多接口无线MESH网络动态信道资源分配关键问题研究
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摘要
无线MESH网络(Wireless Mesh Network,WMN)是一种具有分层结构的新型无线网络。在无线MESH网络中存在多种不同的通信系统,如蜂窝网、WiFi、WiMAX,以及Ad Hoc网络等。无线MESH网络具有覆盖范围广、可靠性强、高带宽、高利用率、维护方便,以及投资成本低、风险小等优点。因此,无线Mesh网络被广泛视为下一代无线通信系统的关键网络结构。但是,多系统共存的局面也使得无线MESH网络中存在很多挑战。一方面,无线MESH网络必须解决如何将多种不同的通信系统集成到一个体系的问题。另一方面,无线MESH网络中的流量从多个不同的网络集成而来。这要求无线Mesh网络必须具有非常大的容量。但是,从多种通信系统集成来的流量却极大地加重了无线Mesh网络的干扰程度。由于无线网络的可用信道数非常有限,邻近的节点不得不使用同一条信道进行通信。无线介质的广播特性使得这些通信链路间存在干扰。此外,无线Mesh网络中的流量需要经过多跳的转发才能到达目的节点。并且,相邻的无线节点倾向于采用同一条信道进行通信。这进一步增加了无线Mesh网络链路间的干扰。因此,链路间的干扰程度是影响网络吞吐量的重要因素。如何提高无线信道的利用率,增加系统的容量是设计无线Mesh网络的一个关键问题。
信道分配是增加无线网络系统容量的最有效措施之一。为了充分利用有限的无线信道资源,无线Mesh网络也采用了一些新技术和措施。比如,为每个节点配置多接口,采用动态接口切换协议,多信道MAC协议,以及智能天线等。上述措施从不同方面提高了无线Mesh网络的性能。但是,在提高无线网络性能的同时这些新技术也带来了新的问题和挑战。例如,当前大多数协议基于单接口/静态信道分配的网络模型。因此,这些协议不能直接应用于多接口以及接口的信道动态变化的网络环境。本文主要研究了动态信道分配多接口无线Mesh网络信道资源分配相关问题。具体包括干扰估计策略、广播机制,信道分配协议的设计与实现,无线Mesh网络的流量特征及其对信道分配的影响,以及基于NS2的多接口无线Mesh网络仿真平台的搭建等。并取得了如下研究成果:
(1)为多接口无线Mesh网络提出了一个信道干扰估计策略。在动态信道分配网络中,接口的信道在通信过程中动态的改变。这使得网络的干扰问题变得更加复杂。而现有模型并没有考虑节点的动态信道切换对网络干扰的影响。本文提出的干扰估计策略不依赖于网络的实时负载。但是,该策略考虑了无线Mesh网络流量的特点,以及无线信号的传输特性对节点间干扰的影响。实验证明,该干扰估计策略不仅容易实现,而且适应性强。
(2)为采用动态接口切换协议的多接口无线Mesh网络提出了一个高效的广播机制。由于不存在恒定的通信链路,无线信道的广播特性在采用动态信道分配策略的网络中不再适用。现有的广播方案要么需要额外的广播接口,要么极大的增加网络的广播开销。本文提出的广播策略不需为节点配置额外的广播接口,却将信道切换开销限制在容许的范围内。该策略还极大地减少了无线Mesh网络的广播冗余。因此,该策略为动态信道分配的网络提供了有效的广播支持。
(3)利用排队论理论分析了基础模式无线Mesh网络(I-WMN)的流量特征及其影响。在此基础上,提出并实现了一个混合的信道分配协议。本文提出的流量模型把网关节点和处于最外层的路由节点看作是一些具有无限大的容量的排队系统,而把其余的路由器节点看作容量有限的排队系统。与以往模型不同,该模型还考虑了无线信道的带宽和干扰对无线Mesh网络性能的影响。利用该模型分析了稳定状态下无线Mesh网络的吞吐量、包丢失率和数据包的排队延迟等问题。根据分析,各路由器节点相对网关的位置决定了其上的流量。考虑到I-WMN的上述流量特征,本文提出的协议为处于不同层的路由器节点采取了不同的接口分配策略:网关节点采用静态信道分配策略,而其它节点采用混合信道分配策略。实验结果表明,该协议大大提高了无线Mesh网络的容量、适应能力和可扩展性等。
此外,本文对开源仿真工具NS2进行了扩展,以使之支持多接口和实时地信道切换功能。在扩展后的NS2上搭建了一个无线Mesh网络平台,并在该平台实现了本研究所提出的所有协议。本文的扩展不与具体的协议绑定,可以应用到一般的动态信道切换策略。
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a hybrid wireless network that has layered struc-ture. As a key technology of the next generation, WMN has several advantages such as high?exibility, wide coverage, high reliability, broad bandwidth, high utilization, facility, andetc..Therefore, WMNs can fulfil the proliferative requirements of wireless users. However,traffic loads in WMNs are aggregated from multiple communication systems, such as cel-luar, WiFi, WiMAX, Ad Hoc, and etc. Then, high capacity is required by WMNs. However,aggregated loads aggravate the interference problem of WMNs. This is because availablewireless channels in wireless communication systems are very limited. Furthermore, traf-fic loads sent from source nodes are usually relayed by several nodes before they arrive atdestination nodes. Since adjacent wireless nodes are inclined to take the same channel, longrouting paths further aggravate the interference level of WMNs. High interference decreasesthe capacity and performance of WMNs. As a consequence, enhancing the network capac-ity is one critical issue of WMNs. The utilization rate of wireless channel can be greatlyimproved by proper channel assignment. Therefore, channel assignment is one of the mosteffective strategies to improve the network capacity of WMNs.
WMNs adopt several new techniques and strategies to take full advantage of preciouswireless channels to improve the network capacity. These new techniques include equippingeach node with multiple wireless interfaces, adopting interface switching strategies, multi-channel MAC, directional/adaptive antenna, and so on. These strategies improve the perfor-mance of WMNs to some extent, whereas, they induce new problems and challenges. Forinstance, most protocols assume that every node is equipped with single interface and adoptsstatic channel assignment protocols. Thereby, these protocols cannot be directly applied tosuch environments that nodes adopt dynamic interface assignment strategies. Aiming at im-proving the performance of WMNs by interface swtiching, this dissertation mainly studiesthe issues of interference estimation strategies, broadcasting techniques, and channel assign-ment in multi-interface WMNs that adopt frequent interface switching strategies. It also researches traffic modeling and construction of simulation testbeds for WMNs. The researchresults of this thesis are as follows:
(1) Putting forward a new strategy to estimate the interference level of multi-interfaceWMNs, where nodes adopt interface switching strategies. The interference problem in suchwireless networks is complicated due to frequent interface switching during communica-tions. However, few current interference estimation strategies consider the effect of frequentinterface switching on interference between adjacent links. This dissertation proposes a newmulti-interface interference estimation strategy based on interference graph. The presentedstrategy considers the impacts of frequent interface switching, the characteristics of trafficloads in WMNs, and propagation characteristics of wireless signals on interference. Simu-lations show that the proposed strategy not only is simple, but also adopts well to frequentinterface switching.
(2) Presenting an efficient broadcasting scheme for multi-interface WMNs that adoptdynamic channel assignment. There is no permanent communication links in a WMN thatadopts dynamic channel assignment. Thereby, the broadcasting character of wireless chan-nels is unavailable. In order to send broadcast packets in such networks, current strategieseither need specific additional broadcasting interfaces or induce huge interface switchingoverheads. This dissertation brings forward a new broadcasting strategy that does not needspecific broadcasting interface. The proposed strategy provides efficient broadcasting sup-porting, whereas it keeps interface switching overheads under tolerable range. In addition,the proposed strategy can also decrease broadcast redundant in WMNs by preventing allnodes that have accepted broadcast packets on selecting relayed nodes.
(3) Developing a queuing theory based traffic model for Infrastructure WMNs (I-WMN). In this model, every gateway node and the outermost mesh node is modeled asan infinite queuing system, whereas all nodes in each hop are modeled as a finite capacityqueuing system. Based on this model, the thesis analyzes the network throughput, packetsloss rate and packets delay on each hop nodes in I-WMN. The thesis also amends the originalmodel on account of the impacts of wireless interference, bandwidth, and etc.. Simulationresults show that the modified model is more accurate than the original one to model thetraffic character of I-WMNs. Based on result achieved by this traffic model, we proposedand implemented a hybrid channel assignment protocol for I-WMNs. According to analysis,loads on gateway nodes are the heaviest. Starting from gateways, traffic loads on a nodedecrease along with the hop count increasing. The proposed protocol then adopts differ-ent interface assignment strategies for different nodes: gateway nodes adopt static interface assignment strategy, whereas all the other nodes adopt hybrid strategy. The presented pro-tocol considers the characteristics of traffic loads in I-WMN, whereas it does not depend onprior information of traffic loads on nodes/links. The protocol can be implemented easilywithout changing current hardware. Extensive simulations show that the proposed protocolimproves the network capacity and ?exibility. It also improves per-?ow fairness of the net-work, whereas it keeps the interface switching overheads and coordination complexity undertolerable range.
Besides, we extended the simulation tool NS2 (Network Simulator) to support multi-interface and frequent interface switching. The extended platform does not bind to any spe-cific protocols. Consequently, it can be easily applied to every dynamic channel assignmentstrategy/protocol. All protocols proposed in this dissertation are implemented on the ex-tended NS2 platform. Results show that the extended platform is efficient to support multi-interface and dynamic channel switching in wireless networks.KEY WORDS: Wireless Mesh Network, Multiple Interfaces, Dynamic Channel Assign-ment, Interference Estimation, Broadcast Strategy, Traffic Model, NS2 Simulation
信道分配是增加无线网络系统容量的最有效措施之一。为了充分利用有限的无线信道资源,无线Mesh网络也采用了一些新技术和措施。比如,为每个节点配置多接口,采用动态接口切换协议,多信道MAC协议,以及智能天线等。上述措施从不同方面提高了无线Mesh网络的性能。但是,在提高无线网络性能的同时这些新技术也带来了新的问题和挑战。例如,当前大多数协议基于单接口/静态信道分配的网络模型。因此,这些协议不能直接应用于多接口以及接口的信道动态变化的网络环境。本文主要研究了动态信道分配多接口无线Mesh网络信道资源分配相关问题。具体包括干扰估计策略、广播机制,信道分配协议的设计与实现,无线Mesh网络的流量特征及其对信道分配的影响,以及基于NS2的多接口无线Mesh网络仿真平台的搭建等。并取得了如下研究成果:
(1)为多接口无线Mesh网络提出了一个信道干扰估计策略。在动态信道分配网络中,接口的信道在通信过程中动态的改变。这使得网络的干扰问题变得更加复杂。而现有模型并没有考虑节点的动态信道切换对网络干扰的影响。本文提出的干扰估计策略不依赖于网络的实时负载。但是,该策略考虑了无线Mesh网络流量的特点,以及无线信号的传输特性对节点间干扰的影响。实验证明,该干扰估计策略不仅容易实现,而且适应性强。
(2)为采用动态接口切换协议的多接口无线Mesh网络提出了一个高效的广播机制。由于不存在恒定的通信链路,无线信道的广播特性在采用动态信道分配策略的网络中不再适用。现有的广播方案要么需要额外的广播接口,要么极大的增加网络的广播开销。本文提出的广播策略不需为节点配置额外的广播接口,却将信道切换开销限制在容许的范围内。该策略还极大地减少了无线Mesh网络的广播冗余。因此,该策略为动态信道分配的网络提供了有效的广播支持。
(3)利用排队论理论分析了基础模式无线Mesh网络(I-WMN)的流量特征及其影响。在此基础上,提出并实现了一个混合的信道分配协议。本文提出的流量模型把网关节点和处于最外层的路由节点看作是一些具有无限大的容量的排队系统,而把其余的路由器节点看作容量有限的排队系统。与以往模型不同,该模型还考虑了无线信道的带宽和干扰对无线Mesh网络性能的影响。利用该模型分析了稳定状态下无线Mesh网络的吞吐量、包丢失率和数据包的排队延迟等问题。根据分析,各路由器节点相对网关的位置决定了其上的流量。考虑到I-WMN的上述流量特征,本文提出的协议为处于不同层的路由器节点采取了不同的接口分配策略:网关节点采用静态信道分配策略,而其它节点采用混合信道分配策略。实验结果表明,该协议大大提高了无线Mesh网络的容量、适应能力和可扩展性等。
此外,本文对开源仿真工具NS2进行了扩展,以使之支持多接口和实时地信道切换功能。在扩展后的NS2上搭建了一个无线Mesh网络平台,并在该平台实现了本研究所提出的所有协议。本文的扩展不与具体的协议绑定,可以应用到一般的动态信道切换策略。
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a hybrid wireless network that has layered struc-ture. As a key technology of the next generation, WMN has several advantages such as high?exibility, wide coverage, high reliability, broad bandwidth, high utilization, facility, andetc..Therefore, WMNs can fulfil the proliferative requirements of wireless users. However,traffic loads in WMNs are aggregated from multiple communication systems, such as cel-luar, WiFi, WiMAX, Ad Hoc, and etc. Then, high capacity is required by WMNs. However,aggregated loads aggravate the interference problem of WMNs. This is because availablewireless channels in wireless communication systems are very limited. Furthermore, traf-fic loads sent from source nodes are usually relayed by several nodes before they arrive atdestination nodes. Since adjacent wireless nodes are inclined to take the same channel, longrouting paths further aggravate the interference level of WMNs. High interference decreasesthe capacity and performance of WMNs. As a consequence, enhancing the network capac-ity is one critical issue of WMNs. The utilization rate of wireless channel can be greatlyimproved by proper channel assignment. Therefore, channel assignment is one of the mosteffective strategies to improve the network capacity of WMNs.
WMNs adopt several new techniques and strategies to take full advantage of preciouswireless channels to improve the network capacity. These new techniques include equippingeach node with multiple wireless interfaces, adopting interface switching strategies, multi-channel MAC, directional/adaptive antenna, and so on. These strategies improve the perfor-mance of WMNs to some extent, whereas, they induce new problems and challenges. Forinstance, most protocols assume that every node is equipped with single interface and adoptsstatic channel assignment protocols. Thereby, these protocols cannot be directly applied tosuch environments that nodes adopt dynamic interface assignment strategies. Aiming at im-proving the performance of WMNs by interface swtiching, this dissertation mainly studiesthe issues of interference estimation strategies, broadcasting techniques, and channel assign-ment in multi-interface WMNs that adopt frequent interface switching strategies. It also researches traffic modeling and construction of simulation testbeds for WMNs. The researchresults of this thesis are as follows:
(1) Putting forward a new strategy to estimate the interference level of multi-interfaceWMNs, where nodes adopt interface switching strategies. The interference problem in suchwireless networks is complicated due to frequent interface switching during communica-tions. However, few current interference estimation strategies consider the effect of frequentinterface switching on interference between adjacent links. This dissertation proposes a newmulti-interface interference estimation strategy based on interference graph. The presentedstrategy considers the impacts of frequent interface switching, the characteristics of trafficloads in WMNs, and propagation characteristics of wireless signals on interference. Simu-lations show that the proposed strategy not only is simple, but also adopts well to frequentinterface switching.
(2) Presenting an efficient broadcasting scheme for multi-interface WMNs that adoptdynamic channel assignment. There is no permanent communication links in a WMN thatadopts dynamic channel assignment. Thereby, the broadcasting character of wireless chan-nels is unavailable. In order to send broadcast packets in such networks, current strategieseither need specific additional broadcasting interfaces or induce huge interface switchingoverheads. This dissertation brings forward a new broadcasting strategy that does not needspecific broadcasting interface. The proposed strategy provides efficient broadcasting sup-porting, whereas it keeps interface switching overheads under tolerable range. In addition,the proposed strategy can also decrease broadcast redundant in WMNs by preventing allnodes that have accepted broadcast packets on selecting relayed nodes.
(3) Developing a queuing theory based traffic model for Infrastructure WMNs (I-WMN). In this model, every gateway node and the outermost mesh node is modeled asan infinite queuing system, whereas all nodes in each hop are modeled as a finite capacityqueuing system. Based on this model, the thesis analyzes the network throughput, packetsloss rate and packets delay on each hop nodes in I-WMN. The thesis also amends the originalmodel on account of the impacts of wireless interference, bandwidth, and etc.. Simulationresults show that the modified model is more accurate than the original one to model thetraffic character of I-WMNs. Based on result achieved by this traffic model, we proposedand implemented a hybrid channel assignment protocol for I-WMNs. According to analysis,loads on gateway nodes are the heaviest. Starting from gateways, traffic loads on a nodedecrease along with the hop count increasing. The proposed protocol then adopts differ-ent interface assignment strategies for different nodes: gateway nodes adopt static interface assignment strategy, whereas all the other nodes adopt hybrid strategy. The presented pro-tocol considers the characteristics of traffic loads in I-WMN, whereas it does not depend onprior information of traffic loads on nodes/links. The protocol can be implemented easilywithout changing current hardware. Extensive simulations show that the proposed protocolimproves the network capacity and ?exibility. It also improves per-?ow fairness of the net-work, whereas it keeps the interface switching overheads and coordination complexity undertolerable range.
Besides, we extended the simulation tool NS2 (Network Simulator) to support multi-interface and frequent interface switching. The extended platform does not bind to any spe-cific protocols. Consequently, it can be easily applied to every dynamic channel assignmentstrategy/protocol. All protocols proposed in this dissertation are implemented on the ex-tended NS2 platform. Results show that the extended platform is efficient to support multi-interface and dynamic channel switching in wireless networks.KEY WORDS: Wireless Mesh Network, Multiple Interfaces, Dynamic Channel Assign-ment, Interference Estimation, Broadcast Strategy, Traffic Model, NS2 Simulation
引文
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