基于分数阶Fourier变换的RFID定位系统关键技术研究
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摘要
近年来，以实现人与人，人与物以及物与物之间随时随地进行数据通信为目标的物联网成为一项新兴的产业。然而在物联网应用中，没有地理位置信息的数据往往是无意义的，故对联网个体的定位问题成为研究的热点。目前，基于GPS、无线传感器网络、超宽带、射频识别等物联网支撑技术的定位研究开展得如火如荼，其中射频识别技术，凭借非接触、非视距、短时延、高精度、传输范围大、成本低和易实现等优点已成为物联网定位技术研究的重要载体。
线性调频（LFM）信号是一类重要的非平稳信号，被广泛应用于雷达、声纳、通信等领域。由于LFM信号的瞬时频率随传播时间线性变化，其抗多普勒频移干扰的能力较强，且该信号本身的两个重要参数都包含有目标的位置信息，所以非常适合于定位、跟踪等需要目标位置信息的应用。分数阶Fourier变换（FRFT）作为传统Fourier变换的广义形式，具有明确的物理意义、统一的描述方法、优良的数学性质以及高效的离散算法，能同时反映信号在时、频域的信息，适于处理非平稳信号。
一个出色的射频识别定位系统其关键技术包括面向工程应用背景，精度高、效率高、易实现的定位算法，小型化、多频段、可重构的读写器和标签天线，稳定可靠、低功耗、低成本的读写器和标签嵌入式系统软硬件设计。本文结合分数阶Fourier变换理论以及微带天线理论，对基于分数阶Fourier变换的RFID定位算法，小型化多频段可重构RFID天线设计以及针对实际工程应用可移植算法的RFID技术嵌入式系统平台设计与实现进行了较为深入的研究，所作的主要贡献及创新性成果包括以下几个方面：
提出了一种针对单个移动读写器对多个LFM射频标签目标的检测及定位算法。将分数阶Fourier变换理论引入了RFID定位研究。考虑到实际应用中天线阵列几何形状的均匀性要受到设备内部空间、阵列资源以及校正技术的限制，对非均匀天线阵列进行了分析。针对工程实用背景，建立了分数阶Fourier域天线阵列数据模型。考虑移动读写器接收信号的多普勒频移,构造了子空间阵列旋转矩阵，结合常规ESPRIT子空间算法，实现了多个宽带LFM信号的DOA估计。在移动读写器位置已知条件下，根据估计的波达方向，利用简单的几何关系实现定位，并进行了仿真实验。
提出了一种适用于RFID系统，同时也适用于蓝牙，WLAN和WiMAX通信系统的小型化多频段单极子微带天线。在研究微带天线理论的基础上，结合RFID天线设计要求，创新的提出了一种带缺陷地结构的天线形状。该天线具备尺寸小，重量轻，易集成，多频段，结构紧凑，馈电方便的特点。给出了天线设计流程和天线设计准则，并进行了仿真、实际制作与测试，测试结果表明该天线符合RFID系统通信应用要求，适合工程应用。
针对多频段天线相邻工作频段存在干扰问题，提出了一种适用于RFID系统，同时也适用于蓝牙，WLAN和WiMAX通信系统的的小型化多频段可重构单极子微带天线。创新的提出了一种带缺陷地结构的可重构天线形状。该天线依然具备尺寸小，重量轻，易集成，多频段，结构紧凑，馈电方便的特点，同时根据电子开关的通断，可以实现频率可重构。给出了天线设计流程和天线设计准则，并进行了仿真、实际制作与测试，测试结果表明该天线符合RFID系统通信应用要求，适合工程应用。
提出了一种可工作在高频频段（HF）的RFID嵌入式系统平台。该平台以采用ARM Cortex-M3核的STM32微控制器为核心，符合ISO14443，ISO15693标准，可工作在13.56MHz高频频段。论文完成了系统硬件设计与制作，开发了系统软件，并在此平台基础上进行了与RFID关键技术相关的开发与测试。
提出了一种可工作在超高频频段（UHF）和微波频段（Microwave）的RFID嵌入式系统平台。该平台依然以采用ARM Cortex-M3核的STM32微控制器为核心，可工作在433MHz/868MHZ/915MHz超高频频段和2.4GHz，5.8GHz微波频段，同时为3.5GHz微波频段预留了开发接口。论文完成了系统硬件设计与制作，开发了系统软件，并在此平台基础上进行了与RFID关键技术相关的开发与测试。该平台采用了本文设计的天线，其处理器可实现本文算法的移植，同时为其他算法和天线的开发与实测构筑了一个基础的嵌入式平台。
In recent years, in order to realize the communication between person and person, person and ting, thing and thing, whenever and wherever possible, the Internet of things has become an emerging industry. However, in the Internet of things, no geographic information data is often meaningless, so the location problem of network becomes the focus of research. At present, as the support technologies of the Internet of things, the localization research of GPS, wireless sensor networks, ultra-wideband and radio frequency identification develops fast. The radio frequency identification technology, with the advantages of non-contact, non-line-of-sight, short time delay, high precision, large transmission range, low cost and easy to implement, has become a hot topic technology of positioning research of Internet of things.
Linear frequency modulated (LFM) signal is an important class of non-stationary signal, is widely used in radar, sonar, communication etc. Because of the instantaneous frequency of the LFM signal with the propagation time linearly, the Doppler frequency shift interference ability is strong, and the two important parameters of the signal itself contains the position information of the target, so is very suitable for positioning, tracking the target position information. The fractional Fourier transform, as a generalized form of conventional Fourier transform, is essentially a unified time-frequency representation, which reflects the characteristics of a signal in time domain and frequency domain simultaneously, has definite physical meaning, unified description method, excellent mathematical property and efficient discrete algorithm, and is suitable for non-stationary signal processing.
The key technologies of a good radio frequency identification and positioning system include positioning algorithm of high precision, high efficiency, easy implementation, for engineering application background; miniaturization, multi-band, reconfigurable reader and tag antenna; the hardware and software of embedded system design of reader and tag which is stable and reliable, low power consumption, low cost.
Based on the fractional Fourier transform theory and the theory of microstrip antenna, the RFID localization algorithm based on the fractional Fourier transform, miniaturized multiband reconfigurable RFID antenna and aiming at the practical engineering application of portable algorithms for RFID technology in embedded system platform design and realization are studied, the main contributions and innovative achievements include the following:
Presens an algorithm for detecting and locating a plurality of RFID tag target transmitting LFM signal by the mobile reader.The fractional Fourier transform theory is introduced into the RFID position, taking into account the uniformity of practice antenna array geometry to be inside the space equipment, array resources and correction technology limited, so combined with the practical background of non-uniform antenna array is analyzed, established the fractional Fourier domain antenna array data model, consider mobile reading writing device receives the signal Doppler frequency shift, construct spatial array rotation matrix, combined with conventional ESPRIT subspace algorithm for one-dimensional DOA multiple wideband LFM signal estimation, in the mobile reader position known conditions, according to the direction of arrival estimation, for positioning by simple geometry, simulation experiment is carried out.
A multi-band monopole microstrip antenna is presented for the RFID system, but also suitable for Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMAX communication system. In the study of microstrip antenna theory, combined with the RFID antenna design requirements, this article innovates a shape of multi-band antenna with a defected ground structure. The antenna has small size, light weight, easy integration, multi-band, compact structure, easy to feed. Antenna design cycle and criterion, the simulation, the actual production and test are proposed, the test results show that the antenna meets the requirements of communication application of the RFID system, suitable for engineering application.
A multi-band reconfigurable monopole microstrip antenna is presented for the RFID system, but also suitable for Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMAX communication system. In the study of microstrip antenna theory, combined with the RFID antenna design requirements, this article innovates a shape of reconfigurable antenna with a defected ground structure. The antenna has small size, light weight, easy integration, multi-band, compact structure, easy to feed. Antenna design cycle and criterion, the simulation, the actual production and test are proposed, the test results show that the antenna meets the requirements of communication application of the RFID system, suitable for engineering application.
This paper puts forward one RFID embedded system platform working in high frequency range. The platform processor uses ARM Cortex-M3nuclear for STM32micro-controller, which can work in the13.56MHz frequency band, this paper designs independently and produces the hardware and software system, tests the key technologies of RFID based on this platform.
This paper puts forward the other RFID embedded system platform working in ultra-high frequency and microwave frequency range. The platform processor also uses ARM Cortex-M3nuclear for STM32micro-controller, which can work in the433MHz/868MHZ/915MHz ultra-high frequency band and2.4GHz,5.8GHz microwave frequency band, this paper designs independently and produces the hardware and software system, test the key technologies of RFID based on this platform. The platform can realize the algorithm transplantation and use the antennas which are designed in this paper, so a foundation embedded platform is built for development and testing for other algorithms and antenna.
线性调频（LFM）信号是一类重要的非平稳信号，被广泛应用于雷达、声纳、通信等领域。由于LFM信号的瞬时频率随传播时间线性变化，其抗多普勒频移干扰的能力较强，且该信号本身的两个重要参数都包含有目标的位置信息，所以非常适合于定位、跟踪等需要目标位置信息的应用。分数阶Fourier变换（FRFT）作为传统Fourier变换的广义形式，具有明确的物理意义、统一的描述方法、优良的数学性质以及高效的离散算法，能同时反映信号在时、频域的信息，适于处理非平稳信号。
一个出色的射频识别定位系统其关键技术包括面向工程应用背景，精度高、效率高、易实现的定位算法，小型化、多频段、可重构的读写器和标签天线，稳定可靠、低功耗、低成本的读写器和标签嵌入式系统软硬件设计。本文结合分数阶Fourier变换理论以及微带天线理论，对基于分数阶Fourier变换的RFID定位算法，小型化多频段可重构RFID天线设计以及针对实际工程应用可移植算法的RFID技术嵌入式系统平台设计与实现进行了较为深入的研究，所作的主要贡献及创新性成果包括以下几个方面：
提出了一种针对单个移动读写器对多个LFM射频标签目标的检测及定位算法。将分数阶Fourier变换理论引入了RFID定位研究。考虑到实际应用中天线阵列几何形状的均匀性要受到设备内部空间、阵列资源以及校正技术的限制，对非均匀天线阵列进行了分析。针对工程实用背景，建立了分数阶Fourier域天线阵列数据模型。考虑移动读写器接收信号的多普勒频移,构造了子空间阵列旋转矩阵，结合常规ESPRIT子空间算法，实现了多个宽带LFM信号的DOA估计。在移动读写器位置已知条件下，根据估计的波达方向，利用简单的几何关系实现定位，并进行了仿真实验。
提出了一种适用于RFID系统，同时也适用于蓝牙，WLAN和WiMAX通信系统的小型化多频段单极子微带天线。在研究微带天线理论的基础上，结合RFID天线设计要求，创新的提出了一种带缺陷地结构的天线形状。该天线具备尺寸小，重量轻，易集成，多频段，结构紧凑，馈电方便的特点。给出了天线设计流程和天线设计准则，并进行了仿真、实际制作与测试，测试结果表明该天线符合RFID系统通信应用要求，适合工程应用。
针对多频段天线相邻工作频段存在干扰问题，提出了一种适用于RFID系统，同时也适用于蓝牙，WLAN和WiMAX通信系统的的小型化多频段可重构单极子微带天线。创新的提出了一种带缺陷地结构的可重构天线形状。该天线依然具备尺寸小，重量轻，易集成，多频段，结构紧凑，馈电方便的特点，同时根据电子开关的通断，可以实现频率可重构。给出了天线设计流程和天线设计准则，并进行了仿真、实际制作与测试，测试结果表明该天线符合RFID系统通信应用要求，适合工程应用。
提出了一种可工作在高频频段（HF）的RFID嵌入式系统平台。该平台以采用ARM Cortex-M3核的STM32微控制器为核心，符合ISO14443，ISO15693标准，可工作在13.56MHz高频频段。论文完成了系统硬件设计与制作，开发了系统软件，并在此平台基础上进行了与RFID关键技术相关的开发与测试。
提出了一种可工作在超高频频段（UHF）和微波频段（Microwave）的RFID嵌入式系统平台。该平台依然以采用ARM Cortex-M3核的STM32微控制器为核心，可工作在433MHz/868MHZ/915MHz超高频频段和2.4GHz，5.8GHz微波频段，同时为3.5GHz微波频段预留了开发接口。论文完成了系统硬件设计与制作，开发了系统软件，并在此平台基础上进行了与RFID关键技术相关的开发与测试。该平台采用了本文设计的天线，其处理器可实现本文算法的移植，同时为其他算法和天线的开发与实测构筑了一个基础的嵌入式平台。
In recent years, in order to realize the communication between person and person, person and ting, thing and thing, whenever and wherever possible, the Internet of things has become an emerging industry. However, in the Internet of things, no geographic information data is often meaningless, so the location problem of network becomes the focus of research. At present, as the support technologies of the Internet of things, the localization research of GPS, wireless sensor networks, ultra-wideband and radio frequency identification develops fast. The radio frequency identification technology, with the advantages of non-contact, non-line-of-sight, short time delay, high precision, large transmission range, low cost and easy to implement, has become a hot topic technology of positioning research of Internet of things.
Linear frequency modulated (LFM) signal is an important class of non-stationary signal, is widely used in radar, sonar, communication etc. Because of the instantaneous frequency of the LFM signal with the propagation time linearly, the Doppler frequency shift interference ability is strong, and the two important parameters of the signal itself contains the position information of the target, so is very suitable for positioning, tracking the target position information. The fractional Fourier transform, as a generalized form of conventional Fourier transform, is essentially a unified time-frequency representation, which reflects the characteristics of a signal in time domain and frequency domain simultaneously, has definite physical meaning, unified description method, excellent mathematical property and efficient discrete algorithm, and is suitable for non-stationary signal processing.
The key technologies of a good radio frequency identification and positioning system include positioning algorithm of high precision, high efficiency, easy implementation, for engineering application background; miniaturization, multi-band, reconfigurable reader and tag antenna; the hardware and software of embedded system design of reader and tag which is stable and reliable, low power consumption, low cost.
Based on the fractional Fourier transform theory and the theory of microstrip antenna, the RFID localization algorithm based on the fractional Fourier transform, miniaturized multiband reconfigurable RFID antenna and aiming at the practical engineering application of portable algorithms for RFID technology in embedded system platform design and realization are studied, the main contributions and innovative achievements include the following:
Presens an algorithm for detecting and locating a plurality of RFID tag target transmitting LFM signal by the mobile reader.The fractional Fourier transform theory is introduced into the RFID position, taking into account the uniformity of practice antenna array geometry to be inside the space equipment, array resources and correction technology limited, so combined with the practical background of non-uniform antenna array is analyzed, established the fractional Fourier domain antenna array data model, consider mobile reading writing device receives the signal Doppler frequency shift, construct spatial array rotation matrix, combined with conventional ESPRIT subspace algorithm for one-dimensional DOA multiple wideband LFM signal estimation, in the mobile reader position known conditions, according to the direction of arrival estimation, for positioning by simple geometry, simulation experiment is carried out.
A multi-band monopole microstrip antenna is presented for the RFID system, but also suitable for Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMAX communication system. In the study of microstrip antenna theory, combined with the RFID antenna design requirements, this article innovates a shape of multi-band antenna with a defected ground structure. The antenna has small size, light weight, easy integration, multi-band, compact structure, easy to feed. Antenna design cycle and criterion, the simulation, the actual production and test are proposed, the test results show that the antenna meets the requirements of communication application of the RFID system, suitable for engineering application.
A multi-band reconfigurable monopole microstrip antenna is presented for the RFID system, but also suitable for Bluetooth, WLAN and WiMAX communication system. In the study of microstrip antenna theory, combined with the RFID antenna design requirements, this article innovates a shape of reconfigurable antenna with a defected ground structure. The antenna has small size, light weight, easy integration, multi-band, compact structure, easy to feed. Antenna design cycle and criterion, the simulation, the actual production and test are proposed, the test results show that the antenna meets the requirements of communication application of the RFID system, suitable for engineering application.
This paper puts forward one RFID embedded system platform working in high frequency range. The platform processor uses ARM Cortex-M3nuclear for STM32micro-controller, which can work in the13.56MHz frequency band, this paper designs independently and produces the hardware and software system, tests the key technologies of RFID based on this platform.
This paper puts forward the other RFID embedded system platform working in ultra-high frequency and microwave frequency range. The platform processor also uses ARM Cortex-M3nuclear for STM32micro-controller, which can work in the433MHz/868MHZ/915MHz ultra-high frequency band and2.4GHz,5.8GHz microwave frequency band, this paper designs independently and produces the hardware and software system, test the key technologies of RFID based on this platform. The platform can realize the algorithm transplantation and use the antennas which are designed in this paper, so a foundation embedded platform is built for development and testing for other algorithms and antenna.
引文
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