大熊猫生境适应性评估系统的设计与实现
|
摘要
大熊猫是我国特有的濒危物种,目前虽然建立了多个大熊猫自然保护区,但是由于各保护区监测技术人员业务能力差异很大,设备缺乏,监测管理机制不健全等问题的存在使得大熊猫不能得到实时有效的保护。“5.12”地震导致川西高原生态环境严重破坏,国宝大熊猫的生存环境受到巨大威胁。对生境进行评估与设计能够为保护大熊猫提供有效的辅助作用,但是由于专业软件缺乏,导致不能科学、快速、实时地对大熊猫栖息地进行科学评估。因此,建立一套专业的大熊猫生境适应性评估系统是十分必要的。
通过对前人评估方法的研究,笔者针对以往评估中主要存在的操作步骤繁琐复杂的缺陷,结合景观生态学和3S技术的理论知识,根据生境评估与设计的特点,在系统功能模块设计上采用了“打包式”的集成方法,并提出了基于栅格数据提取适宜面积核心斑块和潜在廊道的方法。
按软件开发的原理,笔者利用VB.NET平台和ArcEngine工具二次开发了一套集空间数据采集、存储、管理、检索、图形编辑、空间分析、动态监测、三维场景、生境适宜度评价及景观格局设计为一体的“大熊猫生境适应性评估系统”。
本文取得的主要研究成果及创新认识有以下方面:
(1)针对目前生境评估与设计方法相对繁琐的弊端,提出了基于栅格数据提取适宜面积核心斑块和潜在廊道的方法,以方便用户实现生境评估与保护区景观格局设计,为保护大熊猫生态环境提供辅助决策支持。
(2)在设计过程中,充分考虑到跨专业作业的难度,特意精心设计各功能模块,以提高系统与用户的交互性。
(3)针对栅格数据按面积提取斑块的方法,避免了传统繁杂的矢量化、建立拓扑关系、数据类型转换等过程,从而大大提高了核心斑块提取及廊道设计的工作效率。
(4)笔者用汶川县境内地震前大熊猫栖息地的相关数据,对系统功能进行了实验性验证,通过对比分析,其评估结果与实际情况基本符合,证明了大熊猫生境适应性评估系统的有效性与实用性。
Giant pandas are an endangered species endemic to China. Cause of monitoring of reserves in very different operational capacity of technical staff, lack of equipment, monitoring and management mechanism is not perfect etc, although a number of giant panda nature reserves have established, but pandas can not be real-time and effective protection."5.12" earthquake led to serious damage to the ecological environment in western Sichuan Plateau, where the giant pandas’habitat threatened? greatly. Habitat assessment and design can provide effective supporting role for the protection of giant pandas, but there was not professional software could scientific, fast and real-time assessment of giant panda habitat. Therefore, the establishment of a professional assessment of giant panda habitat suitability is essential.
Through probing into previous techniques, landscape ecology,GIS,GPS and RS technical, the author adopted the“packed”integration method on system function module designing, and put forward a new method about extracting core patch and potential corridor for suitable size in grid, in accordance with the property of habitat assessment and design, and the defects of complicated steps in former assessment.
In accordance with the principles of software development, the author secondary developed a "Giant Panda Habitat Suitability Assessment System" by use of VB.NET platform and ArcEngine. And this system integrated spatial data collection, storage, management, searching, editing, spatial analysis, dynamic monitoring, three-dimensional scene, habitat suitability assessment and landscape designing.
Some results and innovations have achieved as follows:
(1) The author puts forward some methods, which made the cores of the extracting core patch and potential corridor for suitable size in grid, avoiding some setbacks of complications and tediousness in the former assessment’s procedures. So it is helpful for better decision-making by giant panda protection.
(2) Fully taking into account the difficulty of inter-professional work, the system specially designed functional modules, to improve user’s interactivity in the design process.
(3) New extraction method by raster data, greatly improved the core patches extraction and corridor design, which also avoid the traditional complex process, such as digitization, build topology, data type conversion.
(4) According to the spatial data of Wolong Nature Reserve before Wenchuan earthquake, the author conducted experiments on the system function verification .By comparing its findings consistent with the actual situation, it turns out that the interactivities of the system guarantees the convenience of the habitat assessment and landscape pattern design of nature reserve for user.
通过对前人评估方法的研究,笔者针对以往评估中主要存在的操作步骤繁琐复杂的缺陷,结合景观生态学和3S技术的理论知识,根据生境评估与设计的特点,在系统功能模块设计上采用了“打包式”的集成方法,并提出了基于栅格数据提取适宜面积核心斑块和潜在廊道的方法。
按软件开发的原理,笔者利用VB.NET平台和ArcEngine工具二次开发了一套集空间数据采集、存储、管理、检索、图形编辑、空间分析、动态监测、三维场景、生境适宜度评价及景观格局设计为一体的“大熊猫生境适应性评估系统”。
本文取得的主要研究成果及创新认识有以下方面:
(1)针对目前生境评估与设计方法相对繁琐的弊端,提出了基于栅格数据提取适宜面积核心斑块和潜在廊道的方法,以方便用户实现生境评估与保护区景观格局设计,为保护大熊猫生态环境提供辅助决策支持。
(2)在设计过程中,充分考虑到跨专业作业的难度,特意精心设计各功能模块,以提高系统与用户的交互性。
(3)针对栅格数据按面积提取斑块的方法,避免了传统繁杂的矢量化、建立拓扑关系、数据类型转换等过程,从而大大提高了核心斑块提取及廊道设计的工作效率。
(4)笔者用汶川县境内地震前大熊猫栖息地的相关数据,对系统功能进行了实验性验证,通过对比分析,其评估结果与实际情况基本符合,证明了大熊猫生境适应性评估系统的有效性与实用性。
Giant pandas are an endangered species endemic to China. Cause of monitoring of reserves in very different operational capacity of technical staff, lack of equipment, monitoring and management mechanism is not perfect etc, although a number of giant panda nature reserves have established, but pandas can not be real-time and effective protection."5.12" earthquake led to serious damage to the ecological environment in western Sichuan Plateau, where the giant pandas’habitat threatened? greatly. Habitat assessment and design can provide effective supporting role for the protection of giant pandas, but there was not professional software could scientific, fast and real-time assessment of giant panda habitat. Therefore, the establishment of a professional assessment of giant panda habitat suitability is essential.
Through probing into previous techniques, landscape ecology,GIS,GPS and RS technical, the author adopted the“packed”integration method on system function module designing, and put forward a new method about extracting core patch and potential corridor for suitable size in grid, in accordance with the property of habitat assessment and design, and the defects of complicated steps in former assessment.
In accordance with the principles of software development, the author secondary developed a "Giant Panda Habitat Suitability Assessment System" by use of VB.NET platform and ArcEngine. And this system integrated spatial data collection, storage, management, searching, editing, spatial analysis, dynamic monitoring, three-dimensional scene, habitat suitability assessment and landscape designing.
Some results and innovations have achieved as follows:
(1) The author puts forward some methods, which made the cores of the extracting core patch and potential corridor for suitable size in grid, avoiding some setbacks of complications and tediousness in the former assessment’s procedures. So it is helpful for better decision-making by giant panda protection.
(2) Fully taking into account the difficulty of inter-professional work, the system specially designed functional modules, to improve user’s interactivity in the design process.
(3) New extraction method by raster data, greatly improved the core patches extraction and corridor design, which also avoid the traditional complex process, such as digitization, build topology, data type conversion.
(4) According to the spatial data of Wolong Nature Reserve before Wenchuan earthquake, the author conducted experiments on the system function verification .By comparing its findings consistent with the actual situation, it turns out that the interactivities of the system guarantees the convenience of the habitat assessment and landscape pattern design of nature reserve for user.
引文
[1]张泽钧,胡锦矗.大熊猫生境选择研究[J].四川师范学院学报,2000,21(1):18～21.
[2]杨春花,张和平,周小平等.大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)生境选择研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(10):3442～3453.
[3]杨武年,谢洪斌,简季等.大熊猫生境评估系统设计与实现[J].西南交通大学学报,2010,45(1):144～149.
[4]董峻,姚润丰.近年来我国大熊猫保护情况[ N/ OL ] . [2004-6-10].http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-06-10/18342771927s.shtml.
[5]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2006:261～266.
[6]严旬.野生大熊猫现状、面临的挑战及展望[J].兽类学报,2005.25(4):402～406.
[7] Taylor A H and Zhisheng Q.Structure and composition of selective cut and uncut Abies-Truga forest in Wolong Natural Reserve , and implications for panda conservation in China[J].Biological Conservation,1989,47,83～108.
[8] Reid D,Jinchu H.Giant panda selection between Bashania fangiana bamboo habitats in Wolong Reserve,Sichuan,China[J]. Applied Ecology,1991,228～243.
[9] Drake J M,Lodge D M.Forecasting potential distributions of nonindigenous species with a genetic algorithm[J].Fisheries,2006,31(1):9～16.
[10]宋红敏,张清芬,韩雪梅等.CLIMEX:预测物种分布区的软件[J].昆虫知识,2004.41(4):379～386.
[11] Yonzon P.韩念勇译.地理信息系统用于尼泊尔朗唐国家公园小熊猫栖息地评价与种群估算[J].人与生物圈计划通报,1992.
[12] Caldecott J O. Designing protected area proects to reduce conflicts with local people[C].In: Proceeding of the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected areas.Caracas,1992.
[13]四川省林业勘察设计研究院,卧龙自然保护区管理局.国家林业局卧龙自然保护区森林资源规划设计调查报告.2001,3.
[14]胡锦矗,夏勒等.卧龙的大熊猫[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1985:5～26.
[15]欧阳志云,刘建国,肖寒等.卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境评价[J].生态学报,2001,21(11):1870～1874.
[16]欧阳志云,肖燚,王效科.地理信息系统与自然保护区规划和管理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:46～68.
[17]陈利顶,傅伯杰,刘雪华.自然保护区景观结构设计与物种保护——以卧龙自然保护区为例[J].自然资源学报,2000,15(2):164～169.
[18]周洁敏.大熊猫栖息地评价指标体系初探[J].中南林学院学报,2005,25(3):39～44.
[19]秦自生.四川大熊猫的生态环境及主食竹种更新[J].竹子研究汇刊,1985,4(1):1～10.
[20]秦自生,张焱,张洪德等.环境因子对冷箭竹开花影响的统计分析[J].四川师范学院学报,1989,10(1):36～44.
[21]潘文石,吕植,朱小健等.继续生存的机会[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:310～349.
[22]李军锋,李天文,金学林等.基于层次分析法的秦岭地区大熊猫栖息地质量评价[J].山地学报,2005,23(6):685～701.
[23]李天文,马俊杰,李易桥等.基于GIS的大熊猫栖息地质量研究[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2004,34(2):228～232.
[24]邱春霞,张福良.基于ArcView的秦岭地区大熊猫栖息地生态环境的研究[J].西安科技大学学报,2006,26(1):65～69.
[25]范文义,罗传文.“3S”理论与技术[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,2003:3～18.
[26]邬伦,张晶,刘瑜.地理信息系统:原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:3～34.
[27]胡鹏,黄杏元,华一新.地理信息系统教程[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002:26～28.
[28]邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007:2,198～229.
[29]梅安新,彭望琭,秦其明等.遥感导论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002: 1～16.
[30]张勤,李家权.GPS测量原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:1～8.
[31]肖笃宁,李秀珍,高峻等.景观生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003: 1,114～147.
[32]张海藩.软件工程导论[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003: 214～217.
[33]毕硕本,王桥,徐秀华.地理信息系统软件工程的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2003: 84～87.
[34]曹高明.水环境遥感动态监测系统的设计与实现[D].北京:首都师范大学,2009.
[35] Microsoft Corp. MSDN[R].美国: Microsoft公司,2005: 5～29.
[36]蒋波涛.ArcObject开发基础与技巧——基于VB.NET[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2006:13～14.
[37] ESRI Corp.ArcGIS Engine Object Model Diagrams[R].美国:ESRI公司,2002:10～59.
[38] ESRI Corp. ArcGIS Desktop Developer Guide[R].美国:ESRI公司,2004: 5～29.
[39]沈百玲.Arc GIS Engine简介[J].中国通讯,2003,10:325.
[40]张朝辉.?基于ArcEngine的煤炭资源管理信息系统设计与实现[D].西安:西安科技大学,2009.
[41]宋关福,钟耳顺.组件式地理信息系统研究与开发[J].图形图像学报,1998,03(04):313～317.
[42]韩鹏,徐占华.地理信息系统开发―ArcObjects方法[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005: 58～87.
[43]余芳,肖蓉,刘蔚琴.中文SQL Server 2005数据库管理与开发[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2006:33～58.
[44]金龙如,孙克萍,贺红士等.生境适宜度指数模型研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(55):841～846.
[45]朱政.通过Arc GIS Engine构建GIS应用[R].北京:ESRI中国(北京)有限公司,2004: 5～67.
[46]朱良峰,潘信,吴信才.三维地质建模及可视化系统的设计与开发[J].岩土力学,006,27(5):828～832.
[47]张俊峰,何政伟,汪宙峰等.基于ArcEngine开发天山公路选线决策支持系统[J].公路,2007,24(4):23～26.
[48]董贵明,束龙仓,陈南祥等.基于ArcEngine网络模型的水资源优化配置系统开发[J].计算机工程与应用,2007,43(35):198～201.
[49]韩琼.基于ArcGIS Engine的土地登记发证综合查询系统研究[J].测绘通报,2006,10:62～64.
[50]汤国安,杨昕.ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2006:128～159.
[51]张斌.基于ArcGIS Engine的GIS开发技术[J].武汉大学研究生学报(自然科学版),2004,21:173～176.
[52]冯涛,梁虹,陈满等.基于ArcEngine的城镇土地定级估价系统[J].计算机工程与设计,2007,28(11):2733～2739.
[53] Janet R. Nackoney. Using GIS to model resource selection and habitat suitability of the African forest elephant in the Congo Basin[J]. Maryland University,2005,12:541～551.
[54]巩文,任继文,赵长青等.甘肃省大熊猫栖息地生境分析[J].林业科学,2005,41(5):86～90.
[55]任国业,喻歌农,晏懋昭.应用地理信息系统调查与管理大熊猫主食竹资源[J].西南农业学报, 1998,(3) :24～29.
[56]王学志,徐卫华,欧阳志云.农用地时空变化对大熊猫生境的影响:以岷山中部地区的白草河流域为例[J].生物多样性,2009,17(1) :10～18.
[57] Oberhauser K, Peterson A T. Modeling current and future potential wintering distributions of eastern North American monarch butterflies. Pnas.2003,100 (24) : 14063～14068.
[58] Marc A. Linderman,Li An,Scott Bearer et al. Modeling the spatio-temporal dynamics and interactions of households, landscapes, and giant panda habitat [J]. Ecological Modelling,2005,183:47～65.
[59]王筱明.?生态位适宜度评价模型在退耕还林决策中的应用[J].农业工程学,2007,23(8):113～116.
[60]颤忠诚,陈永林.动物的生境选择[J].生态学杂志. 1998,17(2):43～49.
[2]杨春花,张和平,周小平等.大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)生境选择研究进展[J].生态学报,2006,26(10):3442～3453.
[3]杨武年,谢洪斌,简季等.大熊猫生境评估系统设计与实现[J].西南交通大学学报,2010,45(1):144～149.
[4]董峻,姚润丰.近年来我国大熊猫保护情况[ N/ OL ] . [2004-6-10].http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2004-06-10/18342771927s.shtml.
[5]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2006:261～266.
[6]严旬.野生大熊猫现状、面临的挑战及展望[J].兽类学报,2005.25(4):402～406.
[7] Taylor A H and Zhisheng Q.Structure and composition of selective cut and uncut Abies-Truga forest in Wolong Natural Reserve , and implications for panda conservation in China[J].Biological Conservation,1989,47,83～108.
[8] Reid D,Jinchu H.Giant panda selection between Bashania fangiana bamboo habitats in Wolong Reserve,Sichuan,China[J]. Applied Ecology,1991,228～243.
[9] Drake J M,Lodge D M.Forecasting potential distributions of nonindigenous species with a genetic algorithm[J].Fisheries,2006,31(1):9～16.
[10]宋红敏,张清芬,韩雪梅等.CLIMEX:预测物种分布区的软件[J].昆虫知识,2004.41(4):379～386.
[11] Yonzon P.韩念勇译.地理信息系统用于尼泊尔朗唐国家公园小熊猫栖息地评价与种群估算[J].人与生物圈计划通报,1992.
[12] Caldecott J O. Designing protected area proects to reduce conflicts with local people[C].In: Proceeding of the IVth World Congress on National Parks and Protected areas.Caracas,1992.
[13]四川省林业勘察设计研究院,卧龙自然保护区管理局.国家林业局卧龙自然保护区森林资源规划设计调查报告.2001,3.
[14]胡锦矗,夏勒等.卧龙的大熊猫[M].成都:四川人民出版社,1985:5～26.
[15]欧阳志云,刘建国,肖寒等.卧龙自然保护区大熊猫生境评价[J].生态学报,2001,21(11):1870～1874.
[16]欧阳志云,肖燚,王效科.地理信息系统与自然保护区规划和管理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:46～68.
[17]陈利顶,傅伯杰,刘雪华.自然保护区景观结构设计与物种保护——以卧龙自然保护区为例[J].自然资源学报,2000,15(2):164～169.
[18]周洁敏.大熊猫栖息地评价指标体系初探[J].中南林学院学报,2005,25(3):39～44.
[19]秦自生.四川大熊猫的生态环境及主食竹种更新[J].竹子研究汇刊,1985,4(1):1～10.
[20]秦自生,张焱,张洪德等.环境因子对冷箭竹开花影响的统计分析[J].四川师范学院学报,1989,10(1):36～44.
[21]潘文石,吕植,朱小健等.继续生存的机会[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:310～349.
[22]李军锋,李天文,金学林等.基于层次分析法的秦岭地区大熊猫栖息地质量评价[J].山地学报,2005,23(6):685～701.
[23]李天文,马俊杰,李易桥等.基于GIS的大熊猫栖息地质量研究[J].西北大学学报(自然科学版),2004,34(2):228～232.
[24]邱春霞,张福良.基于ArcView的秦岭地区大熊猫栖息地生态环境的研究[J].西安科技大学学报,2006,26(1):65～69.
[25]范文义,罗传文.“3S”理论与技术[M].哈尔滨:东北林业大学出版社,2003:3～18.
[26]邬伦,张晶,刘瑜.地理信息系统:原理、方法和应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:3～34.
[27]胡鹏,黄杏元,华一新.地理信息系统教程[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2002:26～28.
[28]邬建国.景观生态学——格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007:2,198～229.
[29]梅安新,彭望琭,秦其明等.遥感导论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002: 1～16.
[30]张勤,李家权.GPS测量原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:1～8.
[31]肖笃宁,李秀珍,高峻等.景观生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003: 1,114～147.
[32]张海藩.软件工程导论[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003: 214～217.
[33]毕硕本,王桥,徐秀华.地理信息系统软件工程的原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2003: 84～87.
[34]曹高明.水环境遥感动态监测系统的设计与实现[D].北京:首都师范大学,2009.
[35] Microsoft Corp. MSDN[R].美国: Microsoft公司,2005: 5～29.
[36]蒋波涛.ArcObject开发基础与技巧——基于VB.NET[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2006:13～14.
[37] ESRI Corp.ArcGIS Engine Object Model Diagrams[R].美国:ESRI公司,2002:10～59.
[38] ESRI Corp. ArcGIS Desktop Developer Guide[R].美国:ESRI公司,2004: 5～29.
[39]沈百玲.Arc GIS Engine简介[J].中国通讯,2003,10:325.
[40]张朝辉.?基于ArcEngine的煤炭资源管理信息系统设计与实现[D].西安:西安科技大学,2009.
[41]宋关福,钟耳顺.组件式地理信息系统研究与开发[J].图形图像学报,1998,03(04):313～317.
[42]韩鹏,徐占华.地理信息系统开发―ArcObjects方法[M].武汉:武汉大学出版社,2005: 58～87.
[43]余芳,肖蓉,刘蔚琴.中文SQL Server 2005数据库管理与开发[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,2006:33～58.
[44]金龙如,孙克萍,贺红士等.生境适宜度指数模型研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(55):841～846.
[45]朱政.通过Arc GIS Engine构建GIS应用[R].北京:ESRI中国(北京)有限公司,2004: 5～67.
[46]朱良峰,潘信,吴信才.三维地质建模及可视化系统的设计与开发[J].岩土力学,006,27(5):828～832.
[47]张俊峰,何政伟,汪宙峰等.基于ArcEngine开发天山公路选线决策支持系统[J].公路,2007,24(4):23～26.
[48]董贵明,束龙仓,陈南祥等.基于ArcEngine网络模型的水资源优化配置系统开发[J].计算机工程与应用,2007,43(35):198～201.
[49]韩琼.基于ArcGIS Engine的土地登记发证综合查询系统研究[J].测绘通报,2006,10:62～64.
[50]汤国安,杨昕.ArcGIS地理信息系统空间分析实验教程[M].北京:科学出版社,2006:128～159.
[51]张斌.基于ArcGIS Engine的GIS开发技术[J].武汉大学研究生学报(自然科学版),2004,21:173～176.
[52]冯涛,梁虹,陈满等.基于ArcEngine的城镇土地定级估价系统[J].计算机工程与设计,2007,28(11):2733～2739.
[53] Janet R. Nackoney. Using GIS to model resource selection and habitat suitability of the African forest elephant in the Congo Basin[J]. Maryland University,2005,12:541～551.
[54]巩文,任继文,赵长青等.甘肃省大熊猫栖息地生境分析[J].林业科学,2005,41(5):86～90.
[55]任国业,喻歌农,晏懋昭.应用地理信息系统调查与管理大熊猫主食竹资源[J].西南农业学报, 1998,(3) :24～29.
[56]王学志,徐卫华,欧阳志云.农用地时空变化对大熊猫生境的影响:以岷山中部地区的白草河流域为例[J].生物多样性,2009,17(1) :10～18.
[57] Oberhauser K, Peterson A T. Modeling current and future potential wintering distributions of eastern North American monarch butterflies. Pnas.2003,100 (24) : 14063～14068.
[58] Marc A. Linderman,Li An,Scott Bearer et al. Modeling the spatio-temporal dynamics and interactions of households, landscapes, and giant panda habitat [J]. Ecological Modelling,2005,183:47～65.
[59]王筱明.?生态位适宜度评价模型在退耕还林决策中的应用[J].农业工程学,2007,23(8):113～116.
[60]颤忠诚,陈永林.动物的生境选择[J].生态学杂志. 1998,17(2):43～49.