接收机射频前端关键模块的设计与实现
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摘要
近年来,随着微波技术的进步,微波接收机也在飞速地发展。而接收机射频前端的设计往往对整个系统的非线性指标、噪声系数、稳定度、灵敏度、增益等重要特征起着决定性的作用。因此,对接收机射频前端系统的研究有着重要的实际意义。
本课题的任务是设计制作一套接收机射频前端系统,其中带通滤波器、低噪声放大器及锁相环频率源等三个关键模块是本论文关注的重点。
论文详细的介绍了接收机射频前端系统中三个关键模块的原理和设计方法,并给出了本课题的设计实例和测试结果。首先,本文简要说明了课题背景及论文的主要工作。其次,简述了接收机的主要参数及几种常见的接收机系统结构。然后,分析了发夹型微带带通滤波器的电磁耦合特性及设计方法,给出了中心频率为900MHz的带通滤波器的设计过程及仿真测试数据;详细阐述了平衡式放大器的工作原理及其匹配、功率增益、稳定性及噪声性能,给出了采用该电路形式的低噪声放大器的仿真设计过程及测试结果;概述了频率合成技术,分析了锁相环的基本工作原理、稳定性及噪声性能,给出了采用Si4133芯片设计的830MHz锁相环频率合成器的设计电路及测试数据;最后,总结了本人完成的工作并提出了改进方向。
在设计过程中,发夹型微带带通滤波器主要考虑其通带平坦性及过渡带陡峭程度,低噪声放大器以增益、输入输出驻波比、噪声系数为优化指标,频率源主要从输出频率及其功率、相位噪声来考察设计效果。测试结果表明,在误差范围内,模块均满足设计要求。
With the progress of microwave techniques,the receiver are developing fast recently. The RF front-end of receiver is a decisive factor producing an effect on important properties such as nonlinearity,noise factor,stability,sensitivity,gain.Therefore,research on the RF front-end of receiver have important practical meanings.
Our project is to design and manufacture a RF front-end system of receiver.This thesis is focus on the three key modules which are radio frequency bandpass filter,low noise amplifier,PLL synthesizer.
The fundamental theories and design approaches of the three key units in receiver RF front-end are introduced in this thesis. Moreover, the design examples and testing results of all three modules are given. First,the technical background of the project and main contents of this thesis are explained briefly. Second,major parameters and common organizations of receiver are recommendated. Third,the general theories about microstrip filter and the electromagnetic coupling characteristics and design methods of microstrip hairpin-resonator bandpass filter are suggested,the design process,simulation and testing outcomes of the hairpin filter module working on 900MHz is shown. Then,basic principles of balanced amplifier are analyzed in great detail,containing impedance matching, gain, stability and noise performance, the LNA adopted balanced structure is stated including its design procedures and testing results. Finally,frequency synthetic technique and the theory of PLL is elaborated, the circuit and testing results of the PLL synthesizer applying Si4133 is demonstrated.
In the course of the design, we mainly considered passband platness and abrupt transition band of hairpin bandpass filter; taken gain,input/output VSWR,noise factor of LNA as optimization goals; checked frequency and power of output,phase noise of PLL synthesizer. All the testing results of the three modules meet design requirements within the range of allowable error.
本课题的任务是设计制作一套接收机射频前端系统,其中带通滤波器、低噪声放大器及锁相环频率源等三个关键模块是本论文关注的重点。
论文详细的介绍了接收机射频前端系统中三个关键模块的原理和设计方法,并给出了本课题的设计实例和测试结果。首先,本文简要说明了课题背景及论文的主要工作。其次,简述了接收机的主要参数及几种常见的接收机系统结构。然后,分析了发夹型微带带通滤波器的电磁耦合特性及设计方法,给出了中心频率为900MHz的带通滤波器的设计过程及仿真测试数据;详细阐述了平衡式放大器的工作原理及其匹配、功率增益、稳定性及噪声性能,给出了采用该电路形式的低噪声放大器的仿真设计过程及测试结果;概述了频率合成技术,分析了锁相环的基本工作原理、稳定性及噪声性能,给出了采用Si4133芯片设计的830MHz锁相环频率合成器的设计电路及测试数据;最后,总结了本人完成的工作并提出了改进方向。
在设计过程中,发夹型微带带通滤波器主要考虑其通带平坦性及过渡带陡峭程度,低噪声放大器以增益、输入输出驻波比、噪声系数为优化指标,频率源主要从输出频率及其功率、相位噪声来考察设计效果。测试结果表明,在误差范围内,模块均满足设计要求。
With the progress of microwave techniques,the receiver are developing fast recently. The RF front-end of receiver is a decisive factor producing an effect on important properties such as nonlinearity,noise factor,stability,sensitivity,gain.Therefore,research on the RF front-end of receiver have important practical meanings.
Our project is to design and manufacture a RF front-end system of receiver.This thesis is focus on the three key modules which are radio frequency bandpass filter,low noise amplifier,PLL synthesizer.
The fundamental theories and design approaches of the three key units in receiver RF front-end are introduced in this thesis. Moreover, the design examples and testing results of all three modules are given. First,the technical background of the project and main contents of this thesis are explained briefly. Second,major parameters and common organizations of receiver are recommendated. Third,the general theories about microstrip filter and the electromagnetic coupling characteristics and design methods of microstrip hairpin-resonator bandpass filter are suggested,the design process,simulation and testing outcomes of the hairpin filter module working on 900MHz is shown. Then,basic principles of balanced amplifier are analyzed in great detail,containing impedance matching, gain, stability and noise performance, the LNA adopted balanced structure is stated including its design procedures and testing results. Finally,frequency synthetic technique and the theory of PLL is elaborated, the circuit and testing results of the PLL synthesizer applying Si4133 is demonstrated.
In the course of the design, we mainly considered passband platness and abrupt transition band of hairpin bandpass filter; taken gain,input/output VSWR,noise factor of LNA as optimization goals; checked frequency and power of output,phase noise of PLL synthesizer. All the testing results of the three modules meet design requirements within the range of allowable error.
引文
[1]曹杰.区域无线电导航系统中射频接收机的研究与设计:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学,2006.
[2]陈邦媛.射频通信电路.第二版.北京:科学出版社,2006.287~296
[3]清华大学《微带电路》编写组.微带电路.第一版.北京:人民邮电出版社,1976.100~103
[4]周正欧,张开智,张玉兴等.T/R组件关键技术研究.成都:电子科技大学电子工程学院,1995:35~41
[5]孙在吉.GaAs MESFET HEMT和HBT的最新发展.半导体杂志,1992,17(3):44~52
[6] James J.Whelehan.Low-Noise Amplifiers――Then and Now.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2002,50 (3):806~813
[7]张汉三.高电子迁移率晶体管十年.半导体技术,1991(4):36~40
[8] John W. Archer.Ultra-Low-Noise Indium-Phosphide MMIC Amplifiers for 85-115GHz.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,2001,49 (11):180~191
[9] S.Weinrebet al . W-band InP wideband MMIC LNA with 30K Noise temperature.IEEE Int.Microwave Symp. Dig.,1999:101~101
[10]刘自明,胡荣中,曲兰欣等.微波/毫米波低噪声器件、新型固体器件及其电路的发展趋势与开发建议.半导体技术,1994(4):26~30
[11]顾宝良.通信电子线路.北京:电子工业出版社,2001.52~73
[12]李明洋.智能天线射频接收电路研究与设计:[硕士学位论文].西安:西北工业大学,2004.
[13]杨陈庆.专用短波射频接收机的研制与实现:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2005.
[14] Behzard Razavi.RF Microelectronics.Prentice Hall PTR,1998.38~45
[15] B.Razavi . Design Considerations for Direct-Conversion Receivers . IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II:Analog and Digital Signal Processing,1997,44(6):428~435
[16]高峻.无线通信射频接收前端研究与设计:[硕士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2006.
[17]姚亮.S波段射频接收前端的研究与实现:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2006.
[18]高葆新.微波电路计算机辅助设计.第一版.北京:清华大学出版社,1988.55~72
[19] (美)Reinhold Ludwig,Pavel Bretchko.射频电路设计――理论与应用.王子宇,张肇仪,徐承和等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2002.78~95
[20]甘本祓,吴万春.现代微波滤波器的结构与设计.第一版.北京:科学出版社,1974.150~165
[21]刘刚,张淑娥.微带交叉耦合发卡式滤波器的设计.华北电力大学学报,2005,32(4):75~78
[22]吴世杰.微带抽头线交指滤波器的设计.无线电通信技术,1992,18(1):39~44
[23] Jia-Sheng Hong,Michael J.Lancaster.Cross-Coupled Microstrip Hairpin-Resonator Filters.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1998,46(1):118~122
[24] B.I.Bleaney,B.Bleaney.Electricity and Magnetism.3rd ed.Oxford,U.K:Oxford Univ. Press, vol.1, 1976,ch.7.
[25] M.Sagawa,K.Takahashi,M.Makimoto.Miniaturized hairpin resonator filters and their application to receiver frond-end MIC’s.IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech.,1989,37(12):1991~1997
[26] Jia-Sheng Hong,Michael J.Lancaster.Couplings of Microstrip Square Open-Loop Resonators for Cross-Coupled Planar Microwave Filters.IEEE Trans on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1996,44(12):2099~2109
[27]苏永川,何子述,高瑜翔等.L波段发卡型微带滤波器的设计.电子科技大学学报,2004,33(1):16~18
[28] Wong J S.Microstrip Tapped-Line Filter Design.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1979,27(1):44~50
[29]陈天麒.波低噪声晶体管放大器.第一版.北京:人民邮电出版社,1983.246~271
[30] Sirenza Microdevices.SGA-4586_Datasheet.pdf
[31] Anaren Hybird Couplers Model 1D1304-3 Datasheet Rev.A.pdf
[32] STMICROELECTRONICS_L7800SERIES.pdf
[33]张厥盛,曹丽娜.锁相与频率合成技术.第一版.成都:电子科技大学出版社,1995.145~160
[34] (美)Vadim Manassewitsch.频率合成器――理论与设计.第一版.郑绳楦,杜文陞,李斌祥等译.北京:机械工业出版社,1982.104~123
[35]刘光辉.并行DDS频率源技术研究:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2002.
[36]赵宏飞.4-8GHz宽带DDS锁相扫频源的研制:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2002.
[37]戴逸民.频率合成与锁相技术.第一版.合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1995.24~38,42~50
[38]张冠百.锁相与频率合成.第一版.北京:电子工业出版社,1995.19~21,36~44
[39] Silicon Laboratories.Si4133 Datasheet Rev.1.2 2/02.2002:1~3
[40] Silicon Laboratories.Inductor design for the Si41xx synthesizer family Rev.1.2 3/01.2001:1~5
[41] Edward G.Cristal,Sidney Frankel.Hairpin-Line and Hybrid Hairpin-Line/Half-Wave Parallel-Coupled-Line Filters . IEEE Transcations on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1972,20(11);719~728
[42] Yingjie D,Peter Gardner,Peter S.Hall,et all.Multiple-Coupled Microstrip Hairpin-Resonator Filter.IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters,2003,13(12):532~534
[43] Ulrich H.Gysel.New Theory and Design for Hairpin-Line Filters.IEEE Transcations on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1974,22(5):523~531
[44] Jia-Sheng Hong . Couplings of asynchronously tuned coupled microwave resonators.IEE Proc.-Microw.Antennas Propag.,2000,147(5):354~358
[45]陈世伟.锁相环路原理及应用.北京:兵器工业出版社,1990.69~76
[46] Dean Banerjee.PLL Performance,Simulation and Design.Third Edition,2003.52~60
[47] Roland E.Best.锁相环原理、设计及其应用.第一版.刘顺英,昂秀芬,李巍译.北京:人民邮电出版社,1988.65~87
[48] J.Tierney,C.M.Rader, B.GoId.A Digital Frequency Synthesizer.IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics,1971,19(1):48~57
[49]连汉雄.微波锁相振荡源.第一版.北京:人民邮电出版社,1982.121~231
[50]庄卉,黄苏华,袁国春.锁相与频率合成技术.第一版.北京:气象出版社,1996.40~55
[51] Mike Curtin,Paul O.Brien.Phase Locked Loops for High-Frequency Receivers and Transmitters.Analog Devices company,1999.34~41
[52] V.F.Kroupa.Phase Lock loops and frequency synthesis.John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.,2003.25~33
[53]费元春,陈世伟,孙燕玲等.微波固态频率源――理论、设计、应用.第一版.北京:国防工业出版社,1994.102~123
[54] Dan H.Wolaver.Phase-locked Loop circuit design.Prentice Hall,1991.52~64
[55]刘国梁.L波段的低相噪锁相频率源的研制:[硕士学位论文].北京:中国科学院,2006.
[56] William F.Egan.Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock.1981.23~30
[2]陈邦媛.射频通信电路.第二版.北京:科学出版社,2006.287~296
[3]清华大学《微带电路》编写组.微带电路.第一版.北京:人民邮电出版社,1976.100~103
[4]周正欧,张开智,张玉兴等.T/R组件关键技术研究.成都:电子科技大学电子工程学院,1995:35~41
[5]孙在吉.GaAs MESFET HEMT和HBT的最新发展.半导体杂志,1992,17(3):44~52
[6] James J.Whelehan.Low-Noise Amplifiers――Then and Now.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2002,50 (3):806~813
[7]张汉三.高电子迁移率晶体管十年.半导体技术,1991(4):36~40
[8] John W. Archer.Ultra-Low-Noise Indium-Phosphide MMIC Amplifiers for 85-115GHz.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,2001,49 (11):180~191
[9] S.Weinrebet al . W-band InP wideband MMIC LNA with 30K Noise temperature.IEEE Int.Microwave Symp. Dig.,1999:101~101
[10]刘自明,胡荣中,曲兰欣等.微波/毫米波低噪声器件、新型固体器件及其电路的发展趋势与开发建议.半导体技术,1994(4):26~30
[11]顾宝良.通信电子线路.北京:电子工业出版社,2001.52~73
[12]李明洋.智能天线射频接收电路研究与设计:[硕士学位论文].西安:西北工业大学,2004.
[13]杨陈庆.专用短波射频接收机的研制与实现:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2005.
[14] Behzard Razavi.RF Microelectronics.Prentice Hall PTR,1998.38~45
[15] B.Razavi . Design Considerations for Direct-Conversion Receivers . IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II:Analog and Digital Signal Processing,1997,44(6):428~435
[16]高峻.无线通信射频接收前端研究与设计:[硕士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2006.
[17]姚亮.S波段射频接收前端的研究与实现:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2006.
[18]高葆新.微波电路计算机辅助设计.第一版.北京:清华大学出版社,1988.55~72
[19] (美)Reinhold Ludwig,Pavel Bretchko.射频电路设计――理论与应用.王子宇,张肇仪,徐承和等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2002.78~95
[20]甘本祓,吴万春.现代微波滤波器的结构与设计.第一版.北京:科学出版社,1974.150~165
[21]刘刚,张淑娥.微带交叉耦合发卡式滤波器的设计.华北电力大学学报,2005,32(4):75~78
[22]吴世杰.微带抽头线交指滤波器的设计.无线电通信技术,1992,18(1):39~44
[23] Jia-Sheng Hong,Michael J.Lancaster.Cross-Coupled Microstrip Hairpin-Resonator Filters.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1998,46(1):118~122
[24] B.I.Bleaney,B.Bleaney.Electricity and Magnetism.3rd ed.Oxford,U.K:Oxford Univ. Press, vol.1, 1976,ch.7.
[25] M.Sagawa,K.Takahashi,M.Makimoto.Miniaturized hairpin resonator filters and their application to receiver frond-end MIC’s.IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Tech.,1989,37(12):1991~1997
[26] Jia-Sheng Hong,Michael J.Lancaster.Couplings of Microstrip Square Open-Loop Resonators for Cross-Coupled Planar Microwave Filters.IEEE Trans on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1996,44(12):2099~2109
[27]苏永川,何子述,高瑜翔等.L波段发卡型微带滤波器的设计.电子科技大学学报,2004,33(1):16~18
[28] Wong J S.Microstrip Tapped-Line Filter Design.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1979,27(1):44~50
[29]陈天麒.波低噪声晶体管放大器.第一版.北京:人民邮电出版社,1983.246~271
[30] Sirenza Microdevices.SGA-4586_Datasheet.pdf
[31] Anaren Hybird Couplers Model 1D1304-3 Datasheet Rev.A.pdf
[32] STMICROELECTRONICS_L7800SERIES.pdf
[33]张厥盛,曹丽娜.锁相与频率合成技术.第一版.成都:电子科技大学出版社,1995.145~160
[34] (美)Vadim Manassewitsch.频率合成器――理论与设计.第一版.郑绳楦,杜文陞,李斌祥等译.北京:机械工业出版社,1982.104~123
[35]刘光辉.并行DDS频率源技术研究:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2002.
[36]赵宏飞.4-8GHz宽带DDS锁相扫频源的研制:[硕士学位论文].成都:电子科技大学,2002.
[37]戴逸民.频率合成与锁相技术.第一版.合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1995.24~38,42~50
[38]张冠百.锁相与频率合成.第一版.北京:电子工业出版社,1995.19~21,36~44
[39] Silicon Laboratories.Si4133 Datasheet Rev.1.2 2/02.2002:1~3
[40] Silicon Laboratories.Inductor design for the Si41xx synthesizer family Rev.1.2 3/01.2001:1~5
[41] Edward G.Cristal,Sidney Frankel.Hairpin-Line and Hybrid Hairpin-Line/Half-Wave Parallel-Coupled-Line Filters . IEEE Transcations on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1972,20(11);719~728
[42] Yingjie D,Peter Gardner,Peter S.Hall,et all.Multiple-Coupled Microstrip Hairpin-Resonator Filter.IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters,2003,13(12):532~534
[43] Ulrich H.Gysel.New Theory and Design for Hairpin-Line Filters.IEEE Transcations on Microwave Theory and Techniques,1974,22(5):523~531
[44] Jia-Sheng Hong . Couplings of asynchronously tuned coupled microwave resonators.IEE Proc.-Microw.Antennas Propag.,2000,147(5):354~358
[45]陈世伟.锁相环路原理及应用.北京:兵器工业出版社,1990.69~76
[46] Dean Banerjee.PLL Performance,Simulation and Design.Third Edition,2003.52~60
[47] Roland E.Best.锁相环原理、设计及其应用.第一版.刘顺英,昂秀芬,李巍译.北京:人民邮电出版社,1988.65~87
[48] J.Tierney,C.M.Rader, B.GoId.A Digital Frequency Synthesizer.IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics,1971,19(1):48~57
[49]连汉雄.微波锁相振荡源.第一版.北京:人民邮电出版社,1982.121~231
[50]庄卉,黄苏华,袁国春.锁相与频率合成技术.第一版.北京:气象出版社,1996.40~55
[51] Mike Curtin,Paul O.Brien.Phase Locked Loops for High-Frequency Receivers and Transmitters.Analog Devices company,1999.34~41
[52] V.F.Kroupa.Phase Lock loops and frequency synthesis.John Wiley&Sons,Ltd.,2003.25~33
[53]费元春,陈世伟,孙燕玲等.微波固态频率源――理论、设计、应用.第一版.北京:国防工业出版社,1994.102~123
[54] Dan H.Wolaver.Phase-locked Loop circuit design.Prentice Hall,1991.52~64
[55]刘国梁.L波段的低相噪锁相频率源的研制:[硕士学位论文].北京:中国科学院,2006.
[56] William F.Egan.Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock.1981.23~30