，‘都’量化成分并不一定非要出现在‘都’字句里，有时‘都’量化的成分是预设，或者在前文提到的内容。因此第四章里，我们试着探索‘都’量化成分的共同特征。首先我们综述了前人的研究，这些研究都只讨论了‘都’量化名词的特性。通过借鉴前人的研究方法，我们发现所有‘都’量化成分都必须满足语义上的复数条件。我们不排除有些‘都’量化成分以单数形式出现，但其表达的语义必定是复数。同时我们还注意到张宁(Zhang Ning，1997)和张谊生(Zhang Yisheng，2003)通过对‘都’量化名词的研究得出的‘可衡量性’和‘可重复性’原则同样适用于其它‘都’量化成分。
This thesis is a study of the syntax of the Chinese dou quantification within the framework of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1993; 1995). It is made up of four chapters. In Chapter One, with a view to rendering an overall picture of dou-quantification, the basic terms of dou -quantification are introduced and a classification of different types of dou-quantified elements is made.
Chapter two focuses on the study of dou's syntactic position. We discuss this issue from two aspects: dou's syntactic position in relation to dou -quantified elements, and its syntactic position in relation to the predicate. Based on the observation of Chinese dou sentences, we can arrive at the conclusion that dou can appear either to the left or to the right of dou-quantified elements. We have also observed that in a great majority of cases the predicate immediately follows dou, but given the special DE-structure, this cannot be an obligatory requirement.
In Chapter Three we take another look at the directionality of dou. Both Dong's (2002) and Jiang's (1998) analyses are introduced in this chapter. Comparatively speaking, Jiang's analysis is more comprehensive and convincing. Jiang (1998) argues that there does not exist rightward dou-quantification, which abides by the syntactic spirit of uniformity.
According to Jiang's theory, the dou-quantified element does not necessarily exist in overt form in the dou sentence. Sometimes it may be presupposed or be mentioned in the previous context. So in Chapter Four we try to explore the general feature of dou -quantifiable elements. Previous studies, most of which focus on dou-quantified NPs, are introduced. We find that all the dou-quantified elements must be plural in meaning, and name this requirement Plural Constraint. We also notice that the principles of 'measurability' and 'repeatability' suit both dou-quantified NPs and the other dou-quantified elements.
This thesis focuses on generalizing Chinese dou-quantification. We have made a detailed classification of dou-quantified elements, explained the nature of leftward dou-quantification, and reached the conclusion that dou-quantification is exclusively rightward. We have also studied the common features of dou-quantified elements and concluded that all of them are plural in meaning.
引文
Barwise, Jon and Robin Cooper. 1981. Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language, Linguistics and Philosophy 4: 159-219.
Chen, Meizhen. 1987. Guanyu biaoshi zongkuo quanbude dou (On the universal quantifier dou (all)). Yuyan jiaoxue yu Yanjiu (Language Teaching and Research) 2: 27-36.
Cheng, Lisa L. -S. 1995. On Dou-quantification, Journal of East Asian Linguistics 4: 197-324.
Chomsky, Norm. 1993. 'A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory', in K. Hale and S. J. Keyswe (eds.) The View From Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, Cambridge:MIT Press.
Chomsky, Norm. 1995. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, Mass, : MIT Press.
Chomsky, Norm. 2001. Beyond Explanatory Adequacy. In MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics No. 20. Cambridge, Mass: MITWPL.
Dong, Xiufang. 2002. Dou de zhixiang mubiao ji xiangguande wenti (On targets of dou and some related issues). Zhongguo Yuwen (Chinese Philology) 6: 495-507.
Gao, Mingle. 2002. Shitan hanyu dou de dingyi. (A survey of the binding scope and function of Chinese dou). Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu ( Langguange teaching and Research) 3: 30-34.
Huang, Shizhe. 1994. Dou as an existential quantifier, paper presented the 6th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics.
Huang, Shizhe. 1996. Quantification and Predication in Mandarin Chinese: A Case Study of Dou. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Jiang, Yan. 1998. Yuyong tuili yu dou de jufa/yuyi tezheng (Pragmatic reasoning and syntactic/semantic characterization of dou.). Xiandai Waiyu (Modern Foreign Languages) 1: 10-24.
Lee, Thomas. 1986. Studies on Quantification on Chinese. Doctoral dissertation, Los Angeles, University of California.
Lu, Shuxiang. 1980. Xiandai hanyu babaici (800 words from Modern Chinese). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan (Commercial Press).
Ma, Zhen. 1983. Guanyu dou/quan suozongkuode duixiangde weizhi (On the position of the target of dou/quan quantification). Hanyu Xuexi (Chinese Studies) 1.
Mai, Tao. 2003. A Syntactic and Semantic Study of Dou-quantification in Mandarin Chinese. Master paper, Wuhan, Wuhan University
Qiao, Zhengwei. 2001. A Syntactic Study on Chinese Dou Sentences. Master paper, Guangzhou, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Su, Peicheng. 1984. Youguan fuci dou de liage wenti (Two issues related to the adverb dou). Yuyanxue Luncong (Studies in Linguistics) Vol. 13: 57-61.
Wen, Binli and Qiao Zhengwei. 2002. Dou liahuade duobiaozhiyu fenxi (Multiple specifies analysis of dou-quantification). Waiyu Xuekan (Foreign Language Research) 4: 70-75.
Sung, Kuo-ming. 1996. 'Multiple Dou-quantification and the leftness condition', ms., Lawrence University.
Wu, Jianxin. 1998. 'A Minimalist Analysis of Dou-Quantification', ms., University of Maryland Park.
Xu, Songlie. 1993. Biao Zongkuo de dou de Yuyi Fenxi (Semantic analysis of dou-quantification). Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu (Language teaching and Research) 4:75-86.
Zhan, Weidong. 2004. fanwei fuci dou de yuyi zhixiang fenxi (Analysis on semantic orientation of dou). Hanyu Xuebao (Chinese Linguistics) 1:74-84
Zhang, Ning. 1997. Syntactic Dependencies in Mandarin Chinese. Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto.
Zhang, Yisheng. 2003. Fanwei Fuci dou de Xuanze Xianzhi (Constraints on dou-quantification). Zhongguo Yuwen (Chinese Philology) 5: 392-398.
Zhang, Bin. 2001. Xiandai Hanyu Xuci Cidian (Modern Chinese functional words dictionary). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan (Commercial Press).
Chen, Meizhen. 1987. Guanyu biaoshi zongkuo quanbude dou (On the universal quantifier dou (all)). Yuyan jiaoxue yu Yanjiu (Language Teaching and Research) 2: 27-36.
Cheng, Lisa L. -S. 1995. On Dou-quantification, Journal of East Asian Linguistics 4: 197-324.
Chomsky, Norm. 1993. 'A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory', in K. Hale and S. J. Keyswe (eds.) The View From Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, Cambridge:MIT Press.
Chomsky, Norm. 1995. The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, Mass, : MIT Press.
Chomsky, Norm. 2001. Beyond Explanatory Adequacy. In MIT Occasional Papers in Linguistics No. 20. Cambridge, Mass: MITWPL.
Dong, Xiufang. 2002. Dou de zhixiang mubiao ji xiangguande wenti (On targets of dou and some related issues). Zhongguo Yuwen (Chinese Philology) 6: 495-507.
Gao, Mingle. 2002. Shitan hanyu dou de dingyi. (A survey of the binding scope and function of Chinese dou). Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu ( Langguange teaching and Research) 3: 30-34.
Huang, Shizhe. 1994. Dou as an existential quantifier, paper presented the 6th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics.
Huang, Shizhe. 1996. Quantification and Predication in Mandarin Chinese: A Case Study of Dou. Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
Jiang, Yan. 1998. Yuyong tuili yu dou de jufa/yuyi tezheng (Pragmatic reasoning and syntactic/semantic characterization of dou.). Xiandai Waiyu (Modern Foreign Languages) 1: 10-24.
Lee, Thomas. 1986. Studies on Quantification on Chinese. Doctoral dissertation, Los Angeles, University of California.
Lu, Shuxiang. 1980. Xiandai hanyu babaici (800 words from Modern Chinese). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan (Commercial Press).
Ma, Zhen. 1983. Guanyu dou/quan suozongkuode duixiangde weizhi (On the position of the target of dou/quan quantification). Hanyu Xuexi (Chinese Studies) 1.
Mai, Tao. 2003. A Syntactic and Semantic Study of Dou-quantification in Mandarin Chinese. Master paper, Wuhan, Wuhan University
Qiao, Zhengwei. 2001. A Syntactic Study on Chinese Dou Sentences. Master paper, Guangzhou, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Su, Peicheng. 1984. Youguan fuci dou de liage wenti (Two issues related to the adverb dou). Yuyanxue Luncong (Studies in Linguistics) Vol. 13: 57-61.
Wen, Binli and Qiao Zhengwei. 2002. Dou liahuade duobiaozhiyu fenxi (Multiple specifies analysis of dou-quantification). Waiyu Xuekan (Foreign Language Research) 4: 70-75.
Sung, Kuo-ming. 1996. 'Multiple Dou-quantification and the leftness condition', ms., Lawrence University.
Wu, Jianxin. 1998. 'A Minimalist Analysis of Dou-Quantification', ms., University of Maryland Park.
Xu, Songlie. 1993. Biao Zongkuo de dou de Yuyi Fenxi (Semantic analysis of dou-quantification). Yuyan Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu (Language teaching and Research) 4:75-86.
Zhan, Weidong. 2004. fanwei fuci dou de yuyi zhixiang fenxi (Analysis on semantic orientation of dou). Hanyu Xuebao (Chinese Linguistics) 1:74-84
Zhang, Ning. 1997. Syntactic Dependencies in Mandarin Chinese. Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto.
Zhang, Yisheng. 2003. Fanwei Fuci dou de Xuanze Xianzhi (Constraints on dou-quantification). Zhongguo Yuwen (Chinese Philology) 5: 392-398.
Zhang, Bin. 2001. Xiandai Hanyu Xuci Cidian (Modern Chinese functional words dictionary). Beijing: Shangwu Yinshuguan (Commercial Press).
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