将冷战与非殖民化相连接
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摘要
南部非洲是非殖民化的最后阶段，经历了冷战斗争高潮、缓和、新冷战到新缓和时代，它为研究冷战与非殖民化相互关系问题提供了一个绝好案例。本文以美国对南部非洲三个主要国家——安哥拉、纳米比亚和津巴布韦在非殖民化中的政策演变探讨冷战与非殖民化的相互关系。
本文拟定在国内外学术研究成果的基础上，以“美国对外关系文件集”、“国家安全档案”、“美国政府解密文件参考系统”、国家安全委员会文件、各总统图书馆档案、相关的国务院、总统及国会文件为史料基础，通过美国对非殖民化过程中的南部非洲政策演变的梳理，展现美国的冷战政策与南部非洲非殖民化进程的相互关系，从而揭示冷战与非殖民化关系的一般规律。
本文主要分为三个大部分，引言、正文和结论。引言部分主要概括了相关的历史背景及研究的理论基础、研究现状，提出本选题研究的意义及写作思路。结论部分对美国政策演变的脉络及冷战与非殖民化的相互关系试图得出自己的研究观点。正文部分则分为四章论述。
第一章为背景介绍和分析部分，重点阐述了南部非洲问题（安哥拉、纳米比亚和津巴布韦问题）的由来，美国外交非殖民原则的形成，肯尼迪政府前美国对南部非洲政策的渊源。在此过程中，美国外交由以非殖民原则为指导逐渐转变为以冷战反共遏制核心，非殖民化在撒哈拉以南非洲的开始迫使美国开始制定独立的非洲政策，艾森豪威尔政府试图在非殖民原则与冷战战略之间找到理想的契合点。
第二章主要论述了肯尼迪-约翰逊政府时代对南部非洲总体政策及分别对安哥拉、纳米比亚和罗德西亚（1980年前用此称呼）三地的政策演变脉络。肯尼迪支持民族自决的冷战国际主义在此后的南部非洲政策中留下了鲜明的特点。约翰逊时代美国集中于越南战争，在南部非洲上虽然维持肯尼迪的观念，却在政策上无所作为。
第三章主要论述了尼克松至卡特政府时期的政策演变，尼克松评估被越南战争扭曲的国家安全战略，提出了针对南部非洲的NSSM39号文件，实行以增加与白人政权交流和接触为指导的“焦油婴儿”政策。1974-1975年葡萄牙政变和葡萄牙撤出南部非洲是美国政策的转折点，结束了焦油婴儿政策。1976年基辛格试图以穿梭外交方式推动津巴布韦和纳米比亚问题解决，以防止苏联影响扩大到安哥拉以南地区。1980年津巴布韦独立。卡特政府继承基辛格外交解决南部非洲问题的政策，但1978-1979年苏联进攻的加剧促使是美苏缓和走向新冷战时代。
第四章论述了里根政府到冷战结束时代的美国应对南部非洲问题的政策。里根将遏制苏联和古巴在南部非洲的扩张为政策核心，在克罗克建设性参与政策的指导下，美国放松对南非的制裁，提出将纳米比亚独立和古巴撤军一并解决的“联系战略”。虽然经历一波三折，但1988年纽约协定的签署标志着克罗克政策的成功。1991年前后，纳米比亚独立，安哥拉内战双方签署停战协定。
结论部分总结了美国在南部非洲政策发展和利益变化、政策的基本特点、美国外交中理想主义和实现主义在南部非洲政策的影响、冷战与非殖民化的相互关系。
Southern Africa is an excellent case for the study of relationship between Cold Warand Decolonization because it was the final stages of Decolonization, anditexperienced the climax and the détente of Cold War, new Cold War and new détenteera. The dissertation examines the evolution of U.S policy on the three countries ofSouthern Africa—Angola, Namibia and Zimbabwe in the process of Decolonizationin order to explore the relationship between Cold War and Decolonization.
The dissertation expounds the evolution of U.S. policy on Southern Africa in theprocess of Decolonization, shows the relationship between U.S. Cold War policy andDecolonization process of Southern Africa, reveals the general law of the relationshipbetween Cold War and Decolonization on the basis of research findings at home andabroad, Foreign Relations of the United States, Digital National Security Archive,Declassified Documents Reference System, documents of National Security Council,archives of the Presidential Libraries and documents of the State and Congress.
The dissertation consists of three parts—introduction, main body and conclusion. Theintroduction outlines relevant historical background, theoretical basis, researchfindings at home and abroad, practical significance and research ideas. The conclusionelaborates my views on the evolution of U.S. policy and the relationship betweenCold War and Decolonization. The main body includes four chapters.
The first chapter includes background introduction and analysis. It focuses on theorigin of Southern African issues (Angola, Namibia and Zimbabwe issues), theformation of the Decolonization principle of the American diplomacy, the origins ofU.S. policy on Southern Africa before Kennedy administration. In this process, thecore of American diplomacy shifted from the Decolonization principle to,anti-communist of Cold War. The separated African policy deprived from thecommencement of Decolonization in sub-Saharan Africa. Eisenhower administrationtried to perfect joint points the Decolonization principle and Cold War strategy.
The second chapter discusses the evolution of Kennedy-Johnson administrations’overall policy on Southern Africa and policy on Angola, Namibia and Rhodesia (thiswas used before1980). The Cold War Internationalism of Kennedy’s support fornational self-determination left a distinctive feature in the subsequent policy onSouthern Africa. As the United States concentrated on Vietnam War, the Johnsonadministration maintained the conception of the Kennedy administration, but it didnothing on the policy.
The third chapter discusses the evolution of the policy from the Nixon administrationto Carter administration. The Nixon administration assessed the national securitystrategy distorted by the Vietnam War; developed the document of NSSM39aboutSouthern Africa; implemented the “Tar Baby” policy guided by increasing exchangesand contacts with the white regime. The Portugal Coup and Portuguese withdrawalfrom Southern Africa in1974-1975were the turning points of U.S. policy whichforced the United States to end the “Tar Baby” policy. Kissinger tried to push thesolution of Zimbabwe and Namibia issues through shuttle diplomacy to preventSoviet Union’ s influence extending to the south of Angola. The Zimbabwe declaredits independence in1980. The Carter administration inherited Kissinger’s policy onthe solution of Southern Africa issues through diplomacy, however, the growing ofSoviet Union’s offense in1978-1979prompted U.S.-Soviet détente towards a newCold War era.
The fourth chapter discusses U.S. policy on the Southern Africa issues from Reaganadministration to the end of the Cold War. The core of the Reagan administration’spolicy was curbing the expansion of Soviet Union and Cuba in Southern Africa.Under the guidance of Crocker’s Constructive Engagement Policy, the United Statesrelaxed sanctions against South Africa and proposed the “Linkage Strategy” to solvethe independence of Namibia and troop withdrawal from Cuba. The Crocker’s Policyexperienced twists and turns, but the signature of New York Accord in1988markedits success. The Namibia achieved independence and the both sides in the Civil Warof Angola signed the Armistice Agreement around1991.
The conclusion summarizes the development and changes of U.S. policy and intereston Southern Africa, the basic characteristics of the policy, the influence of realism andidealism of American diplomacy on its policy on Southern Africa, the relationshipbetween Cold War and Decolonization.
本文拟定在国内外学术研究成果的基础上，以“美国对外关系文件集”、“国家安全档案”、“美国政府解密文件参考系统”、国家安全委员会文件、各总统图书馆档案、相关的国务院、总统及国会文件为史料基础，通过美国对非殖民化过程中的南部非洲政策演变的梳理，展现美国的冷战政策与南部非洲非殖民化进程的相互关系，从而揭示冷战与非殖民化关系的一般规律。
本文主要分为三个大部分，引言、正文和结论。引言部分主要概括了相关的历史背景及研究的理论基础、研究现状，提出本选题研究的意义及写作思路。结论部分对美国政策演变的脉络及冷战与非殖民化的相互关系试图得出自己的研究观点。正文部分则分为四章论述。
第一章为背景介绍和分析部分，重点阐述了南部非洲问题（安哥拉、纳米比亚和津巴布韦问题）的由来，美国外交非殖民原则的形成，肯尼迪政府前美国对南部非洲政策的渊源。在此过程中，美国外交由以非殖民原则为指导逐渐转变为以冷战反共遏制核心，非殖民化在撒哈拉以南非洲的开始迫使美国开始制定独立的非洲政策，艾森豪威尔政府试图在非殖民原则与冷战战略之间找到理想的契合点。
第二章主要论述了肯尼迪-约翰逊政府时代对南部非洲总体政策及分别对安哥拉、纳米比亚和罗德西亚（1980年前用此称呼）三地的政策演变脉络。肯尼迪支持民族自决的冷战国际主义在此后的南部非洲政策中留下了鲜明的特点。约翰逊时代美国集中于越南战争，在南部非洲上虽然维持肯尼迪的观念，却在政策上无所作为。
第三章主要论述了尼克松至卡特政府时期的政策演变，尼克松评估被越南战争扭曲的国家安全战略，提出了针对南部非洲的NSSM39号文件，实行以增加与白人政权交流和接触为指导的“焦油婴儿”政策。1974-1975年葡萄牙政变和葡萄牙撤出南部非洲是美国政策的转折点，结束了焦油婴儿政策。1976年基辛格试图以穿梭外交方式推动津巴布韦和纳米比亚问题解决，以防止苏联影响扩大到安哥拉以南地区。1980年津巴布韦独立。卡特政府继承基辛格外交解决南部非洲问题的政策，但1978-1979年苏联进攻的加剧促使是美苏缓和走向新冷战时代。
第四章论述了里根政府到冷战结束时代的美国应对南部非洲问题的政策。里根将遏制苏联和古巴在南部非洲的扩张为政策核心，在克罗克建设性参与政策的指导下，美国放松对南非的制裁，提出将纳米比亚独立和古巴撤军一并解决的“联系战略”。虽然经历一波三折，但1988年纽约协定的签署标志着克罗克政策的成功。1991年前后，纳米比亚独立，安哥拉内战双方签署停战协定。
结论部分总结了美国在南部非洲政策发展和利益变化、政策的基本特点、美国外交中理想主义和实现主义在南部非洲政策的影响、冷战与非殖民化的相互关系。
Southern Africa is an excellent case for the study of relationship between Cold Warand Decolonization because it was the final stages of Decolonization, anditexperienced the climax and the détente of Cold War, new Cold War and new détenteera. The dissertation examines the evolution of U.S policy on the three countries ofSouthern Africa—Angola, Namibia and Zimbabwe in the process of Decolonizationin order to explore the relationship between Cold War and Decolonization.
The dissertation expounds the evolution of U.S. policy on Southern Africa in theprocess of Decolonization, shows the relationship between U.S. Cold War policy andDecolonization process of Southern Africa, reveals the general law of the relationshipbetween Cold War and Decolonization on the basis of research findings at home andabroad, Foreign Relations of the United States, Digital National Security Archive,Declassified Documents Reference System, documents of National Security Council,archives of the Presidential Libraries and documents of the State and Congress.
The dissertation consists of three parts—introduction, main body and conclusion. Theintroduction outlines relevant historical background, theoretical basis, researchfindings at home and abroad, practical significance and research ideas. The conclusionelaborates my views on the evolution of U.S. policy and the relationship betweenCold War and Decolonization. The main body includes four chapters.
The first chapter includes background introduction and analysis. It focuses on theorigin of Southern African issues (Angola, Namibia and Zimbabwe issues), theformation of the Decolonization principle of the American diplomacy, the origins ofU.S. policy on Southern Africa before Kennedy administration. In this process, thecore of American diplomacy shifted from the Decolonization principle to,anti-communist of Cold War. The separated African policy deprived from thecommencement of Decolonization in sub-Saharan Africa. Eisenhower administrationtried to perfect joint points the Decolonization principle and Cold War strategy.
The second chapter discusses the evolution of Kennedy-Johnson administrations’overall policy on Southern Africa and policy on Angola, Namibia and Rhodesia (thiswas used before1980). The Cold War Internationalism of Kennedy’s support fornational self-determination left a distinctive feature in the subsequent policy onSouthern Africa. As the United States concentrated on Vietnam War, the Johnsonadministration maintained the conception of the Kennedy administration, but it didnothing on the policy.
The third chapter discusses the evolution of the policy from the Nixon administrationto Carter administration. The Nixon administration assessed the national securitystrategy distorted by the Vietnam War; developed the document of NSSM39aboutSouthern Africa; implemented the “Tar Baby” policy guided by increasing exchangesand contacts with the white regime. The Portugal Coup and Portuguese withdrawalfrom Southern Africa in1974-1975were the turning points of U.S. policy whichforced the United States to end the “Tar Baby” policy. Kissinger tried to push thesolution of Zimbabwe and Namibia issues through shuttle diplomacy to preventSoviet Union’ s influence extending to the south of Angola. The Zimbabwe declaredits independence in1980. The Carter administration inherited Kissinger’s policy onthe solution of Southern Africa issues through diplomacy, however, the growing ofSoviet Union’s offense in1978-1979prompted U.S.-Soviet détente towards a newCold War era.
The fourth chapter discusses U.S. policy on the Southern Africa issues from Reaganadministration to the end of the Cold War. The core of the Reagan administration’spolicy was curbing the expansion of Soviet Union and Cuba in Southern Africa.Under the guidance of Crocker’s Constructive Engagement Policy, the United Statesrelaxed sanctions against South Africa and proposed the “Linkage Strategy” to solvethe independence of Namibia and troop withdrawal from Cuba. The Crocker’s Policyexperienced twists and turns, but the signature of New York Accord in1988markedits success. The Namibia achieved independence and the both sides in the Civil Warof Angola signed the Armistice Agreement around1991.
The conclusion summarizes the development and changes of U.S. policy and intereston Southern Africa, the basic characteristics of the policy, the influence of realism andidealism of American diplomacy on its policy on Southern Africa, the relationshipbetween Cold War and Decolonization.
引文
①[美]斯特恩斯等著，赵轶峰等译：《全球文明史》，中华书局，2006，第788页。
①潘兴明：《试析非殖民化理论》，载于《史学理论研究》，2004年第3期，第108-114页。
②张顺洪等著：《大英帝国的瓦解——英国非殖民化与香港问题》，社会科学文献出版社，1997年，第3页；张顺洪：《关于殖民主义史研究的几个问题》，载于《河南大学学报》，2005年，第1期。
③详见：M. Crowder, ed., The Cambridge History of Africa,1984, Vol8, p815; P·Gifford&W. Louis, ed.,TheTransfer of Power: Decolonization1940-60; P·Gifford&W. Louis, ed., Decolonization and Africa Independence:The Transfer of Power,1960-1980,1988.
①Charles O. Chikeka, Decolonization Progress in Africa, During the Post-War Era,1960-1990,the Edwin MellenPress,1998.p.2.
②Gary Wasserman, Politics of Decolonization: Kenya Europwans and the Land Issue, London, CambridgeUniversity Press,1976.p.4.
③陈峰君：《几种“非殖民化”理论评析》，载于《世界历史研究动态》，1984年，第4期，第11-18页；陈才林：《争取非殖民化斗争的彻底胜利》，《西亚非洲》，1985年，第5期，第1-7页。
④李安山：《论“非殖民化”：一个概念的缘起与演变》，载于《世界历史》1998年第4期。
⑤高岱、郑家馨：《殖民主义史·总论卷》，北京大学出版社，2003年，第263页。
⑥A. P. Thornton, Imperialism in the Twentieth Century.1980.University of Minnesota Press,1980.
⑦Frank Furedi, Colonial Wars and the Polities of Third World Nationalism,I B Tauris&Co Ltd
(London),1994,p.7.
⑧A li A. Mazrui&Wonji, ed., General History of Africa. Volume8, Paris,1997, p.7,p.393.
①The Decolonization of Africa: Southern Africa and the Horn of Africa. Working Documents and report of themeeting of experts held in Warsaw, Poland, from9to13October1978. The Unesco Press,1981.p.21.
②H. Walpole,“The Theory of Internal Colonization: The South Africa Case”, in I. Oxhaal et al., Beyond theSociology of Development. London: Routledge&Kegan Paul,1975.转引自The Decolonization of Africa:Southern Africa and the Horn of Africa. Working Documents and report of the meeting of experts held in Warsaw,Poland, from9to13October1978. The Unesco Press,1981.p.26
③南非的非殖民化问题是与本研究相关的问题，却不是本文研究的主要内容。南非曾为荷兰和英国的殖民地，20世纪后逐渐走向独立：1910年南非由英国的殖民地升级为自治领，政治和外交基本独立，1961年南非正式退出英联邦。但独立后的南非在国内实行黑白分离的种族隔离政策，故南非的非殖民化使命是否应包括南非国内白人少数人政权对多数黑人的隔离统治问题，这是一个值得思考的问题。但实际上，这并不影响本课题研究所涉及的时间段是对于南非的殖民国家的定性。本文研究选取的案例之一是纳米比亚摆脱南非殖民统治实现非殖民化问题。
①R. Gray, Two Nations, London, OxfordUniversity Press,1960.转引自The Decolonization of Africa: SouthernAfrica and the Horn of Africa. Working Documents and report of the meeting of experts held in Warsaw, Poland,from9to13October1978. The Unesco Press,1981.p.26.
①Ritchie Ovendale,"Macmillan AndThe Wind Of Change In Africa,1957-1960." Historical Journal [GreatBritain],38:2(1995): pp.445-477.
①LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON LIBRARY ORAL HISTORY COLLECTIONL, Oral History Transcripts, DeanRusk Interview IV, pp.29.available at http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/oral-histories/2013-11-17.
②斯塔夫里阿诺斯著，吴象婴、梁赤民译：《全球通史：1500年以后的世界》，上海社会科学出版社，2002年，第828页。
①Witte, Stephen S.,Sub-Saharan Africa and Anglo-American relations,1910-1929,Ph.D., The University of
①Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2006.
②Anthony Lake, The Tar Baby" Option:American Policy toward Southern Rhodesia, New York:ColumbiaUniversity Press,1976.
③Gerald Horne,From the barrel of a gun: the United States and the war against Zimbabwe，1965-1980. Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2001
④Daniel HenryVolman, United States foreign policy and the decolonization of British Central Africa (Zimbabwe,Zambia, and Malawi),1945-1965.Ph.D., University of California,1991.
⑤Andrew DeRoche, Black, white, and chrome: the United States and Zimbabwe,1953to1998. Africa World Press,2001.
①William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay,1941-1945: the United States and the Decolonzation of the BritishEmpire.1977.
②George Wright, The destruction of a nation: United States' policy towards Angola since1945, Pluto Press,1997.
③Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa,1959-1976,The University of NorthCarolina Press2002; Piero Gleijeses, Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle forSouthern Africa,1976–1991. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.2013.
④John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War. The Deals.The Spies.The Lies.The Truth,(London,2005),179.
⑤Willem Steenkamp, South Africa’s Border Wars.1966-1989, African Books Collective,1992; Peter Stiff,Warfare by Other Means: South Africa in the1980s and1990s, Alberton,2001; John Turner,Continent Ablaze:The Insurgency Wars in Africa1960to the Present, London,1997.
⑥Jan Breytenbach, Forged in Battle, CapeTown: Saayman&Weber,1986; Gary Baines&Peter Vale, Beyond theBorder War: New Perspectives on Southern Africa’s Late-Cold war Conflict, Unisa Press(Pretoria),2008; GrangerKorff,19with a bullet: A SouthAfrican Paratrooper in Angola,30Degrees South Publishers (Johannesburg),2009;Piet Nortje,32Battalion: The InsideStory of South Africa’s Elite Fighting Unit, Zebra Press (Random HouseStruik),2005; J. Thompson, An UnpopularWar:From Afkak, to Bosbefok Voices of South African NationalServicemen,Zebra Press (Random House Struik),2006.
⑦Witney W. Schneidman, Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire, UniversityPress of America,2004.
①Shannon Rae Butler, Into the storm: American covert involvement in the Angolan Civil War,1974—1975. Ph.D.,The University of Arizona,2008.
②John Stockwell, in search of enemies: A CIA story, Replica Books,1997;Gerald Bender,“Angola, the Cubans,and American Anxieties”, Foreign Policy,31:3-30(1978); John A. Marcum, The Angola Revolution Volume II-Exile politics and Gurrila warfare,(1962–1976),Mit Press,1969; John A. Marcum, The Angolan Revolution: theanatomy of an Explosion,1950-1962,M.I.T. Press,1978.
③Vivienne Jabri, Mediating conflict: decision-making and Western intervention in Namibia. Manchester UniversityPress,1990.
④Ronald F. Dreyer, Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Decolonization,1945-90, Kegan PaulInternational,1994.
⑤Alfred T. Moleah, Namibia: the Struggle for Liberation, Disa Press,1983;Cleophas JohannesTsokodayiNamibia's Independence Struggle: The Role of the United Nations, Xlibris,2011; Nico Horn, AntonB slThe independence of the judiciary in Namibia, Macmillan Education Namibia,2008;Cedric ThornberryA Nation is Born: The Inside Story of Namibia's Independence, Gamsberg Macmillan,2004.
①Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2006.
②戴维·D·纽森，David D. Newsom，1918-2008，曾任在驻巴基斯坦、挪威、伊拉克大使馆工作（1951-1955），在国务院负责阿拉伯半岛事务（1955-1959）、中东事务（1960-1962）和北非事务副主任（1962-1965），驻利比亚大使（1965-1969），非洲事务助理国务卿（1969-1973），美国驻印尼大使（1973-1977），国务院负责政治事务代执行国务卿（1978-1981）。
③David D. Newsom, The Imperial Mantle: The United States, Decolonization, and the Third World,IndianaUniversity Press,2001.
④Thomas Noer, Cold War and Black Liberation: The United States and White Rule in Africa,1948-1968(Columbia:University of Missouri Press).1985.
⑤“Political Parties and International Relations: The United States and the Decolonizationof Sub-Saharan Africa”,
①Kenneth Alan Kresse,Containing nationalism and communism on the "Dark Continent": Eisenhower's policytoward Africa,1953—1961.Ph.D.State University of New York at Albany,2003.pp.372-393.
①美国外交文件中明确“南非对于非洲大多数人的统治方式基本是殖民主义的”，见FRUS,1955-1957,Volume.18,Africa.p.87.
①英属南非公司，与英国的东印度公司类似，主要与非洲当地人进行贸易活动。
②New York Times, November1,1977.
③FRUS,1952-1954, Volume11,part I, Africa. p.296.
④FRUS,1952-1954, Volume11,part I, Africa. p.297.
①FRUS,1952-1954, Volume11, part I, Africa. p.311.
①Cape Times,18.9.1920.转引自Ronald Dreyer, Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics ofDecolonization1945-1990.p.9, Kegan Paul International ltd(New York).
②南部非洲关税同盟是世界上最早的关税同盟。1910年，南非联邦与英国直接统治的保护地（the HighCommission Territories）贝纳专（Bechuanaland，独立后称薄茨瓦纳Botswana）、巴苏陀兰（Basutoland，独立后称莱索托Lesotho）及斯威士兰（Swaziland）一起建立关税同盟，随着这些地区在二战后的陆续独立，1969年12月11日南非联邦、薄茨瓦纳和莱索托与斯威士兰签署了新的关税同盟协议。1990年纳米比亚独立后，成为同盟的第五个成员国。
③Ronald Hyam, The Failure of South African Expansion, New York, African Publishing Corporation,1972,pp.31-32.
①John Dugard, The South West Africa/Namibia Dispute. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, University of CaliforniaPress,1972, pp.98-101.
②John Dugard, South West Africa/Namibia Dispute, pp.104-109.
①http://web.archive.org/web/20061002115908/http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/isswasummary500711.htm.2011-12-12.
①关于美国立国精神的论述详见：何顺果《略论美国的“立国精神”》，载于《历史研究》1993年第2期，第128-141页。
②关于美国是否是殖民主义国家是存在争议的，作者认为，19世纪末美国虽然在菲律宾和古巴进行了殖民活动，但与欧洲殖民国家，美国可以看作是一个没有殖民地的国家。也有学者把美国称为新殖民主义。
①Robert J.Mc Mahon.Colonialism and Cold War: The Unite States and the Struggle for Indonesia Independence,1945－1949. New York: Cornell University Press,1981. p.44.
②President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points.Availableathttp://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson14.asp.2012-3-2.
③Robert J. Mc Mahon. Colonialism and Cold War: The Unite States and the Struggle for Indonesia Independence,1945－1949.New York: Cornell University Press,1981. p306.
④王玮、戴超武：《美国外交思想史》，人民出版社2007年，第266页。
⑤王玮、戴超武：《美国外交思想史》，第335页。
①Atlantic Charter.Available athttp://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp.2012-3-2.
②认为门户开放是罗斯福政府核心政策的观点论作见：Lloyd C.Gardner, Economic Aspects of New DealDiplomacy, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.1964; A. P.Dobson, Economic Diplomacy at the AtlanticConference", Review of International Studies,10(2); L. S.Pressnell, External Economic Policy since the War, vol.
1: The Postwar Financial Settlement,London, HMSO.1986.另见罗斯福的政策顾问威尔斯和国务卿赫尔的回忆录：Sumner Welles,An Intelligent American's Guide to the Peace, Dryden Press,1945. pp.75-177;SumnerWelles,Where are We Heading? New York and London: Harper&Brothers.1946,pp.7-8, pp.12-16; Cordell Hull,The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol.2,New York: Macmillan Co.1948.
③Cordell Hull,The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol.2.New York: Macmillan Co.1948, p.81.
④罗伯特·舍伍德：《罗斯福与霍普金斯》（中译本），商务印书馆，1980年下册，第86页。
⑤详见毕元辉：从“非殖民”到“国际托管”：富兰克林·罗斯福政府殖民地政策论析，载于《东北师范大学学报》，2014年第2期。
⑥Atlantic Charter.Available athttp://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp.2012-4-3.
⑦在1960年的FRUS搜索中，“自决”出现的次数为1392,“自治”出现的次数为2223.
①梁根成：《美国与非洲：第二次世界大战结束至80年代后期美国对非洲政策》，北京大学出版社，1991年，第4页。
②倪建钢：“美国英布战争中立政策探析”，《赤峰学院学报：汉文哲学社会科学版》，2012年，第1期，第32-36页。
③Cordell Hull,Pearl Harbor Reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War, University of Hawaii Press,1990, p.182,p.201.
④Y. G.-M. Lulat, United States Relations with South Africa: A critical Overview from the Colonial Period to thePresent, New York: Peter Lang,2008. p.41.
⑤Y. G.-M. Lulat, United States Relations with South Africa: A critical Overview from the Colonial Period to thePresent, New York: Peter Lang,2008.p.42.
⑥McCarth,Dark continent:Africa as seen by Americans,Greenwood Press,1983, pp.xvi-xvii, pp.77-84,pp.126-141.
⑦Henry Serrano Villard, Affairs at State, New York, T. Y. Crowell Co.1965, pp.64-65; Emily S. Rosenberg, TheInvisible Protectorate: The United States, Liberia, and the Evolution of Neocolonialism,1909-1940, DiplomaticHistory, ix (1985), Scholarly Resources Inc., pp.191-214.
①John Kent, The internationalization of colonialism: Britain, France, and Black Africa,1939-1956, ClarendonPress,1992(Oxford), pp.87-89; Michael Crowder, West Africa under Colonial Rule,Northwestern University Press,1968, p.491.
②详见毕元辉：《从“非殖民”到“国际托管”：富兰克林罗斯福政府殖民地政策论析》，东北师范大学学报，2014年第2期。
③Ridgway B. Knight,“Preliminary Thoughts on the Subject of a U.S. PolicyTowards Colonial Areas andColonial Powers”,21April1952, FRUS,1952-1954, volume3,United Nations Affairs,pp.1106-1107.
①Report by the Policy Planning Staff,“Review of Current Trends—U.S. ForeignPolicy”,24February1948, FRUS,1948, General; the United Nations,volume1, pp.510-511.
②Policy paper prepared by the Bureau of Near Eastern, South Asian, and AfricanAffairs,“Future of Africa”,18April1950, FRUS,1950, volume5,The Near East, South Asia, and Africa,pp.1524-1538.
③这种政策陈述不是制定政策或否定正常的政策程序，只是以综合的方式记录已形成的政策formulatedpolicy，并进行周期性的评估，一般是两至三个月。当时确定这一政策陈述有效期为5年。
④FRUS,1950,Volume5,The Near East, South Asia, and Africa,pp.1524-1525.
⑤FRUS,1950,Volume5,The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, p.1506.
⑥FRUS,1950, Volume5, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, pp.1551-1552; p.1540.
⑦FRUS,1950.Volume5.The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, p.1506.
⑧Speech before the Foreign Policy Association, Oklahoma City, May8,1950, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.22,No.572(June19,1950), pp.999-1003; FRUS,1950, Volume5, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa,pp.1540-1541.
⑨FRUS,1950, Volume5, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, p.1541.
①FRUS,1950, Volume5, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa,pp.1587-1600.
②FRUS,1950, Volume5, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa,Pp.1587-1600.
③“The Changing World Situation,” Memorandum by the NSC Planning Board, February13,1956,FRUS,1955-1957,Volume18, Africa, pp.194-195.
④Adress by the Assistant Secretary of state for NESAF(Byroade) to the World Affairs Council of NorthernCalifornia, October31,1953, FRUS,1952-1954, Volume11,Part1,Africa and South Asia, p.57.
⑤”Basic National Policy,”NSC5602/1,March15,1956,FRUS,1955-1957,Volume18, Africa,National Security
①Ann Whitman File (hereafter referred to as AWF), Dulles-Herter Series7, Box5, Folder: Dulles, Foster, June1956, Lodge to Eisenhower, Secret andPersonal,26June1956; and Dulles to Lodge,29June1956.EisenhowerLibrary.
②Norman P. Roberts,“The Changed Images of Africa on Some Selected American Media from1930to1969”.Ph.D. Dissertation, American University,1971, pp.139-146, pp.125-136.
③“Conditions and Trends in Tropical Africa”, NIE83, December22,1953, FRUS,1952-1954Volume11, Part
1,Africa and South Asia,p.85.
④Memorandum from Jackson to Luce, July23,1954,”Log1954(3)” Box68,Jackson Papers, EisenhowerLibrary.
⑤Dwight David Eisenhower, Waging peace,1956-1961,University of Michigan Press,1965, p572.
⑥Economic Aid and Technical Assistance in Africa, Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,1957.
⑦March4,1957,New York Times.
①“Statement of U.S. Policy toward Africa South of the Sahara prior to Calendar Year1960,” NSC5719/1,23Aug.1957,FRUS,1955-1957,Volume18, Africa, pp.76-88.
②FRUS,1955-1957,Volume18, Africa, p73.
③Joseph Palmer2nd,“The Problems and Prospects of Sub-Saharan Africa: A United States Point of View,”
①FRUS,1958-1960, volume14, Africa, p.74.
②FRUS,1955-1957,Volume18, Africa, p.79.
①牛可：《自由国际主义与第三世界：美国现代化理论兴起的历史透视》，美国研究，2007.1.34-56.
②牛可：《自由国际主义与第三世界：美国现代化理论兴起的历史透视》，美国研究，2007.1.34-56.
③斯塔夫里·阿诺斯著，吴象婴梁赤民译：《全球通史：1500年以后的世界》，上海社会科学出版社，第828页。
④456thmeeting of the NSC, Aug.18,1960,“NSC Summaries of Discussions”,Box,13,NSC Series, Dwight D.Eisenhower, Papers as president of the United States (Ann Whitman File),Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene,Kansas。
①Memorandum from the Assistant Secretary of State for NESAF(Allen) to the Secretary of state, August12,1955,
611.70/7-2055. State Department CF, National Achives(College Park, Maryland).
②“Africa: Major U.S. Interests,” Memorandum prepared for the National Security Advisor, Robert Cutler, March
15,1954,“Africa South of the Sahara(3)”.Box1, Special Staff File Series, White House Office, NSC Staff Papers,Eisenhower Library.
③432ndmeeting of the NSC, January14,1960,“NSC Summaries of Discussions,” Box12, NSC Series, WhitmanFile, Eisenhower Library.
④George White Jr, Holding the Line: Race, Racism and American Foreign Policy towardAfrica,1953-1961.Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,Inc.p134.
⑤Thomas Noer,Cold War and Black Liberation: The United States and White Rule in Africa,1948-1968, Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1985; Thomas Borstelmann, Apartheid’s Reluctant Uncle: The United States andSouthern Africa in the Early Cold War, New York, Oxford University Press,1993.
①Kenneth AlanKresse, Containing nationalism and communism on the "Dark Continent": Eisenhower's policytoward Africa,1953-1961, Ph.D., State University of New York at Albany,2003.p.208.
②Martin Staniland, American Intellecturals and African Nationalists,1955-1970, New Haven, CN, Yale UniversityPress,1991. pp,24-25.
③Chester Bowles, Promises to Keep, My years in public office,1941-1969, Harper&Row,1971,p.421.
①Ritchie Ovendale,"Macmillan andThe Wind Of Change In Africa,1957-1960." Historical Journal [Great Britain],38:2(1995): pp.445-477.
①FURS,1961-1963,Volume21Africa,pp.292-294(Doc.195).
②Accra to Secretary of State,17September1962,511.45J/9-1762,.Nationa Archiives II(NAII), College Park,Maryland.
③FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.491-492(Doc.311).
④U.N. Department of Social and Economic Affairs, Population and Vital Statistics Report, Statistical Papers,Series A, Volume29, No.2, April1,1967, and other sources; Christopher Coker, the United States and SouthAfrica,1968-1985: Constructive Engagement and Its Critics, p.3.
①AlexanderKeese, Living with Ambiguity, Integrating an African Elite in French and PortugueseAfrica,1930-61,2006, p.46.
②William A. Hance, Edit, Southern Africa and the United States, Columbia University Press,1968, p.3.
③FRUS,1969-1976, Volume E–5,Documents on Sub-Saharan Africa, p.209.
④Heywood, Linda (2000). Contested Power in Angola,1840s to the Present, pp.92-93. University of RochesterPress, Rochester.
⑤Isaacman, Allen and Barbara (1983).Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution,1900-1982, p.40. WestviewPress, Inc., Boulder.
①William A. Hance, Edit, Southern Africa and the United States, Columbia University Press,1968, p.4.
②William A. Hance, Edit, Southern Africa and the United States, Columbia University Press,1968, p.4.
③William A. Hance, Edit, Southern Africa and the United States, Columbia University Press,1968, p.6.
④Grant, Madison (1921). The Passing of the Great Race (4ed.). C. Scribner's sons, p.xxxi.
①The White Redoubt, Planning Group Meeting, July10,1962,DNSA，South Africa,SA00003,p.7.
②班图斯坦计划，又称黑人家园计划，是南非政府对南非班图人采取政治上彻底分离的做法。1951年-1971年南非政府先后制定了班图权力法、班图自治法、班图斯坦国籍权利法和班图斯坦宪法条例。根据这些法令对黑人实行按部落分治的原则，在近300个保留地建立632个部落自治机构，由白人政府任命部落酋长，建立酋长掌权的三级立法、行政机构。然后将632个部落自治机构按所属民族拼凑成不同的班图斯坦自治区，区内设立法会议和自治政府，改称班图斯坦。
③FURS,1961-1963, Volume21, Southern Africa Region, pp.491-492(Doc.311).
④牛可在“自由国际主义和第三世界——美国现代化理论兴起的历史透视”（载于《美国研究》，2007年，第1期）一文中将自由国际主义与现实主义加以对比区别。笔者认为，自由国际主义广泛上属于自由主义。
⑤关于罗斯福的世界秩序论，详见王玮《美国外交思想史》，第313-339页。
⑥罗斯托，经济学家，肯尼迪政府时任政策设计室主任，约翰逊政府时担任国家安全事务助理一职，其发展经济学的理论对美国的对外援助政策产生了深远影响。
①牛可：“自由国际主义和第三世界——美国现代化理论兴起的历史透视”（载于《美国研究》2007年第1期）。
②罗斯托认为艾森豪威尔政府后期美国在第三世界面临的事态是继大萧条、法西斯侵略和1945年后冷战威胁的第四次危机。罗斯托：《美国在世界舞台上：近期历史试论》（北京编译社译），世界知识出版社，1964年版，第291~293页。
③关于现代化理论如何影响了美国的对外政策，详见雷迅马著，牛可译：《作为意识形态的现代化：社会科学与美国对第三世界政策》，中央编译出版社，2003年。
④关于自由国际主义的论述，详见：牛可“自由国际主义和第三世界——美国现代化理论兴起的历史透视”，美国研究，2007年，第1期。
⑤“Statement of U.S. Policy toward Africa South of the Sahara prior to Calendar Year1960,” NSC5719/1,23Aug.
①雷迅马著，牛可译：《作为意识形态的现代化：社会科学界与美国对第三世界政策》，中央编译出版社，2003年，第45页。
②门南的父辈是个人护理用品牌mennen的创立者（mennen品牌目前属Colgate公司），门南本人在公共场合经常戴着一个具有家庭品牌商业标志的白色圆点的绿色领结而被人戏称为“肥皂人威廉姆斯”（SoapyWilliams）。
③Thomas J. Noer, Soapy: A Biography of G. Mennen Williams Williams,University of Michigan Press,2006.p.ix.
①小施莱辛格：《一千天：约翰·菲·肯尼迪在白宫》，上海三联书店，1981，第387页。
②小施莱辛格：《一千天：约翰·菲·肯尼迪在白宫》，上海三联书店，1981，第387页。
③Rostow to Bundy. May13,1961.FRUS,1961-1963, volume21. Africa, pp.290-292(Doc.194).
④G. Mennen Williams: Current Key Issues Affecting Our Relations with Africa,November23,1963,FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.339.(Doc.222).
①开发援助委员会是由1960年1月13日建立的欧洲经济合作组织（the Organisation for European EconomicCo-operation,OEEC.）的开发援助集团(Development Assistance Group,DAG.)演变而来的。1960年代该集团召开三次会议讨论对发展中国家的援助问题。1961年9月，欧洲经济合作组织更名为经济合作与合作组织，开发援助集团更名为开发援助委员会。
②南非白人种族主义政权大规模屠杀非洲人的惨案。1960年3月21日，南非德兰士瓦省沙佩维尔镇的非洲人举行大规模的示威游行，反对南非白人当局推行种族歧视的“通行证法”，是战后南部非洲地区第一次大规模的黑人群众运动。通行证法是南非当局颁布的几百项有关种族歧视的法令之一，规定年满16岁以上的非白人必须随身携带通行证，证件不全者随时会遭到逮捕。南非当局出动大批军警，使用了喷气式飞机、装甲车、机关枪和催泪弹等镇压示威群众，致使72名非洲人被枪杀，240多名被打伤，造成了震惊世界的“沙佩维尔惨案”。南非当局这一法西斯暴行激起了南非人民极大的愤怒，反对“通行证法”的斗争迅速在南非各地展开，并获得非洲其他各国人民和世界人民的深切同情和声援。
③Report on the Advisory Council on Africa Affairs, Undated, Department of State Policy Planning Council.Declassified Ducomets Reference System(DDRS).
④Statement by U. S. Representative to the United Nations Adlai E. Stevenson Concerning Proposed SecuritySanctions Against South Africa, August2,1963.Digital National Security Archive(DNSA), SA00050.
①Barnett F. Baron, Southern African Student Exiles in the United States.The Journal of Modern African Studies,Vol.10, No.1(May,1972), p.74.
②African Refugee Problems:hearingsof the sub-committeeto investigateproblemsconnected with refugeesandescapees. United States Senate Committeeon theJudiciary,88th Congress,1stSession,21January,1965.
(Washington, I965.)
①Terrence Lyonsedt., Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World: American Foreign Policy,1963-1968”,CambridgeUniversity Press1995.pp.261~264.
②Witney W. Schneidman, Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire, UniversityPress of America,2004, p.94.
③FRUS,1964-1968,Volume24, Africa,pp.300-303(D197).
④FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.306-307(D199).
⑤NIE60/70-65, Problems and prospects in Sub-saharan Africa, April22,1965.NIE60/70-65，Problems andprospects in Sub-saharan Africa, April22,1965.FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, p.297(D195),
⑥FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.382-383(D230).
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.303-304(D198).
②1966年2月24日，趁恩克鲁玛访问中国和越南之际，美国中央情报局策划了加纳政府内部约瑟夫·亚瑟·安克拉将军发动政变。此后，恩克鲁玛流亡几内亚，1972年病逝于罗马尼亚。
③NIE70-1-67,The Liberation Movement of Southern Africa,November24,1967.FRUS,1964-1968,Africa,Volume24.pp.698-699(D408).
④Philip Geyelin, LBJ and the World.New York, Frederick A. Praeger,1966. p.16.
⑤Philip Geyelin, LBJ and the World.New York, Frederick A. Praeger,1966. p.16.
⑥Witney W. Schneidman, Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal’s Colonial Empire, UniversityPress of Amrican,p.67, p.74.
⑦Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal’s Colonial Empire, p.61.
①NSSM39.DNSA,SA000379.
②FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24.Africa, p.314.Doc203.
①经济学家罗斯托于1950年代末根据发展经济学理论，提出美国向第三世界的落后国家提供开发援助的主张，以促进第三世界国家脱离共产主义。约翰逊政府时期，罗斯托担任国家安全事务一职，其开发主义的思想也被政府所采纳。他的主要理论及主张见《经济成长的阶段——非共产党宣言》、《从第七层楼上展望世界》。雷迅马在《作为意识形态的现代化——社会科学界与美国的第三世界政策》一书中详细地阐述了现代化理论如何影响了美国对第三世界国家的政策。
②FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24.Africa,p.327(Doc211), pp.331-333(Doc.214).
③NSAM356: Implementation of Korry Report on Development Policies and Programs in Africa.http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/nsams/nsam356.asp；FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24,Africa,pp.362-363(D221).
④1967财年对非援助为2.02亿美元，比1966年增加14%。另外，1965-1968年每年对非洲援助均占总援助的10%左右。FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.378-379(D228); pp.383-494(D231).
⑤梁根成：《美国与非洲》，第120页。
⑥On Doing Business in Cabinda, updated statement by Gulf Oil Co., no date.转引自Zaki Laidi, Traslanted byPatricia Baudoin,the super-powers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry1960-1990, the University of ChicagoPress. p.52.
①The Complex of US-Portuguese Relations before and after the coup, Hearting, US House of Representatives,March and October1974, pp.186-187; p.191.
②FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.384-404(D231).
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.404-406(D232).
①Africa Year Book and Who's who.1977. pp.238–239.
②Dr. Agostinho Neto（1922-1979），安哥拉人民解放运动党主席，安哥拉人民共和国第一任总统。曾是医生和诗人。安哥拉反殖民主义运动的创始人之一，多次被捕、流放、越狱和逃亡。曾先后旅居苏联东欧及其他非洲国家，1962年当选“安人运”主席，领导反葡萄牙的武装斗争。1975年成立安哥拉人民共和国，出任总统，宣布为一党制社会主义国家。1976年打败了安解阵和安盟，1979年去世。
①罗伯伯特·唐纳森编编：《苏联在第第三世界的得失失》，任泉刘芝田田译，世界知识识出版社，19885年，第96页页。.
②罗贝贝托，Holden áálvaro Roberto，早年在英国教会学校接受教育，曾在刚果当会计师。到到1960年末，他相信，葡萄牙不会主主动给予安哥拉拉以和平的独立立，只有通过武武力斗争才能实实现。他拒绝苏苏联的援助使美美国相信他他是“安哥拉的的美国人”。
①Arthhur Jay Klinghooffer, The Angoolan war: A Studdy in Soviet Policy in the Thirdd World. Westvview Press, p14..
①当时称安哥拉人民联盟（the Union of the Peoples ofAngola, UPA），1962年改称安哥拉解放阵线(简称“安解阵”，National Front for the Liberation ofAngola,FNLA)，由霍顿·罗贝托（Holden Roberto）领导，并在刚果建立了流亡政府(Revolutionary Government ofAngola in Exile, GRAE).1966年，该组织主要领导人之一沙文比（Jonas Savimbi）另组“安盟”(the National Union for the Total Independence ofAngola, UNITA)。
②Robert Breckenridge.Edgerton,Africa's Armies: From Honor to Infamy. Westview Press.2002.p.72.
③The New York Times,16March,1961; Yearbook of the United States,1961, New York, Office of PublicInformation, United Nations,1961, pp.137-138.
④Witney W. Schneidman: Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal’s Colonial Empire. UniversityPress of American.Inc.2004.p16.
⑤小阿瑟·M·施莱辛格编：《世界强权动力学：1945-1973年美国外交政策历史文献》，第5卷，第1224页。
①“Talking Paper: Estimate of the Situation in Angola”, National Archives(College Park), State Department LotFiles(SDLF),RG59,Entry3093, Box1.
②Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa, New York,1983. p.190.
③The New York, May4,1961. p.36.
④The New York, June2,1961. p.30.
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa p543-547.
①“Task Force on Portuguese Territories in Africa”, from Wayne Fredericks to Dean Rusk, July13,1961. NationalArchives(NA).College Park, State Department Central Files(SDCF), RG59,1960-1963, Box1816,
753.022/7-1361.
②Angola, Memorandum from Samuel Belk to McGeorge Bundy, June29,1961. FURS,1961-1963, Volume
21,Africa,pp.545-546(Doc.351).
③“Task Force on Portuguese Territories in Africa”, from Wayne Fredericks to Dean Rusk, July13,1961. NationalAchives(NA). SDCF,RG59,1960-1963, Box1816,753.022/7-1361.
④“Task Force on Portuguese Territories in Africa”, from Wayne Fredericks to Dean Rusk, July13,1961. NationalAchives(NA). SDCF, RG59,1960-1963, Box1816,753.022/7-1361.
⑤Rostow to Kennedy,14July,1961; National Security Council “Action Memorandum”,14July1961,NSF: AngolaBox5, Kennedy Library.
①NSAM60:U.S. Actions in Relation to Portuguese Territories in Africa, July18,1961.FRUS,1961–1963, Volume
13, Western Europe and Canada, pp.901-902(Document327).
②关于隐蔽行动，详见白建才：《“第三种选择”——冷战期间美国对外隐蔽行动战略研究》，人民出版社，2012年。
③1961年蒙博托在美国支持下发动政变，出任国民军总司令，1962年罗贝托在利奥波德维尔建立安哥拉流亡政府。1965年政变后蒙博托任总统，直到1997年下台。1974至1976年安哥拉战争期间，罗贝托以利奥波德维尔为基地，美国通过蒙博托获得关于罗贝托的情报并向罗贝托提供秘密援助。
④1960年独立后改国名为刚果共和国，1966年将其首都利奥波德维尔改称金沙萨。因此习惯上将独立前至1966年的刚果共和国称为刚果(利)(以下简称刚果)，1966年之后称之为刚果(金)。1971年刚果共和国改国名为扎伊尔，1997年重新恢复为刚果共和国，并沿用至今。
①The New York Times, March25,1961. P4.
②“New York2506, March16,1961.”NA, SDCF, RG591960-1963, Box1821,753n,00/3-1661.
③“Outgoing Telegram10676”,21March1961,NA.SDCF. RG59,1960-1963, Box1821.753n,00/3-2161.
④Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa, New York,1983, pp.204-206.在美国外交文件中，但凡涉及对罗贝托的援助具体数额及武器装备时，均被涂黑，未公开。
⑤隐蔽行动：根据美国《1947年国家安全法》，由中央情报局负责实施秘密行动。
⑥Paul Sakwa,“U.S. Policy toward Portugal”,17January1962, NSF: Portugal Box154, Kennedy Library.
⑦Memorandum of Conversation with the President, April2,1962, in David McLellan and David Acheson(ed.)Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson.Dodd, Mead,1980.pp.225-228.
⑧FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.547.http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v21/d347
⑨Memorandum From Secretary of State Rusk to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs
(Johnson),June18,1961.FRUS,1961-1963,volume21, p544-545.
①FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.551-552(D355).
②FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.553-554(D356).
③John A. Marcum, The Angolan Revolution, volume11, Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare(1962-1976).Cambridge,1978, p17.Douglas Brinkley, DeanAcheson, The Cold War Years,1953-1971, New Haven,1992,p309.John A. Marcum是林肯大学的政治学教授、非洲项目主任，在肯尼迪时代负责管理安哥拉教育援助项目，70年代担任非洲研究协会主席和安哥拉问题专家，被认为是“与罗贝托关系最密切的美国人”（LuisNuno Rodrigues:“Today’s terrorist is tomorrow’s statesman”: the United States and Angolan nationalism in theearly1960s. Portuguese Journal of Social Science. Volume3Number2.p119.）;
④U.S. Congress, Senate, Subcommittee on African Affairs, Angola,p.174; New York Times,25September1975, p.1.1969年美国停止对罗贝托的直接援助，但继续每年预算10000美元备用援助资金。1975年，当安哥拉内图的共产主义势力占优势时，美国重新开始大规模援助。参见New York Times,19Feb.1977, p.9.
⑤“Conversation with Bishop Ralph Edward Dodge and the Reverend Alvin Mowat Adams, Luanda Desp.193.February10,1961.”NA, SDCF, RG59,1960-1963, Box1821,753n.00/2-1761.
⑥FRUS,1961–1963, Volume13, Western Europe and Canada, pp.901-902.
⑦“Training Program in the U. S. for Portuguese African Students,” from William Tyler to Alexis Johnson, March2,1962, NA,State Department Lot Files（SDLF）, RG59,68D401, Entry5296. Box1.
①Richard N. Swift(ed.), Annual Review of United Nations Affairs,1961-1962. New York.1963.p.147.
②United States Position on Angola in the United Nations General Assembly,Memorandum Prepared in theDepartment of State for President Kennedy,January25,1962, FRUS,1961-1963,Volume21, pp.555-556.
(Document357).
③The United States and Portugal during the Kennedy presidency.pp.200-201.
④Portuguese Use of U.S. Military Equipment in Angola,Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant forNational Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Kennedy.August31,1961.FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa,pp.548-549.(Document353)；NSAM60:U.S. Actions in Relation to Portuguese Territories in Africa, July18,1961.FRUS,1961–1963, Volume13, Western Europe and Canada, pp.901-902(Document327).
⑤“Summary of Portuguese Military Posture and Remarks on Possible Use of Military Assistance Items in Africa”.November28,1962. NA. SDLF,RG59, Entry3093. Box2.
①Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Kennedy,August31,1961.FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.549(Document353).
②Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Kennedy,August31,1961.FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.549(Document353).
③New York Times.Jun29,1962; Aug26,1962.
④New York Time,Jun29,1962.
⑤New York Times.Jun29,1962; Aug26,1962.p.4.
①Los Angeles Times,Dec28,1962, p.4.
②“Africa, Portugal and Azores: A New Approach,” Aril20,1962. NA.SDCF, RG59,1960-1963.Box1816.753.022/4-2062.
③FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.559(D359).
④FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.559(D359).
⑤Letter from Adlai Stevenson to John F. Kennedy, May18,1962, NA, SDCF, RG59,1960-1963, Box1818,
753b.56311/5-1162.
⑥United States Participation in the United Nations, Report by the President to the Congress for the year1962.Washington,1963, p.49.
⑦Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow (ed.), The Kennedy Tapes, Inside the White House During the Cuba MissileCrisis, Cambridge,1997, p.336.
①“Memorandum from Dean Rusk to The President,” October24,1962, NA,SDCF, RG59,1960-1963, Box1260,
611.53/10-2462.
②“Lisbon319, October24,1962”. NA, SDCF, RG59,1960-1963. Box1814,753.00/10-2462.
③Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (Williams) to Secretary of StateRusk.October23,1962.FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.560-562.
④FRUS,1961–1963, Volume13, Western Europe and Canada, p.949.
⑤The United States and Portugal during the Kennedy presidency.p.515.
⑥FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.564(D362).
①FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.565(D363).
②FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.568-573(D366.D367)
③1895-1970，葡萄牙军官、政治家和作家。早年支持萨拉查政权，在葡政府中当议员，50年代，开始反对萨拉查政权，尤其是反对其在非洲的殖民政策。1952年被逮捕，1959年逃到委内瑞拉，在国外从事反政府活动。1961年1月22日，他领导劫持了一艘葡萄牙船圣玛丽亚（Santa Maria hijacking），即杜尔西内亚行
动（Operation Dulcinea）.2月2日，在巴西官员的斡旋下，他同意以在巴西避难换取释放人质。事后，他宣布劫船的最初目的是开往安哥拉，实现安哥拉独立。1970年他在巴西逝世。他劫机的事迹后被译成英文，书名是“讨伐葡萄牙”（my crusade for Portugal）。
④FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.567-568(D365).
⑤Department of State Policy Planning Council,“Problems of Southern Africa”, May6,1963, NSF: Africa, box3,Kennedy Library.
⑥1962年罗贝托争取到了另一个民族主义者Jonas Savimbi支持，宣布成立在刚果的金沙萨成立安哥拉流亡政府。到1964年初，已有18个非洲国家承认了流亡政府。
⑦FURS,1961-1963, Volume21,Southern Africa Region, pp.332-334(D219).
①1963年6月11日，肯尼迪发表关于公民权利的讲话，要求立法在公共场合禁止种族歧视。19日肯尼迪将民权法案提交给国会审议，但民权法案在国会争议较大，直到肯尼迪去后后1964年才予以通过，成为1964年民权法案。
②“Meeting with the President on Portuguese Africa”, July18,1963, Kennedy Library, NSF, Box,154A.
③FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.577(D370).
④http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/180(1963)2013-1-11
⑤FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.506(Doc319).
⑥FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p578-579(D371).
①Letter from Oliveira to George Ball, February27,1964, NA, SDLF,1964-1966, RG59, Box2600.
②New York Times,16April,1961. P19; Rostow to Bundy,“De Gaulle, Africa, and Southeast Asia”, NSF: Africa,Box2, Kennedy Library.
③FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.292-294(D195).
④Peter J. Schraeder, United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa, Incrementalism, Crisis and Change, Cambridge,1994, pp.14-15.
①有色人种协进会（National Association for theAdvancement of Colored People，NAACP），成立于1909年，总部在纽约，原领导人是杜波依斯。该会在50-60年代美国黑人民权运动中发挥了重要作用。
②New York Times,17March,1961, p1.
③Dean Rusk,”Coping with a World Plunged in Revolution” Business Week,25March,1961, pp.104-109.
①Thomas J. Noer,“New Frontiers and Old Priorities in Africa”in Thomas G. Paterson, ed., Kennedy's Quest forVictory: American Foreign Policy,1961-1963, Oxford University Press, USA,1989, p.259.
②Anna Kasten Nelson,“President Kennedy’s National Security Policy: a Reconsidereation.”In Reviews inAmerican History, Volume19, Number1, March1991,pp9-10.
③Burton I. Kaufman,“John F. Kennedy as World Leader: A Perspective on the Literature.”In Diplomatic History,
①Bruce D. Larkin, China and Africa,1949-1970, Berkeley: University of California Press,1971, pp.65-70; WarrenI. Cohen, Dean Rusk, Totowa, New Jersey: Copper Square Publishers,1980, p.297.
②Witney W. Schneidman, Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire, UniversityPress of America.2004. p.59.
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.717-720(Doc.414).
④1961年以来，古巴开始培训安哥拉干部，1962年初曾派出一个医疗小组。但大规模卷入安哥拉是在1975年安哥拉内战开始以后。N. Valdes,“Revolutionary Solidarity inAngola,” in C. Blasier and C Mesa-Lago, eds.,Cuba in the World, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press,p.85.
⑤New York Times,4January,1964, p15.FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24.p.716(Doc.413).
⑥FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.717-720(Doc.414).
⑦Francis Russell to the Department of State,20January1964, NSF: Angola, Box1, Johnson Library.
⑧Secretary of State to all American embassy, Lisbon,17January1964, NSF: Portugal, Box1, Johnson Library.
⑨New York Times,17January1964.
⑩Rusk to Anderson,4February1964, NSF: Portugal, Box1, Johnson Library.
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.720-721(Doc415).
②Action Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (Williams) to Secretary of StateRusk. April29,1964.FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.729-932(Doc418).
③Memorandum From the Under Secretary of State (Ball) to Secretary of State Rusk.March17,1964.ProposalRegarding Holden Roberto,FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africapp.724-728(Doc417).
④FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.720-721(Doc415).
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.724-728(Doc417).
⑥FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.724-728(Doc417).
⑦Meeting of4May1964re U.S. Policy toward the Portuguese Possessions in Africa.May4,1964.FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.733-735(Doc419).
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.736-738(Doc420).
②Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Portugal. June9,1965.FRUS,1964-1968, Volume12,Western Europe, pp.326-327(Doc.160).
③Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Portugal.June19,1965. FRUS,1964-1968, Volume12,Western Europe, pp.328-329(Document161);FRUS,1964-1968, Africa, Volume24,, pp.754-758(Doc433).
④FRUS,1964-1968, Volume12, Western Europe, pp.328-329(Document161).
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume12, Western Europe, p.329.
①Telegram From the Embassy in Portugal to the Department of State. September3,1965.FRUS,1964-1968,Volume12, Western Europe, pp.331-332(Document161).
②Telegram From the Embassy in Portugal to the Department of State, October23,1965.FRUS,1964-1968, Volume
12, Western Europe, pp.340-341(Document167).FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.759-761(Doc435).
③“United States Policy Towards Portuguese Africa: A Commentary, Lisbon A-425, May11,1966”, NA, SDCF,RG59,1964-1968. Box2604.
④“The Dilemma of Portuguese Africa, Lisbon, A-422, September29,1967,” NA, SDCF, RG59,1967-1969,Box1783.
①“The Dilemma of Portuguese Africa, Lisbon, A-422, September29,1967,” NA, SDCF, RG59,1967-1969,Box1783.
②Lawrence W. Henderson, Angola, Five Centuries of Conflict, Ithaca,1979, p210.
③Peter Duignan and L. H. Gann, The United States and Africa: A History, Cambridge,1984, p.309.
④“Resume of Luncheon Meeting with the President,”19August1965, Williams Papers, Box5, NationalArchives.
⑤莫伊兹·卡奔达·冲伯，Moise Kapenda Tshombe，1919-1969和1964-1966年间任刚果总理，后被蒙博托处决。
⑥Godley to Rusk,11July,1964,17July1964, NSF: Congo, Box1, Johnson Library.
⑦FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.745-746(Doc427); John A. Marcum, The Angolan Revolution: ExilePolitics and Guerrilla Warfare,1962-1976.Volume2. pp.169-172.
⑧New York Times, December25,1975.
①Rusk to USUN Delegation,2July1964. NSF:Portugal, Box1, Johnson Library.
②New York Times,1January1966,p67.
③美国与葡萄牙关于租借亚速尔军事基地的协定在1962-1970年间为每年签署的短期租借协定，1971年12月签署长期协定。美国以提供总价值4.35亿美元的援助及进出口银行贷款为条件签署协定，但葡萄牙拒绝从非洲撤出美式武器。Thomas J. Noer, Cold War and Black Liberation, the United States and white rule in Africa,1948-1968.University of Missouri Press,1985.p120.详见下文。Loran-C navigation system是美国研制的一种军用战术导航系统
①Terrence Lyons,“Keeping Africa off the Agenda,” in Warren Cohen and Nancy Bernkopf Tucker(eds), LyndonJohnson Confronts the World. American Foreign Policy,1963-1968, Cambridge,1994, pp.246-248.
②Thomas J. Noer, Cold war and Black Liberation: The United States and White Rule in Africa,1948-1968.University of Missouri Press,1985, p.123.
③罗德西亚，二战前分成南罗德西亚和北罗德西亚，由于北罗于1964年宣布独立，更名为赞比亚，因此习惯上将1965至1980年的南罗德西亚即称为罗德西亚，1980年后则更名为津巴布韦。
①班达（1902—1997），马拉维独立运动的黑人领导者，早年曾留学美国和英国，其思想受杜波依斯和甘地等影响，后投身于黑人解放运动。1940年代，曾任非洲人国民大会驻英代表，与恩克鲁玛等黑人领袖联系密切。1958年从加纳回到尼亚萨兰，成为独立运动的领导人，1961年在尼亚萨兰大选中获胜，1962年，英国同意尼亚萨兰自治，1963年，中非联邦解散后，尼亚萨兰独立，并于1964年7月更名为马拉维，班达任总统直到1994年败选，后流亡南非，1997年去世。
①在历史上，单方面独立的例子还有1776年美国宣布脱离英国而独立、1975年北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国宣布独立（目前只有土耳其承认其独立）、2008年科索沃宣布独立于塞尔维亚（目前得到不包括中国在内的
97个国家的承认）。
②Memorandum of Conversation between Dean Rusk,Duncan Sandys, etal., December19,1963, Lodon, FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.539-540.
①FURS,1961-1963, Volume21, Africa, pp.518-519(D329).
②FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.516-518(D328).
③FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.532-533(D340).
①FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.508-509.
②FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.536-538（D344）.
③L. J. Butler, Britain, the united states,and the demise of thecentral African federation,1959–63,The Journal ofImperial andCommonwealth History,28:3,131-151.
④FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.516-518(Doc328).
⑤Williams to Rusk,16April1962, Williams Papers, box2, National Archives.
⑥State Department Planning Group,“The White Redoubt,”28June1962, DNSA, SA00003。
⑦Bowles,“Report on Mission to Africa, October14-November9,1962,”13November1962, Bowles Papers, Box
311, Yale University; Williams to Rusk,“Major Conclusions of Williams’s African Trip,”24February1963,Williams Papers, Box3, National Archives.
⑧FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.530-532(D339).
⑨J.R.T. Wood, the Welensky Papers: A History of the Federation: Britain. Rhodesia and South Africa,1948-1953,
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.797-798(D462).
②Cold War and Black Liberation,194.
③http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/216(1965).2012-12-12
①http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/217(1965).2012-12-12
②http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/221(1966)2012-12-12.
③http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/232(1966)2012-12-12.
④http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/253(1968)2012-12-12.
⑤FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa,,pp.946-947(D561).
⑥FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, p.594(D566).
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa. pp.801-802(D466).
②FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.788-789(D457).
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa4,pp.794-795(D460).
④SDB53, June28,1965: pp.1061-1066.转引自cold war and Black Liberation,p.191.
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.822-824(D480).
⑥Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, Official Report,5th Series, Vol.720(H.M.S.O.,1966), columns49-356.http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1965Rhodesia-UDI.html
⑦FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.841-842(D493).
⑧FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.932-937(D553).
①小阿瑟·M·施莱辛格编：《世界强权动力学：1945-1973年美国外交政策历史文献》，第5卷，第1139页。
②FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.932-937(D553).
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.932-937(D553).
④FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.943-945(D559).
⑤Andrew Deroche, Black, White, and the Chrome: The United States and Zimbabwe, Africa World Press, Inc.p.156.
⑥FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.959(D571).
⑦Cold War and Black Liberation,p.192.
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.871-874(D513).
②FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africapp.851-852(D501).
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.852-858(D502).
④Cold War and Black Liberation,p.205.
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.865-866(D509).
⑥SDB54（17January1966）:85-86.转引自Cold War and Black Liberation, p.205.
⑦这条公路南起卢萨卡南部，经过卢萨卡向东北延伸到坦桑尼亚的边境城市Tunduma，直至坦桑尼亚首都达累斯萨拉姆，几乎与中国援助修建的坦赞铁路平行。
⑧1965年7月1日，中国政府决定援建坦赞铁路，承诺向两国提供22500万英镑。1967年9月6日，坦赞铁路协定签署。1968年5月开始工程勘察，1970年10月26日开工建设，1975年6月全线通车行，工程共耗费约5亿美元。中国先后派遣工程人员5.6万人次，投入物资机械83万吨，提供无息贷款9.88亿元人民币。详见：Martin Bailey,Freedom railway: China and the Tanzania-Zambia link, Collings,1976.
⑨Business Week(11December1965):58.
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.865-866(D509).
②Minerals Yearbook1965, volume1, US Government Printing Office,1966, p.303.
③NSSM39. DNSA, SA00379.
④Anthony Lake, the “Tar Baby” Option: American Policy toward Southern Rhodesia.Columbia UniversityPress,1976, pp.42-44.
⑤Department of State Press Releases, NSF: Rhodesia, Box3, Johnson Library.
⑥NSSM39. DNSA, SA00379.
⑦Douglas Brinkley, Dean Acheson: the Cold War Yeas,1953-1971,1992,315-327.
①White, Black and the Chrome, p.154.
②Eshmael Mlambo: Rhodesia: The Struggle for a Birthright, London: Hurst,1972, Note15, p.301.
③Black, White, and the Chrome, p.156.
④FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.797-798(D462).
⑤New York Times,5February1966, p3;11March,1966.
⑥梁根成：《美国与非洲》第118页。
⑦Anthony Lake, the “Tar Baby”Option: American Policy toward Southern Rhodesia.Columbia UniversityPress,1976.p.120.
⑧Cold War and Black Liberation,p.209.
⑨罗德西亚，二战前分成南罗德西亚和北罗德西亚，由于北罗于1964年宣布独立，更名为赞比亚，因此习惯上将1965至1980年的南罗德西亚即称为罗德西亚，1980年后则更名为津巴布韦。
①FRUS,1946, Volume5, Union of South Africa, pp.121-122.
②FRUS,1946, Volume5, Union of South Africa, p.122.
①FRUS,1948,Volume5,Union of South Africa, p.531.
②FRUS,1948, Volume5, Union of South Africa, p.527.
③FRUS,1950,Volume5, Union of South Africa, p.1813.
④FRUS,1950,Volume5,Union of South Africa, p.1828.
⑤FRUS,1950,Volume5, Union of South Africa, pp.1842-1843.
⑥FRUS,1952-1954,Volume11,Union of South Africa, pp.922.
⑦FRUS,1952-1954,Volume11, Union of South Africa, pp.1010-1013.
①Country Internal Defense Plan, December18,1962. DNSA, South Africa, SA00005.
②South West Africa: Guidelines for United States Policy and Operations. January6,1963. DNSA, South Africa,SA00006.
③Your Meeting with the South African Ambassador on Friday October18at3:00pm, October17,1963. DNSA,South Africa, SA00093.
④Toward a New AF Strategy, October18,1963.DNSA, South Africa, SA00094.
⑤South West Africa: Guidelines for United States Policy and Operations, January6,1963. DNSA, SA00006.
①建立于1962年，1964解散，原称为“西南非洲咨询事务委员会”（the Commission of Enquiry into South WestAfrican Affairs），因以前德兰士瓦省行政官员奥登达尔（Fox Odendaal）为主席，又称奥登达尔委员会。
②South Africa and South West Africa.Briefing Paper, March10,1964.DNSA,South Africa, SA00158.
①SOUTH-WEST AFRICA CASES (SECOND PHASE),Judgment of18July1966.http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=288&code=lsa&p1=3&p2=3&case=47&k=f2&p3=52013-10-4.
①http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/245(1968);http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/246(1968).
②http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/?sum=296&code=nam&p1=3&p2=4&case=53&k=a7&p3=52013-10-4.
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africap.694(D406).
④FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,P.695(D406).
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,p.371(D226).
⑥FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.405-406(D232).
⑦Policy Planning Council:NATIONAL POLICY PAPER: SOUTHERN AFRICA，SOUTHERN AFRICA--U.S.POLICY. November20,1968. FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.699-703(D409).
⑧小阿瑟·M·施莱辛格编：《世界强权动力学：1945-1·973年美国外交政策历史文献》，第5卷，第1108页。
①NSSM39, DNSA, SA00379.
②LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON LIBRARY ORAL HISTORY COLLECTION, Oral History Transcripts, DeanRusk Interview IV, pp.26. available at http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/oral-histories/2013-11-17
③Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, pp.551-584.
④详见: Melvin Gurtov, The United States Against the Third World:Antinationalism and Intervention, New York:Praeger pp.41-81; Stephen R. Weissman, American Foreign Policy in the Congo:1960-1964,Cornell University
①详见：Alvin B. Tillery JR., between homeland and motherland: Africa, U.S. Foreign Policy, and BlackLeadership in America.Ithaca: Cornell University Press,2011.
②Kenneth R. Janken,From colonial liberation to Cold War, liberalism: Walter White, the NAACP, and ForeignAffairs,1941–1955, Ethnic and RacialStudies,1998.21:6, pp.1074-1095.
③FRUS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.337-338(D221).
④FRUS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa,pp.339-340(D222).
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,p.281(D187).
⑥FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.287-288(D192).
⑦FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.289-290(D193).
⑧1969年建立，由众议院黑人议员组成。1960年代起，黑人当选议员逐渐增多，1971年用现名。1969年有成员9人，到2012年已经有42人。
①Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Oral History Collectionl, Oral History Transcripts, Dean Rusk Interview IV,pp.28-29. available at http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/oral-histories/2013-11-17
①Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Oral History Collectionl, Oral History Transcripts, Dean Rusk Interview IV,pp.29. available at http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/oral-histories/2013-11-17
①约翰逊·加迪斯著，《遏制战略：战后美国国家安全政策评析》，世界知识出版社，2005年，第292页。
②Richard Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Vol1, New York: Warner Books,1978, p.425.
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.797-790(D462).Policy Planning Council: National Policy Paper,Southern Africa,November20,1968.
④Anthony Lake, the “Tar Baby” Option: American Policy toward Southern Rhodesia. Columbia University
①Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal, New York: Simon&Schuster,1999, p.903.
②Engaging Africa, p.117.
③Roger Morris, Uncertain Greatness,pp.114-115.
①Zaki Laidi.translated by Patricia Baudoin: the Super-Powers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry1960-1990, The University of Chicago Press,1990,p.49.
②Stanley Hoffman, Primacy of World Order: American Foreign Policy Since the Cold War, New York:McGraw-Hill,1980,p.47.
③NSSM39, p.66; Roger Morris, Uncertain Greatness, pp.107-120.梁根成在《美国与非洲》中翻译成“焦油婴儿”。
①Anthony Lake, The "Tar Baby" Option: American Policy Toward Southern Rhodesia. Columbia University Press,New York,1973, p.124.
②Jack Anderson,“Henry Kissinger’s First Big Tile”.The Washington Post, October11,1974; Mohamed A.El-Khawas and Barry Cohen edit. The Kissinger Study of Southern Africa, National Security Study Memorandum
39, Lawrence&Company.1976.p.19.
③Mohamed A. El-Khawas and Barry Cohen edit. The Kissinger Study of Southern Africa, National Security StudyMemorandum39, Lawrence&Company.1976.p.12.
④Donald B. Easum,“United States Policy Toward Africa,” Issue5:3,1975, pp.70-71.
⑤Donald F. McHenry,“Statement on South Africa and Namibia”, Issue5:3,1975, p.60.
⑥The Washington Post, February24,1970.
⑦“Washington Letter”, Africa Today, January-February,1970.
⑧Azhakethu Mathew Thomas, TheAmerican Predicament: Apartheid and United States Foreign Policy.DartmouthPub Co,1997, p.57.
①DNSA标注的解密时间为1977年。
②South Africa: Policy Planning Paper. March1972. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, SouthernAfrica,pp.174-175(Doc71).
①Cold war and black liberation, p.241.
②SASP and EATP, Policy Planning Memorandum No.1. U.S. Relations with the African LiberationMovements.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.167(Document68).
③SASP and EATP,Policy Planning Memorandum No.1. U.S. Relations with the African LiberationMovements.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.167(Document68).
①Chester Crocker, South Africa: Strategy for Change.p.345.
②The Super-Powers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry,1960-1990, p.49.
①Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for NationalSecurity Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon,April29,1974.SUBJECT:Coup in Portugal. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.228.
②Piero Gleijeses, A Test of Wills: Jimmy Carter, South Africa, and theIndependence of Namibia, DiplomaticHistory, Vol34Issue5, pp.853–891, November2010.
③Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for NationalSecurity Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon,April29,1974.SUBJECT:Coup in Portugal.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.228.
①NSSM241, http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0310/nssm241.pdf.2013-10-20.
①South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p22.
②John Darnton,"Challenge to the Shuttle", The New York Times, September17,1976.
③Nancy Mitchell, Tropes of the Cold War: Jimmy Carter and Rhodesia, Cold War History,(2007)7:2, pp.263-283.
④Zbigniew Brezezinski,Power and Princigple: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor,1977-1981,(New York:Aarrar, Straus, Girous,1983). p.139.
⑤莱克是基辛格非洲政策的反对者。
⑥Ford Foundation Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa. South Africa: Time Running Out.
①由安理会中三个常任理事国，英法美，和加拿大、联邦德国组成。五国从1977年宣布南非种族隔离制度非法以后，发动了共同的外交努力促进纳米比亚的独立。他们的努力直接导致了1978年安理会通过了435号决议。这一决议是经过与前线国家经过漫长的协商后确定的，决议要求在联合国监督下举行选举。
②Security Council Action on South Africa. Nov1977. DNSA, SA00806.
③Secreatary Cyrus Vance, Cable for all African Diplomatic Posts,“Security Council Action on South Africa,”November5,1977. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. pp.78-79.
④Leslie H. Gelb,“U.S. Seeks Angola Compromise As Price for Accord on Namibia,”New York Times, June1,1981,p.8.
①October31Security Council Discussion of South Africa. DNSA, SA00800.
②October31Security Council Discussion of South Africa. DNSA, SA00800.
③South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. p.49.
④The Cold War and the Color Line p.255.
⑤1977年3月和1978年5月11日，以东安哥拉为基地的、由驻安哥拉古巴军队培训的刚果民族解放前线
（Front for the National Liberation of the Congo, FNLC）入侵刚果的加丹加省，在美国、法国和比利时的军事援助下被击退，这是美国自越战后的与法国的首次军事合作。
⑥The Cold War and the Color Line, p.257.
⑦“Carter’s U-Turn in Foreign Policy.”U.S. News&World Report, January28,1980.
①The Cold War and the Color Line, p.257.
①Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa, New York: Oxford University Press,1984. pp.237-238.
②New York Times, September25,1975.
③New York Times, September25,1975.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.204-205(D88).
⑤United States Policy Toward Southern Africa, January28,1970, National Security Decision Memorandum38.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.69.
⑥Engaging Africa, p.121.
⑦The Super-powers and Africa, p.54.
①Cold war and black liberation,p.241.
②David Binder, New York Times, February19,1977, p.9.
③New York Times, June1,1970.
④Yearbook of the United States,1970, p.191.
⑤HGR-1972-FOR-0004, p.103.
①HGR-1972-FOR-0004, p.89; HGR-1974-FOA-0020.p2.
②HGR-1972-FOR-0004, p.103.
③HGR-1972-FOR-0004.pp.138-139.
④New York Times，Jan31,1972.
⑤FRUS,1969–1976, Volume41,1969–1972, p.836.footnote.
⑥Hearing: Executive Agreements with Portugal and Bahrain, Feb.1-3,1972.Committee on ForeignRelations.Senate.ProQuest Congressional, HRG-1972-FOR-0004.p6.
⑦Hearing: Executive Agreements with Portugal and Bahrain, Feb.1-3,1972.Committee on ForeignRelations.Senate.ProQuest Congressional, HRG-1972-FOR-0004.
①Engaging Africa,p.191.
②New York Times, Dec9,1971.
③FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.212(D92).
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.226(D97).
⑤FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.212(D92).
①Angola: Guidelines for Policy, September1970. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.213-217(D93).
②Engaging Africa,p.127.
③1972年3月，联合国派“非殖民化委员会”前往调查几内亚比绍。7月，委员会向联大提交的报告认为，葡萄牙不再能够对几内亚进行有效管理。10月，联大投票承认了几内亚公开选举的由几内亚和佛得角非洲独立党（Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde-PAIGC，简称几佛独立党）政权为几内亚比绍和佛得角的唯一合法政权。（美国在表决中投了反对票）。Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Mission: Havana,Washington and Africa,1975-1976, The University of North Carolina Press,2002.p.210.
①Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Mission: Havana, Washington and Africa,1975-1976, The University of NorthCarolina Press,2002.p.210. footnote128.
②The Washinton Post, April26,1974, p.12.
③斯皮诺拉是葡萄牙的战争英雄，他认为军事解决非洲问题是不可能的，必须要政治解决。他要求新宪法给予自由和民主制度。他的一本书曾在1973年3月引发“向里斯本进军”的运动，但失败。
①Engaging Africa, p.129.
②Engaging Africa, p.146.
①Engaging Africa, p.149.
②Engaging Africa, p.154.
③Engaging Africa, p.149.
④Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal, p.627.
⑤New York Times. December14,1974.
⑥Washington Post. December14,1974.
①Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal, p.630.
②Interview: Frank Carlucci, June4, Washington DC.转引自Engaging Africa, p159, footnote17.
③William Hyland, Mortal Rivals: Superpower Relations from Nixon to Reagan,New York: Random House,1987),pp.133-136.
④Scrowcroft to Donald Rumsfeld, Assistant to the President, February11,1975and Rumsfeld to Carlton Goodlett,President, National Newspaper Publishers Association, March31,1975, WHCF: Africa, box1, GFL.
⑤Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, The Angolan War: A Study in Soviet Policy in the Third World, Westview Press, Boulder,
①Report Prepared by the Working Group on Angola. No.75, Cuban Involvement in Angola.Washington, October
22,1975. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.326(D132).
②Gerald J Bender,“Kissinger in Angola: Anatomy of Failure”, in Rene Lemarchand, ed. American Policy inSouthern Africa, University of Press of America,1981, pp.90-91.
③Conflicting mission, p.276.
④Conflicting mission, p.291; FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.251-252（D108）.
⑤Thomas J. Noer, International Credibility and Political Survival: The Ford Administration's Intervention inAngola, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol.23, No.4, The Managerial, Political and Spiritual Presidencies (Fall1993). pp.771-785.
⑥Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, The Angolan War: A Study in Soviet Policy in the Third World, Colorado, WestviewPress,1980. pp.26-27.
①林永乐，《安哥拉争端与美苏冲突》，台湾商务印书馆，第38页,第46页。
②Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, The Angolan War: A Study in Soviet Policy in the Third World,p.19.
③Gerald J Bender,“Kissinger in Angola: Anatomy of Failure”, in Rene Lemarchand, ed. American Policy inSouthern Africa, University of Press of America,1981, pp.90-91.
④Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, the Angolan War: A study In Soviet Policy in the Third World, p.55.
⑤John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story, p.232.
①Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, CambridgeUniversity Press,2007. p.237.
②Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, the Angolan War: A study In Soviet Policy in the Third World, Westview Press, Boulder,Colorado,1980, pp.112-114.
③1976年2月，安政权通过Mark Moran向基辛格传信：不把外交承认安政府作为与美国对话的前提。TheWashington Post, February17,1976.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.228(Doc98).
⑤FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, pp.227‐228(Doc98).
⑥Donald B. Easum(1923-)，1974年1月至10月任非洲事务助理国务卿，1974年11月，因言论不当被解职。1974年1月22日，他继任非洲事务助理国务卿，接任之际，其前任David Newsom告诉他，直接反对种族政策和支持非殖民化是非洲事务署的共识，但美国在非洲缺少利益及基辛格忽视非洲事务署的建议是非洲署面临的主要挑战。
①1964年，CIA建立了驻罗安达办公室，负责汇报非洲民族解放运动信息，1967年办公室关闭。此后美国关于安哥拉的情报信息主要来自于葡萄牙、扎伊尔和赞比亚。1975年重开此办公室。
②FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.236(D103).另参阅Testimony of the Secretary of State beforethe Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on Foreign Relations U.S. Senate, January29,1976.
③National Security Study Memorandum224, May26,1975.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.245
（Document105）.
④Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, June27,1975, FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, SouthernAfrica,pp.265-269(D113).
⑤FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, pp.251-252(Document108).
⑥John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies,p.55.
⑦FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.251(D108).
⑧Interview with Robert W. Hultslander, former CIA Station Chief in Luanda, Angola. Fax to Piero Gleijeses.December22,1998. Available at http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB67/transcript.html.2013-12-23. Also at Conflicting Missions, p.353.
⑨Donald Easum, Hard times for the African Bureau,1974-1976: a Diplomatic Adventure story.http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2010/0406/fsl/fsl_hardtimes.html2013-6-21；House Select Committeeon Intelligence, Selection from the Pike Report Relating to Angola, February1976. Found at Kenneth Mokoena ed.South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. New York: the New Press,1993. p.226.
①FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.462.
②House Select Committee on Intelligence, Selection from the Pike Report Relating to Angola, February1976.Found at Kenneth Mokoena ed. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. New York: the NewPress,1993. p.226.
③John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, pp.54-69.
④Stockwell,"Appendix5: Total Arms and Material Delivered to FNLA and UNITA," pp.265-66.
⑤John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies,pp.118-154.
⑥Interview with Robert W. Hultslander, former CIA Station Chief in Luanda, Angola. Fax to Piero Gleijeses.December22,1998. Available at http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB67/transcript.html.2013-12-23.
⑦Attachment: ANGOLA. June27,1975.FRUS,1969-1976, Volume28, Southern Africa, p.276(D113).
①Conflicting missions, p.353.
②Conflicting missions, p.354.
③Conflicting missions, p.355.
④Interview with Robert W. Hultslander, former CIA Station Chief in Luanda, Angola. Fax to Piero Gleijeses.December22,1998. Available at http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB67/transcript.html.2013-12-23.
⑤Conflicting missions, p.355.
⑥House Select Committee on Intelligence, Selection from the Pike Report Relating to Angola, February1976.Found at Kenneth Mokoena ed. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. New York: the NewPress,1993.p227.
⑦Conflicting missions, p.355.
⑧Paper Prepared by the National Security CouncilInterdepartmental Group for Africa, Washington, June13,1975.RESPONSE TO NSSM224:UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARD ANGOLA. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28,Southern Africa,, p.253-255(Documet109).
①Memorandum for the Record,40Committee Meeting,8August,1975，FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, SouthernAfrica, p296(D123).
②Memorandum for the Record，40Committee Meeting,20August1975. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, SouthernAfrica,p.300(D124).
③FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, D141, p.355-358.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, D138, p.345.
⑤December31975, Memorandum, White House Convention with Chinese Officials, DNSA, KT01839, KT01841.另FRUS,1973–1976, volume18, China,(Documents134–136).
⑥FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.358-359(D142).
⑦FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.365-368(D145-146).
①FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.425(D171).
②State Department, Memorandum for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,“U.S. Policy Toward Angola”,December161975. Found at Kenneth Mokoena ed. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History.New York: the New Press,1993. pp.219-225.
③State Department, Memorandum for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,“U.S. Policy Toward Angola”,December161975. Found at Kenneth Mokoena ed. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History.pp.219-225.
④Leslie Gelb,"U.S. Aides Tell Senators of Arms Aid to Angolans," New York Times, November7,1975, p.3.CRS-1976-FND-0016,p11.
⑤Joan Hoff, A Faustian Foreign Policy from Woodrow Wilson to George W. Bush,Cambridge University Press2007,p.106.
⑥CRS-1976-FND-0016,p14.
①National Security Study Memorandum234, December13,1975.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.377-378(D148).
②Nei C. Livingstone and Manfred Von Nordheim,”The United Sates Congress and the Angolan Crisis”, StrategicReview,5(No.2,1977), p.38.
③George Wright, The Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Towards Angola Since1945. Chicago: PlutoPress.1997. p.71.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.390(D192).
①William Minter,Portuguese Africa and the West. Monthly Review Press,1972.pp.118-119.
②The Super Powers and Africa, p.52.
③William Minter, Portuguese Africa and the West. p.120.
④The Super Powers and Africa, p.52.
①1973年10月第四次中东战争发生后，由于阿拉伯石油输出国以石油为武器声援埃及和叙利亚等国向以色列发动战争，这带来了石油涨价和西方国家的能源危机。
②CRS-1976-FAF-0007, p.75.
③New York Times, March311978.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,, p.478-479(D190.D191).
⑤Background information on the following Angolan issues which should be considered in the establishment of aU.S. liaison office in that country, Nov13,1978. CK3100703205-9
⑥U.S., Congress, Senate, South Africa: U.S. Policy and the Role of U.S. Corporations, Hearing before theSubcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, September8,9,17,17,22,23,29,39, P138.
⑦U.S., Congress, Senate, South Africa: U.S. Policy and the Role of U.S. Corporations, Hearing before theSubcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, September8,9,17,17,22,23,29,39, P137.
①Washington Post, April16,1977, p.8; Washington Post, April18,1977, p.9.
②New York Times, April17,1977, p.5.
③William Minter,King Solomon’s Mines Revisited: Western Interests and the Burdened History of SouthernAfrica,Basic Books, Inc.1986, p.152.
④自由之家是一个国际性的非政府组织，总部位于美国华盛顿特区，致力于民主、政治自由以及人权的研究和支持，其最知名的是对各国民主自由程度的年度评估，该报告被用于政治科学的研究。自由之家由温德尔·威尔基和埃莉诺·罗斯福创建于1941年，自称为“全球民主自由的清音”。
⑤Walter Pincus,“Clark seeks revived role in Angola,”The Washington Post(May5,1978).
⑥George Wright, The destruction of a nation: United States' policy towards Angola since1945, p.83, p.86.
①NSSM39, DNSA, SA00379.
②Testimony of Dick Clark, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Angola Hearings, Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office,1976,p2.NSSM39并未谈到关于美国对安哥拉的投资是重要，当时美国进口石油的2.25%来自安哥拉的卡宾达地区。
③Testimony of Dick Clark, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Angola Hearings, Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office,1976,p.2.
④Testimony of Dick Clark, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Angola Hearings, Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office,1976,p.3. Nathaniel Davis,“The Angola Decision of1975: A PersonalMemoir,”Foreign Affairs,57,No.1, Fall1978. p.124.
①Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, The Angola war: A Study in Soviet Policy in the Third World, p.29.
②Testimony of Gerald Bender, Hearings before the Subcommittee on African Affairs, Senate Committee onForeign Relations, June-July1975, Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,1976, p.102.
③FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p59.
①http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/253(1968).2013-2-2
②FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,.p.27. footnote.
③FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.28. footnote.
④http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/277(1970).2013-2-2.
①Rhodesia: A Study to National Security Study Memorandum142, December22,1971. DNSA, PR00988.
②罗德西亚丛林战争，Rhodesian Bush War，又称Second Chimurenga，或津巴布韦解放战争，1979年12月《兰开斯特大厦协定》签署标志战争结束。
①NSSM39.p.19. DNSA, SA00379.
②NSSM39.p.19.DNSA, SA00379.
③NSSM39.p.21.DNSA, SA00379.
①Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for NationalSecurity Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon,Washington, April3,1969.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.7.
②FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p18.
③Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for NationalSecurity Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon: DeanAcheson’s Views on our Consulate in Rhodesia. July11,1969. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, SouthernAfrica,p.18.
④https://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdm-nixon/nsdm-38.pdf2013-3-9.
⑤NSDM47:U.S. Policy Toward Rhodesia, March9,1970. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.76-77.
⑥Byrd, Harry F, Jr, The Rhodesian Trade Embargo and the Byrd Amendment. The Washington Post, Dec18,1973.
①Black, White, and the Chrome. p.166.
②FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,.pp.11-13.
③FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp. P105-111(D37).
④NSSM75:Rhodesia Sanctions, August7,1970.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.113;https://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdm-nixon/nsdm-75.pdf.2013-2-2.; DNSA, PR00114.
⑤Annex D: Byrd Amendment, DNSA, PR00988.
⑥September28,1971. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28. pp. P142(D56).
①Byrd, Harry F, Jr, The Rhodesian Trade Embargo and the Byrd Amendment. The Washington Post,Dec18,1973.
②Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason, and power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years, New York:Hill and Wang,1986, p.139. Noer,Cold War and Black Liberation, pp.241-242.
③Robin Renwick, economic Sanctions, Harvard University,1981p.44.
④FRUS,1969-1976, Volume28. pp.170-171(D69).
⑤Morris, Uncertain Greatness, pp.119-120.
⑥Editorial,“U.S. against the Charter,”The New York Times,12November1971.
⑦Black, white and the chrome.
⑧FRUS,1969-1976, Volume28.p.155(D62).http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/326/27/IMG/NR032627.pdf?OpenElement.2013-2-2.
⑨http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/320(1972)2013-2-2.
⑩http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/280/37/IMG/NR028037.pdf?OpenElement.2013-2-2.
①Black, White, and the Chrome, pp.197-200.
②DNSA, KA10763.
③DNSA, KT01067.
④Black, White, and the Chrome,p.200.
⑤Black, White, and the Chrome, p.200.
⑥Black, White, and the Chrome,pp.195-197.
⑦Black, White, and the Chrome,p.200
①R. Sean Randolph, The Byrd Amendment: A Postmortem. World Affairs, Vol.141, No.1(Summer1978), pp.57-70.
②Congressional Record,95th Cong.,1st Sess.,123, No.44(14March1977).
③NSSM197/CIEPSM33: Critical Imported Commodities [Includes Report Entitled "Critical Imported Materials:Study of Ad Hoc Group Established by NSSM197/CIEPSM33]. Secret, Action Memorandum, July18,1974.DNSA, PR01237.
①CRS-1976-FAF-0007.p.75.
②Recommended US Action on Rhodesia, March5,1976. DNSA, SA00561.
③“Rhodesia-A Proposed Course of Action”, Action Memorandum, April1,1976. DNSA, SA00569.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, D194, p.486; DNSA, KT01932.
⑤FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, D194, p.484-485; DNSA, KT01932.
①April281976, p16, New York Times.
②April301976, Christian Science Monitor.
③1974年坦桑尼亚、赞比亚、博茨瓦纳、莫桑比克4国首脑举行会议，讨论南部非洲的局势和问题，协调对津巴布韦、纳米比亚独立斗争的行动。此后，前线国家就不定期地举行非洲前线国家首脑会议，个别情况下举行部长会议。南非非洲人国民大会、西南非洲人民组织及南部非洲民族解放运动组织经常出席前线国家首脑会议。安哥拉于1976年加入，津巴布韦于1980年独立后也参加。前线国家一直为反对南非的种族主义政策，实现纳米比亚独立而努力，并联合起来制裁南非，对付南非的经济封锁。经过坚持不懈的斗争，终于使纳米比亚于1990年3月21日独立，解放了非洲大陆上最后一块殖民地。此后前线国家继续支持南非人民反对种族隔离的斗争，谴责南非政府的种族主义政策以及对邻国的侵略破坏行为，加强各国的国防能力，加强合作。非洲前线国家主席先后是坦桑尼亚总统J.K.尼雷尔(1974～1985)、赞比亚总统K.D.卡翁达（1985年起）。
④Press Guidance on Secretary's Meeting with South African Ambassador Botha.May18,1976. SA00584.
⑤Williams E. Schaufele,1923-2008，1960年代曾任国务院刚果事务主管，1971-1975年任驻联合国大使，1975.12-1977.7为非洲事务署助理国务卿。
⑥U.S.-U.K. Consultations on Rhodesia and South Africa. Secret, Action Memorandum, June5,1976. DNSA,SA00592.
⑦US-UK Consultations on Rhodesia and South Africa. June5,1976. DNSA, SA00592.
⑧FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, pp.497-502.
①FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.503-510.
②FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.511-512.
③“Tab B: Summary of the Rhodesian Plan”,FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.516-519.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.573-575（D206）.
⑤Statement by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger concerning Policy in Southern Africa, August31,1976: TheChallenges of Africa. August31,1976, DNSA, SA00618.
⑥Tom Lambert,Vorster Appears to Soften Namibia Stand,Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File); Sep6,1976;Meeting with South African Prime Minister Vorster; Includes Attachments, September6,1976, DNSA,KT02049;Meeting with South African Prime Minister Vorster, September5,1976, DNSA, KT02048.
⑦Tom Lambert,Vorster Appears to Soften Namibia Stand,Los Angeles Times,Sep6,1976.
①Secretary Henry Kissinger, Cable for Ambassador Frank Wisner,“Annex C”,October27,1976. Found at SouthAfrica and the United States, the Declassified History, the New Press(New York),1993. pp.240-246; Meeting withJulius Nyerere on Southern Africa, September21,1976,24, KT02081.
②FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, pp.588-593(D209); DNSA, SA00660.
③Secretary Henry Kissinger, Cable for Ambassador Frank Wisner,“Annex C”,October27,1976. Found atSouthAfrica and the United States, the Declassified History, the New Press(New York),1993. pp.240-246.
④Secretary Henry Kissinger, Cable for Ambassador Frank Wisner,“Smith’s Comments about Annex C,” October
26,1976. Found at South Africa and the United States, the Declassified History, the New Press(New York),1993.pp.238-239.
⑤DNSA, KT02081.
⑥Ian Smith The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith. London: John Blake Publishing.1997, p.213.
①South Africa and the United States, the Declassified History,p.180.
②DNSA, KT02115.
③DNSA, KT02115.
④生于1932年，60年代民权运动的领袖，马丁路德金的助手和支持者。1970年代为国会黑人小组成员。1977年任联合国大使。1979年，他在解决罗问题时与穆加贝和恩科莫接触，促使接受英美调停方案，发挥主导作用。在1979年罗大选后，他拒绝接受大选结果。他因帮助穆加贝和恩科莫而饱受争议。1979年8月，因在联合国支持巴勒斯坦建立与卡特的主张相左而辞职。1982-1990年任亚特兰大市长。
①Black, White, and the Chrome, p.245.
②1969年起，国会众议院中的黑人议员建立了民主党选择委员会（Democratic Select Committee），以狄更斯为主席（1969-1971），1971年2月，这一组织命名为国会黑人核心小组，其成员主要包括Shirley Chisholm,William L. Clay Sr., George W. Collins, John Conyers, Ronald Dellums, Augustus F. Hawkins, Ralph Metcalfe,Parren Mitchell, Robert Nix, Charles Rangel, Louis Stokes, Walter Fauntroy。1977年这一组织建立了TransAfrica,这是一个为非洲大陆和海外非洲人信息交流的教育和倡导联盟。黑人核心小组和TransAfrica一起在全美掀起了反种族隔离运动——自由的南非运动（他们以静坐、学生抗议，成为美国历史上持续时间最长的不服从运动），在这一运动的推动下，国会于1986年通过了全面反种族隔离法（ComprehensiveAnti-ApartheidActof1986）。
③Vance Testimony, Feb10,1977.“The Rhodesia Sanctions Bill,”White black and the Chrome. p247.
④CIA Director Stansfield Turner discusses effectiveness of sanctions against Rhodesia. Mar31,1977. DDRS,CK3100059708,
①Cyrus Roberts Vance, Hard Choices: Four Critical Years in Managing America's Foreign Policy,Simon andSchuster,1983, p.270; David Owen, Time to Declare: Second Innings, Methuen, Limited,2009.pp.291-311.
②1927-2010.1974-1976年间任职于国家安全委员会，1976-1979年任美驻赞比亚大使，1979-1981年任驻尼日利亚大使。
③Donald Rothchild, Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. BrookingsInstitution Press,1997, pp.165.
④“First Meeting Between Vice President Mondale and Prime Minister Vorster,” May20,1977. Found atSouthAfrica and the United States: The Declassified History. Kenneth Mokoena edited., National Security Archive
(U.S.)New Press.1993, pp.247-254.
⑤SADFAA, BTS1/156/3/4Volume4: S Rhodesia Relations with SA,13Mar.1974to26Oct.1979.转引自SueOnslow (2004) South Africa and the Owen/Vance Plan of1977, South AfricanHistorical Journal,51:1,130-158.
⑥PRM36: Soviet/Cuban Presence in Africa.http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/prmemorandums/prm36.pdf2013-12-3
①Donald Rothchild,Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation.BrookingsInstitution Press,1997, p.166.
②Policy Review Committee Meeting, September20,1977. DDRS, CK3100147901.
③South Africa and Rhodesia, Sep26,1977. DDRS, Ck3100466238.
④Ian Smith, The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith,Blake Pub,1997,p.231.
⑤Abdul Aziz Said,Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy, New York: Praeger,1981, pp.170-175.http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=475224.2012-10-21.
①CK3100702002.
②Rhodesia Policy:“Lake Option” and Alternatives. DDRS. CK3100705586.
③John Spanier&Joseph Nogee, edt, Congress, the Presidency and American Foreign Policy,(New York:Pergamon,1981), pp.132-160.
④“Sanctions: Zimbabwe-Rhodesia Decision Explained,” US Department of State Bureau ofPublic Affairs, CurrentPolicy no.70, June1979. DDRS, CK3100700818.
⑤Nancy Mitchell (2007) Tropes of the Cold War: Jimmy Carter and Rhodesia, Cold War History,7:2, pp.273.
⑥Nancy Mitchell (2007) Tropes of the Cold War: Jimmy Carter and Rhodesia, Cold War History,7:2, pp.274.
①“Memorandum for the Record:‘Africa Trip Impressions’,”27November,1976, DNSA, SA00708.
②Mary McGrory,“Winning the Hearts and Minds of Africa,” Washington Star,10September,1976.
③Jimmy Carter:An Hour Before Daylight: Memories Of A Rural Boyhood. Simon&Schuster.2001.
④Nancy Mitchell (2007) Tropes of the Cold War: Jimmy Carter and Rhodesia, Cold War History,7:2, pp.275-277.
⑤House of Representatives,95th Congress,1st session, on HR1746,24February1977,Washington, DC: GPO,1977, p.8, p.12.
⑥Nancy Mitchell (2007) Tropes of the Cold War: Jimmy Carter and Rhodesia, Cold War History,7:2, pp.263-283.
⑦Trade Sanctions Against Zimbabwe-Rhodesia Memorandum From the President.November14,1979.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31688&st=Rhodesia&st1=2013-12-5
⑧Executive Order12183-Revoking Rhodesian Sanctions. December16,1979.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31837&st=Rhodesia&st1=.
①Paper Prepared by the National Security CouncilInterdepartmental Group for Africa: Response to NSSM89:South West Africa,April2,1970.FRUS,1969-1976. Volume28, pp.77-88(D29); DNSA, PR00558.
②NSSM39, p.80, DNSA, SA00379.
③Paper Prepared by the National Security CouncilInterdepartmental Group for Africa: Response to NSSM89:South West Africa, April2,1970. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, pp.77-88(D29); DNSA,PR00558.
①National Security Decision Memorandum55: South West Africa, May22,1970.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28,Southern Africa,pp.97-98; www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdm-nixon/nsdm-55.pdf.2013-10-4.以下为讨论稿：Memorandum From the President’sAssistant for NationalSecurity Affairs (Kissinger) to PresidentNixon: South West Africa (Namibia): Response to NSSM89, April15,1970.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28,Southern Africa,pp.93-95(D31).另见DNSA, PR00558, KT00116.
②SAM POPE BREWER, U.S. Says It Will Discourage South-West Africa Investments. New York Times, May21,1970.另Implementation of Decisions on South West Africa (NSDM55), July6,1970.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume
28, Southern Africa, pp.99-100(D33).
③William E. Schaufele, Jr., U. S. Relations in Southern Africa,Annals of the American Academy of Political andSocial Science, Vol.432, Africa inTransition (Jul.,1977), pp.110-119.
④South Africa: Policy Planning Paper. March1972. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.174-175.
⑤National Security Decision Memorandum38: United States Policy Toward Southern Africa, January28,1970,FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.69(D23).
⑥William E. Schaufele, Jr., U. S. Relations in Southern Africa,Annals of the American Academy of Political andSocial Science, Vol.432, Africa inTransition (Jul.,1977), pp.110-119.
⑦El-Khawas and Barry Cohen edit. The Kissinger Study of Southern Africa, National Security Study Memorandum
39, Lawrence&Company.1976. pp.123-124.
①El-Khawas and Barry Cohen edit. The Kissinger Study of Southern Africa, National Security StudyMemorandum39, Lawrence&Company.1976. pp.94-95.
②U.S. Congress, Hol.lse, Review of State Department Trip through Southern and Central Africa,Hearingbefore theSubcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, December12,1975,93rd Cong.,2nd sess.,1975,p.44.
③Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy inSouth Africa, August1,1969.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.23-24.
④Paper Prepared by the National Security CouncilInterdepartmental Group for Africa. South Africa: PolicyPlanning Paper. March1972.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.174(D71).
⑤OAU Denounces Western UNSC Veto on Namibia, June11,1975. DNSA. SA00509.
①Department Of States Bulletion, p.16, Your Breakfast Meeting December18,12/17/1975.
②CIA,Weekly Summary, August29,1975, CREST, National Archives II, College Park,Maryland.
③FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.484-485(D194); Meeting with Julius Nyerere on SouthernAfrican Issues, April25,1976, DNSA, KT01932; Meeting with Julius Nyerere on Southern African Issues, April
26,1976, DNSA, KT01933; Meeting with Kenneth Kaunda on Rhodesia, Namibia, and South Africa, April27,1976, DNSA, KT01934; Secretary’s Trip to Africa: Speech on Southern African Issues, April1976. DNSA,
①Tom Lambert,Vorster Appears to Soften Namibia Stand,Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File); Sep6,1976;Meeting with South African Prime Minister Vorster; Includes Attachments, September6,1976, DNSA,KT02049;Meeting with South African Prime Minister Vorster, September5,1976, DNSA, KT02048.
②沃尔维斯湾又称鲸湾，位于纳米比亚中西部海岸，是一深水良港，一直被南非非法占领，南非在这里建立海陆空军事基地。1978年安理会通过432号决议申请沃尔维斯湾归属纳米比亚，直到纳米比亚独立后的1994后，南非才归还。
③Tom Lambert,Vorster Appears to Soften Namibia Stand,Los Angeles Times,Sep6,1976.
④Security Council: Namibia, October7,1976. DNSA, SA00663.
⑤South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p22; Secretary's Meeting with UN SecretaryGeneral Waldheim, October12,1976. DNSA, SA00665.
⑥Governor Scranton's Security Council Speech on Namibia, October19,1976. DNSA, SA00674.
⑦DNSA,SA00678-701.
①South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History,p22.http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?OpenAgent&DS=A/RES/31/146&Lang=C.
②Africa Trip Impressions Confidential, November27,1976.DNSA,SA00708.
③Representative Diggs' Remarks at AAI Conference, December9,1976.DNSA, SA00715.
④The Sunday Times, November22,1976. DNSA, SA00705.
⑤Security Council Action on South Africa. Nov1977. DNSA, SA00806.
⑥Piero Gleijeses, A Test of Wills: Jimmy Carter, South Africa, and theIndependence of Namibia, DiplomaticHistory, Vol34Issue5, pp.853–891, November2010.
①Department of State Bulliton. October1979, p.21.
②Namibia: International Acceptability of Turnhalle Proposals, February4,1977. DNSA, SA00730.
③Young, in NSC meeting, March3,1977,6, FOIA.转引自Piero Gleijeses, A Test of Wills: Jimmy Carter, SouthAfrica, and theIndependence of Namibia, Diplomatic History, Vol34Issue5, pp.853–891, November2010.
④Namibia: Talking Points for Secretary's Meeting with South African Foreign Minister Botha, August12,1977.DNSA, SA00774.
⑤Namibia, Briefing Paper, c. July1977.DNSA, SA00758.
⑥Secretary of State Cyrus Vance provides President Jimmy Carter with his daily report. Oct15,1977.DDRS,CK3100518236.
①1967年联合国关于纳米比亚特别会议决定成立联合国纳米比亚问题委员会，并指定专员负责。1978年建立联合国纳米比亚援助团。
②Department of State Bulliton, June1978, pp.53-54.
③Background information on the following Angolan issues which should be considered in the establishment of aU.S. liaison office in that country, Nov13,1978. CK3100703205-9
④http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/435(1978).2013-12-4.
①Acting Secretary of State Warren Christopher provides President Jimmy Carter with his daily report.Sep12,1978.DDRS, CK3100518242.
②Namibia: Progress at Turnhalle in Drafting Bases for Interim Government, February4,1977. DNSA, SA00729.
③Assa Okoth, A History of Africa: African nationalism and the de-colonisation process,1915-1995. East AfricanPublishers,2006,p.195.
④Secretary of State Cyrus Vance provides President Jimmy Carter with his daily report, Dec7,1978. DDRS,
①Daniel Southerland,"U.S. Diplomacy underfire in Southern Africa". The Christian Science Monitor, Aprill6,1979; Humphrey Tyler,"South Africa-U.S. relationsat lowest ebb".The Christian Science Monitor, Aprill6,1979.
②Daniel Southerland,"U.S. Diplomacy underfire in Southern Africa". The Christian Science Monitor, Aprill6,
①学者Richard Falk回忆说，基辛格曾沾沾自喜地承认，“我不知道，也不感兴趣于比利牛斯山划出的南部世界”。Morrie Macqueen, The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa, Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolutionof Empire, Addison Wesley Longman Limited.1997. p.193.
②Gerald Bender,“Angola, the Cubans and American anxieties”, Foreign Policy,31Summer1978, p.5.
③丹·考德威尔：《论美苏关系》，世界知识出版社，1984年，第77页。
④丹·考德威尔：《论美苏关系》，世界知识出版社，1984年，第73页。
①Donald Easum, Hard times for the African Bureau,1974-1976: a Diplomatic Adventurestory.http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2010/0406/fsl/fsl_hardtimes.html2013-6-21.
①Donald Easum, Hard times for the African Bureau,1974-1976: a Diplomatic Adventurestory.http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2010/0406/fsl/fsl_hardtimes.html2013-6-21
②A. M. Thomas, The American Predicament: Apartheid and United States Foreign Policy, p.63.
③The New Times, December18,1971.
①The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006. p.119.获取地址http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf2014-2-9.
②切斯特·克罗克（1941-），生于纽约，先后在俄亥俄州立大学和约翰霍普金斯大学获得硕士和博士学位。他的博士论文是《非洲军事权力的移交：英法秩序体制变化的比较研究》（The Military Transfer of Power inAfrica: AComparative Study of Change in British and French Systems of Order），1969-1970年在美利坚大学担任教师，1970-1972年间曾被黑格（Alexander Haig）短暂应招入国家安全委员会，后在乔治敦大学担任外交事务学主任，讲授非洲政治与政府。1981-1989年任非洲事务助理国务卿、非洲事务署主任。
①Chester Crocker, South Africa: Strategy for Change, Foreign Affairs (Winter1980/8l), p.323~352.
②Chester Crocker, South Africa: Strategy for Change, Foreign Affairs (Winter1980/8l), p.345-346.
③James VincentD'Amato,Constructive engagement: The rise and fall of an American foreign policy.(以下称写为Constructive Engagement)Ph.D., University of South Carolina,1988., p.85.
④James VincentD'Amato,Constructive Engagement, p.90.
⑤Chester Crocker, African Policyin the1980s,The Washington Quarterly,Volume3, Issue3,1980, p.80.
⑥South Africa and the United States: The Declassified History, p.182.
①The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006.P.62. http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf.2013-2-5
②The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006.p.84.
③Leslie H. Gelb,“U.S. Seeks Angola Compromise As Price for Accord on Namibia,”New York Times, June1,1981,p.8.
①Leslie H. Gelb,“U.S. Seeks Angola Compromise As Price for Accord on Namibia,” New York Times, June1,1981, p.8.
②James VincentD'Amato,Constructive engagement, p.112.
③Bernard Gwertzman,“U.S. Plans a Mission to Southern Africa,”New York Times, March29,1981, p.1.
④Jay Ross,“Reagan Aide Hits Rough Spots on Mission to Southern Africa,”Washington Post, April15,1981, p.A1;New York Times, April15,1981, p.6.
⑤U.S., Congress, House, United States Policy Toward Southern Africa: Focus on Namibia, Anogla, and SouthAfrica, Hearing and Markup before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, September
16,1981,“Appendix VII: States Department Memorandum on Pretoria Meeting, Memorandum of Conversation,”,p.109.
①“Document Link Namibia Solution to Better U.S. Ties to South Africa,”New York Times, May30,1981, p.4.
②Secretary's Address, Foreign Policy Association, July14,1981, July15,1981. DNSA, SA01306.
③New York Times, August26,1981. p.12;“South Africa Report Capture of Soviet Soldier,” September2,1981, p.1;Washington Post, August27-30,1981.
④South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p.29.
⑤U.S., Congress, House, U.S. Policy Toward Namibia: Spring1981, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africaof the Committee on Foreign Affairs, June17,1981, pp.12-13.
⑥Crocker,“Regional Strategy,” Department of State Bulletin, p.27.
⑦South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. p.30.
①Communist Influence in Southern Africa, Testimony, March22,1982.NDSA, South Africa, SA01372.
②George Shultz,“Africa and US policy,” Department of State Bulletin,(April1984): pp.11-12.
①New York times,April6,1983,p7. New York Times, April26,1983,p.7.
②New York Times, October13,1982, p.7.
③Washington Post, November20.1983.
④“Black by Million Quit Jobs for Day in South Africa,”New York Times, June17,1986, p.1.
⑤又称索韦托起义（Soweto Riots），1976年6月16日，南非黑人城镇索韦托的黑人学生因抗议南非当局在黑人学校强行使用荷兰语教学而发起的一系列反对南非国民党及其种族隔离政策的起义，最后被白人军警开枪镇压，事件在数日内蔓延到其他小镇，持续到1977年才得以平息，事件导致500多人被杀害。安理会通过392号决议谴责南非政府的镇压措施。
⑥New York Times, November19,1986.
⑦CRS3, p.3. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p.38.
①NSDD187: US Policy Toward South Africa,September7,1985.https://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-187.htm.2014-1-2.
②Crocker, In Noon of Southern Africa, p.277.
③Ronald Reagan,“Executive Order12532-Prohibiting Trade and Certain Other Transactions Involving SouthAfrica,” September9,1985. Found atSouth Africa and the United States, the Declassified History.
④James VincentD'Amato,Constructive Engagement: The rise and fall of an American foreignpolicy.Ph.D.,University of South Carolina,1988.
①The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006. p.119.获取地址http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf2014-2-9.
②冯志伟：《美国外交的悲剧：美国对南非种族隔离制度的政策演变1948-1991》，南非大学2009年博士论文。
③W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. Transaction Publishers,2011,p.227.
④Chester Crocker,In Noon of Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood, W W Norton&Co Inc.1993. pp.353–355.
⑤Zachary Kagan-Guthrie, Chester Crocker and the South African BorderWar,1981–1989: A Reappraisal ofLinkage. Journal of Southern African Studies, Volume35, Number1, March2009. pp.66-83.
①W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.237.
②http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1991/19910726-1.html2014-2-9.
③NSDD272: US Objectives in Southern Africa.07May87.http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-272.htm2013-2-5.DNSA, SA02300.
④它是南部非洲发展共同体（SouthernAfrican Development Community, SADC）的前身,1980年4月在赞比亚首都卢萨卡建立，成员以前线国家为主体，包括安哥拉、薄茨瓦纳、莱索托、马拉维、莫桑比克、斯威士兰、坦桑尼亚、赞比亚和津巴布韦。其主要目标是减少对南非的经济依赖，促进地区合作和经济发展。1992年8月在纳米比亚首都温得和克举行的峰会上正式成立南部非洲发展共同体，到目前已发展成为包括新南非在内的所有南部非洲15个国家的区域经济合作组织。
①http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-273.htm2014-2-9.
②CRS5, p.23. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, the New Press(New York),1993. P39.
③E.A. Wayne, Disputes over Cuban troops stymie Angola-Namibia talks,The Christian Science Monitor. October28,1988.
④Angolan Presscon on Namibia, CTW, September5,1987. DNSA, South Africa, SA02398.
⑤Gleijeses,‘Moscow’s Proxy?Cuba and Africa1975-1988, Cold War Studies, Volume8, Number2, Spring2006’,
pp.129–131.
⑥生于1947年，是大通银行（Chase Manhattan Corporation）主席David Rockefeller的女儿。希奈戈基金会
（Synergos Institute）创始人，对外关系委员会成员，哈佛大学拉美研究戴维洛克菲勒中心顾问委员。
⑦Cuban Party Daily on Luanda Talks, February4,1988. DNSA, SA02493.
①W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.232.
②W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.235.
③W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.241.
①David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, eds., Frontline Southern Africa: Destructive Engagement, New York: FourWalls, Eight Windows,1988.
②National Security Decision Directive212(NSDD212): United States Policy Angola, February10,1986. DNSA,SA02008.
①Angola: Repeal of the "Clark Amendment", March19,1981. DNSA, SA01142; March20,1981,SA01146;March20,1981, SA01149.
②Noon Press Briefing, Summary of Topics on Africa, March23,1981, DNSA, SA01153.
③Secretary's Comments on African Policy, March29, March31,1981. DNSA, SA01165.
④US Policy toward Africa under Reagan Administration, April16,1981. DNSA, SA01203.
⑤US Policy toward Africa under Reagan Administration, April16,1981. DNSA, SA01203. SA01206.
⑥SFRC Vote on (Modified) Repeal of the Clark Amendment, May14,1981.DNSA, SA01275.
⑦Department Of States Bulletin, p.19.Found at South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History.p.30.
①Communist Influence in Southern Africa, Testimony, March22,1982.NDSA, South Africa, SA01372.
②Gerald J. Bender,“American Policy Toward Angola: A History of Linkage,” in Gerald J. Bender, James S.Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar, eds., African Crises Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy(Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press,1985), p123.
③W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990.p.204.
④The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006. p.114. access to http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf2014-2-9.
⑤U.N. Security Council Condemnation of Linkage between Namibian Independence and Withdrawal of CubanTroops from Angola, October28,1983. DNSA, SA01540.
⑥New York Times,April6,1983,p.7. New York Times, April26,1983,p.7.
①New York Times, October13,1982, p.7.
②Washington Post, November20,1983.
③Namibia and Regional Destabilization: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on ForeignAffairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, February15,1983, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office,1983p.2.
④The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006. p.97.地址http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf2014-2-9.
⑤The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006. p.115.地址http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf2014-2-9.
⑥New York Times, December16,1982.
⑦Alan Cowell,“Intense US–South Africa Talks on Namibia,”New York Times, Jan29,1984, p9.
⑧P. W. Botha’s Speech on Angolan Disengagement, Jan,31,1984.Found atSouth Africa and the United States: theDeclassified History.p.32.
①New York Times, April16,1984.
②South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. pp.32-33, pp.275-277.
③The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006. p.113.地址http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf2014-2-9.
④George Shultz,“Africa and US policy,” Department of State Bulletin,(April1984):11-12.
①South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p.33.
②New York Times, November1,1984.South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p.33.
③CRS5,p26; Windhoek Newspaper Reports Angolan Offer on Cuban Troop Withdrawal, November11,1984.South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. P.33. Paul van Slambrouk,“Angolamakes move inNamibia talks".The Christian Science Monitor, November27,1984.http://www.csmonitor.com/1984/1127/112741.html/(page)/2.2014-1-2.
④Peter Schweizer, Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the SovietUnion, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press,1994, p. xvi.
⑤Joseph E. Persico, Casey:The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey: From OSS to CIA, New York: VikingPenguin,1990, p.217.
⑥NSPG，是在中情局主任凯西的提议下设立的，由副总统、国防部长、国务卿、总统安全顾问，中情局主任，白宫办公厅主任、副主任和总统顾问等组成，必要时由参联会主席、预算局长和司法部长参加，由总统领导，下设政策协调委员会Policy Coordination Group (PCG)。.是一个针对秘密行动的高级独立委员会，
①双轨战略不仅适用于安哥拉，也适用于苏联入侵和影响的阿富汗和柬埔寨两国，即将军事援助“自由战士”作为向对方施压及迫使对方（苏联或亲苏政权）在谈判让步的手段。
②NSDD212,US Policy Towards Angola10Feb86, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-212.htm.2013-12-8;NSDD212: U.S. Policy toward Angola, February10,1986. DNSA, South Africa, SA02008; PresidentialDirectives, PD01945; Document54, South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, the NewPress(New York),1993. pp.297-299.
③NSDD212, US Policy Towards Angola10Feb86, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-212.htm.2013-12-8;NSDD212: U.S. Policy toward Angola, February10,1986. DNSA, South Africa, SA02008; PresidentialDirectives, PD01945; Document54, South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, the NewPress(New York),1993. pp.297-299.
④U.S. African Policy: The Opportunity and Need for a Pro-Western Strategy, January1986, DNSA, SA01983.
⑤U.S. African Policy: The Opportunity and Need for a Pro-Western Strategy, Briefing Paper, January1986. DNSA,SA01983.
⑥Angola/Namibia and the Savimbi Visit, Confidential, Cable, February8,1986. DNSA, South Africa, SA02007
⑦Document52: Assistant Secretary Chester Crocker, Briefing memorandum for Secretary George Shultz,“meetingwith UNITA Leader, Jonas Savimbi, February6,1986.”Found at South Africa and the United States: theDeclassified History, the New Press(New York),1993. pp.293-296.
①New York Times, Feb.19,1986.
②Reagan's Doctrine? The Formulation of an American Foreign Policy StrategyAuthor(s): James M. ScottSource:Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol.26, No.4, Intricacies of U.S. Foreign Policy (Fall,1996), pp.1047-1061.p.1055. TABLE2: Chronology of Reagan Doctrine Assistance.另一援助数据是1985年为1500，1987年为1500，1988年为3000，1989年为5000（单位：万美元）。George Wright, The Destruction of a Nation: UnitedStates' Policy Towards Angola Since1945. Pluto Press,1997, p.127.
③Freedom Fighters International, May21,1985. DNSA, South Africa, SA01821.
④美国外交文件中的估计为1986-1987年，苏联向安哥拉提供总额约为10亿美元的军事援助。NSDD274. USPolicy Toward Angola. May7,1987. http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-274.htm.2014-1-2; DNSA,PD02019; SA02300.
⑤Department Of States Bulletin, p.20.
①James Vincent D'Amato, Constructive engagement: The rise and fall of an American foreign policy, Ph.D.,University of South Carolina,1988;冯志伟博士论文：《美国外交的悲剧》，南京大学2009年。
②US Policy Toward South Africa. September7,1985. https://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-187.htm.2014-1-2.
③CRS4, P.8. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. p.36.
④NSSD3-87: Southern Africa, January22,1987, DNSA, Presidential Directives, Part II, PR01710.
①NSDD274: US Policy Toward Angola,07May87.http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-274.htm.2013-12-8;
United States Objectives in Southern Africa, National Security Decision Directive, May7,1987. PD02017,P
D02019; Document54, Found atSouth Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, the New Press(New
York),1993. pp.300-302.
②CRS5, p.23.Found atSouth Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, the New Press(New York),
1993, p.39.
③E.A. Wayne, Disputes over Cuban troops stymie Angola-Namibia talks,The Christian Science Monitor. October28,1988.
④Angolan Presscon on Namibia, CTW, September5,1987. DNSA, South Africa, SA02398.
⑤Gleijeses,‘Moscow’s Proxy?’ pp.129–31.
⑥W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.232.
①W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.235.
②W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.237.
③W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.241.
④John A. Marcum, Angola: War again, Current History,92/574(May), p.218.
①South African Foreign Minister's Statement on Crocker Talks. April18,1981. DNSA,South Africa, SA01211.
②South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p.30.
③Current Foreign Relations, Issue No.14, April8,1981. DNSA, South Africa, SA01182.
④U.S. African Policy: The Opportunity and Need for a Pro-Western Strategy, Briefing Paper, January1986. DNSA,SA01983.
⑤Luanda Radio Says Crocker Campaigning for Racists. April16,1981. DNSA, South Africa, SA01200.
⑥Media Reaction: Crocker Visit. April16,1981. DNSA, South Africa, SA01201.
⑦Media Reactions--Southern Africa. May29,1981. DNSA, South Africa, SA01290.
⑧Frontline African Leaders Issue Communique in Luanda (Luanda Radio4/16). April16,1981. DNSA, SouthAfrica, SA01205.
⑨U.S. African Policy: The Opportunity and Need for a Pro-Western Strategy, Briefing Paper, January1986. DNSA,SA01983.
①U.S. African Policy: The Opportunity and Need for a Pro-Western Strategy, Briefing Paper, January1986.DNSA, SA01983.
②David Newsom (Ed), The Diplomatic Record,1989-1990, Boulder,1991p.12-13.
③Prospects for a Namibian Settlement. Testimony, March2,1982. DNSA, South Africa, SA01365.
④Prospects for a Namibian Settlement. Testimony, March2,1982. DNSA, South Africa, SA01365.
①Communist Influence in Southern Africa. Testimony, March22,1982. DNSA, South Africa, SA01372.
②U.S., Congress, House, U.S. Policy Toward Namibia: Spring1981, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africaof the Committee on Foreign Affairs, June17,1981, pp.12-13.
③Crocker,“Regional Strategy,” Department of State Bulletin, p.27.
④Communist Influence in Southern Africa, Testimony, March22,1982.NDSA, South Africa, SA01372.
⑤I. William Zartmann,"Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Interventionin Africa ", New York,1985, p.l87-188.
⑥Efforts toAchieve a Settlement in Namibia. October6,1982. DNSA, South Africa, SA01439.
⑦The U.S. Role in the Namibian Negotiations. November9,1982. DNSA, South Africa, SA01446.
⑧The United States Favors Parallel Withdrawal in Southern Africa. November26,1982. DNSA, South Africa,
①"Africa offers Foreign PolicyPluses for Reagan despite elusive Namibia settlement”.David Winder, TheChristianScienceMonitor, May14,1984.
②Randolph Vigne, SWAPO of Namibia: A Movement in Exile, Third World Quarterly, Vol.9, No.1, The Politicsof Exile (Jan.,1987), pp.85-107.
③W. Scott Thompson,“U.S. Policy Toward Africa: At America’s Service?” Orbis25/4(Winter1982),1016.
④Peter J. Schraeder, United States Foreign Policy toward Africa, Incrementalism, Crisis and Change,1994.p.34.
⑤Robert Massie, Loosing the Bonds:The United States and South Africa in the Apartheid Years.Nan A.Talese/Doubleday,1997. p.616.
①Cold war and color line, p258.
②Robert Massie, Loosing the Bonds:The United States and South Africa in the ApartheidYears. Nan A.Talese/Doubleday,1997.485.
③Colin Legum, The battlefronts of Southern Africa.Africana Pub. Co.,1988. p.369.
①E.A. Wayne, Disputes over Cuban troops stymie Angola-Namibia talks,The Christian Science Monitor. October28,1988.W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.239.
①Roberts, Janine (2003). Glitter&Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Empire. pp.223–224.
②Hayward R. Alker, Ted Robert Gurr, and Kumar Rupesinghe. Journeys Through Conflict: Narratives and Lessons,2001, p.181.
③Donald S.Rothchild, Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. BrookingsInstitution Press.1997. pp.137–138.
①Henry Kissinger, White House Years, Boston: Little Brown,1979, p.119, p.1257.
①Richard Mahoney，JFK: Ordeal in Africa(New York: Oxford University Press,1983).pp.30-31.
②Zbigniew Brezezinski, Power and Princigple: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor1977-1981, New York:Aarrar, Straus, Girous,1983. p139.
①New York Times, January21,1977; Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Jimmy Carter,1977,
(Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office,1978,) p.3.
②Alfred Hero,“The American Public and South Africa,” in Hero and John Barratt, eds., The American People andthe South Africa: Publics, Elites and Policymaking Processes.(Lexington: Lexington Books,1981), pp.7-8.
③Alfred Hero,“The American Public and South Africa,” in Hero and John Barratt, eds., The American People andthe South Africa: Publics, Elites and Policymaking Processes.(Lexington: Lexington Books,1981), pp.8-9.
④Alfred Hero,“The American Public and South Africa,” in Hero and John Barratt, eds., The American People andthe South Africa: Publics, Elites and Policymaking Processes.(Lexington: Lexington Books,1981), pp.9-10.
⑤Howard E. Wolpe,“The Dangers of Globalism,” in Gerald J. Bender, James S. Coleman and Richard L. Sklar,eds., African Crisis Areas and U. S. Foreign Policy,(Berkeley: University of California Press,1985), pp.284-90.
①The Congressional Record, July2,1977, p.10788.
②Ridchard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa, pp.244-248.
③Chester A. Crocker,“African Policy in the1980s,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol.3No.3(Summer), p.75.
④Gerald J.Bender, Angola, the Cubans and American Anxieties, Foreign·Policy, No.31(Summer1978),pp.3-5.
⑤American Foreign Policy: Basic Documents:1977-1980, Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of State,Government Printing Office,1983, p.1131.
①Richard Deutsch,“Africa from a Strategic Perspective,” Africa Report, Vol,26, No.2, March April1981,pp.47-48.
②Chester A. Crocker,“African Policy in the1980s,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol.3, No.3(Summer1980), p.72.
③斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史：1500年以后的世界》，吴象婴、梁赤民译，上海社会科学院出版社，1999年，第814页。
④斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史：1500年以后的世界》，吴象婴、梁赤民译，上海社会科学院出版社，1999年，第814-815页。
①威尔逊学者中心口述史资料：Cold War International History Project(CWIHP)－Southern Africa in the ColdWar, Post-1974,p.13.Edited by Sue Onslow and Anna-Mart van Wyk.Available at http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/CWIHP_SouthAfrica_Final_Web.pdf2013-5-6
②斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史：1500年以后的世界》，吴象婴、梁赤民译，上海社会科学院出版社，1999年，第828页。
③Accra to Secretary of State,17September1962,511.45J/9-1762,Nationa Archiives II(NAII), College Park,Maryland.
④斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史：1500年以后的世界》，吴象婴、梁赤民译，上海社会科学院出版社，1999年，第817页。
⑤CWIHP－Southern Africa in the Cold War, Post-1974.p.6.
⑥CWIHP－Southern Africa in the Cold War, Post-1974.p.6.
1929,Volume III (1929) Union of South Africa,pp.846-849.
FRUS,1931,Volume II,Union of South Africa, pp.1045-1047.
FRUS,1933,Volume II,Union of South Africa, pp.123-131.
FRUS,1935,Volume II,Union of South Africa, pp.85-94.
FRUS,1936,Volume I,Union of South Africa, pp.855-876.
FRUS,1937,Volume II, United Kingdom, pp.1-135.
FRUS,1939,Volume I,Union of South Africa, pp.855-876.
FRUS,1940,Volume III,Union of South Africa, p.177.
FRUS,1942,Volume I,Union of South Africa, p.778.
FRUS,1943,Volume III,Union of South Africa, pp.173-212.
FRUS,1944,Volume III,Union of South Africa, pp.258-269.
FRUS,1945,Volume VI,Union of South Africa, pp.281.
FRUS,1946,Volume V,Union of South Africa, pp.121-127.
FRUS,1948,Volume V,Part.1,Union of South Africa, pp.524-532.
FRUS,1949,Volume VI,Union of South Africa, pp.1799-1809.
FRUS,1950,Volume V,Union of South Africa, pp.1809-1845.
FRUS,1951,Volume V,Union of South Africa, pp.1427-1464.
FRUS,1952-1954,Volume XI,part.1,Africa[regional],pp.1-381. Unionof South Africa, pp.902-1056.
FRUS,1955-1957,Volume XVII, Union of South Africa, pp.775-838.
FRUS,1958-1960,Volume XIV, Gernal U.S. Policy towardAfrica,pp.1-172.Union of South Africa, pp.724-761.
FRUS,1961-1963,Volume XXI, Africa,pp.1-426. Southern Africa Region,pp.691-715.
FRUS,1964-1968, Volume XXIV, Africa.
FRUS, Volume E-5, Part1,1969-1976,Documents on Sub-Saharan Africa.
FRUS,1969-1976,Volume E-6, Documents on Africa.
[1] PD00525.NSC5719. U. S. Policy Toward Africa South of the SaharaPrior to Calendar Year1960.Jul.31,1957.
[2] PD00526. NSC5719/1. U. S. Policy Toward Africa South of the SaharaPrior to Calendar Year1960.Aug.23,1957.
[3] PD00555. AF/NSC-IG Memorandum No.42, Revised Draft Response toNSSM89: South West Africa. Feb.251970.
[4] PD00569. NSC5818. U. S. Policy Toward Africa South of the SaharaPrior to Calendar Year1960.Aub.26,1958.
[5] PD00597.NSC5920. U.S. Policy Toward South, Central and East Africa.Dec.31,1959.
[6] PD00598. NSC6001. U.S. Policy Toward South, Central and East Africa.Jan.19,1960.
[7] PD00673. NSAM NO.33. Review of U. S. Policy Toward South Africa.Mar.22,1961.
[8] PD01057. NSAM NO.295, U.S. Policy Toward South Africa, Apr24,1964.
[9] PD01058. US Policy Toward South Africa Comments re Status Reporton NSAM295.Jul.30,1964.
[10] PD01059. Memorandum for the President of Sal of Lockheed Aircraft toSouth Africa. Sep.19,1964.
[11] PD01060. US Policy Toward South Africa: Status Report on NSAM295.Apr.2,1965.
[12] PD01061. US Policy Toward South Africa: Status Report on NSAM295.Jul.15,1965.
[13] PD01062. US Policy Toward South Africa: Status Report on NSAM295.Jul.31,1965.
[14] PD01063. US Policy Toward South Africa: Status Report on NSAM295.Sep.2,1965.
[15] PD00094/PR00094.NSDM38.United States Policy Toward SouthernAfrica. Jan.28,1970.
[16] PD01207.National Security Decision Memorandum55(NSDM55):South West Africa.Apr.17,1970.
[17] PD01208. Revised NSDM55. Apr17.1970
[18] PD01220. NSDM81: Implementation of Arms Embargo on South Africaand Portuguese Africa Territories. Aug.17,1970.
[19] PD01354/PR01354. NSSM39. Southern Africa. Apr.10,1969.
[20] PD01488. NSSM236, U.S. Policy on Export-Import Bank Loans forSouth Africa. Jan.16,1976.
[21] PD01490. NSSM241.U.S. Policy in Southern Africa. Apr.21,1976.
[22] PD01877. NSSM187. U.S. Policy Toward South Africa.Sep.71985.
[23] PD02017.NSSM272. U.S. Objectives in Southern Africa. May7,1987.
[24] PD02018.NSSM273. U.S. Objectives in Southern Africa. May7,1987.Presidential Directives（PR）：
[25] PR00554.South West Africa.Jan.12,1970.
[26] PR00555.Revied Draft Response to NSSM89.South West Africa. Feb.25,1970.
[27] PR00558.Revied Draft Response to NSSM89.South West Africa. Apr.2,1970.
[28] PR00559.Department of Commerce Views Regarding U. S. Policytoward South West Africa. Apr.10,1970.
[29] PR00560.OEP Views on South West Africa. Apr.10,1970.
[30] PR00988.NSSM142.Rhodesia,Dec.22,1971.
[31] PR00997.U.S. Rhodesia Policy after the Pearce Commission. Apr.7,1972.
[32] PR01237.NSSM197/CIEPSM33:Critical Imported Commodities. Jlu.18,1974.
[33] PR01306. Response to NSSM224:U.S. Policy Toward Angola. Jun.13,1975.
[34] PR01307. Analytical Summary NSSM224:U.S. Policy Toward Angola.Jun.18,1975.
[35] PR00264.NSDM330. U.S. Policy on Export-Import Bank Loans forSouth Africa. May6,1976.
[36] PR01407. PRM/NSC-4:South Africa and Rhodesian Negotiations.Jan.21,1977.
[37] PR01345. PD/NSC-5: Southern Africa, Mar.9,1977.
[38] PR01710.National Security Study Directive Number3-87(NSSD3).Southern Africa. Jan.22,1987.
[39] PR01719. National Security Study Directive Number9-87(NSSD9),Southern Africa. May.18,1987.South Africa（SA）：
[40] SA00006.South West Africa: Guidelines for United States Policy andOperations January6,1963.
[41] SA00013. Conversation between Mennen Williams and Willem Naudeof June3,1963.
[42] SA00020. U.S. Policy towards Portugal and Republic ofSouthAfricaJuly2,1963.
[43] SA00024.Report by the J-5to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: U.S. Policytoward Portugal and Republic of SouthAfrica. July6,1963.
[44] SA00029.U.S. Policy towards Portugal and Republic of SouthAfrica.July10,1963
[45] SA00076.Problems of Southern Africa. August21,1963.
[46] SA00093.Dean Rusk meeting Points with the South Africa Ambassador.October17,1963
[47] SA00094.G. Mennen Williams’ a NEW AF Strategy, October18,1963.
[48] SA00106.Course of Action No.17Re Defense Staff Study onSouthAfrica. November14,1963.
[49] SA00109.U.S. Attitude and Policy toward Individuals and OrganizationsAttempting to Gain Independence in Mozambique, SouthAfrica, Angola andRhodesia. November20,1963
[50] SA00121.US National Strategy in Southern Africa: Southern Rhodesia.December12,1963.
[51] SA00125.US Strategy in Southern Africa: Kenneth Kaunda and NorthernRhodesia. December13,1963.
[52] SA00151.South West Africa--Representation to South AfricanAmbassador February11,1964.
[53] SA00158.SouthAfrica and South West Africa, March10,1964.
[54] SA00171. NSAM295, April24,1964.
[55] SA00252."National Conference on the South African Crisis andAmerican Action," March20,1965.
[56] SA00259.U.S. and U.K. Agreement about South West African Problemafter the International Court of Justice Judgement on the Administration of SouthWest Africa. April13,1965.
[57] SA00321.Statement by U.S. Representative on the U.N. Ad HocCommittee for South West Africa William P. Rogers concerning the Tasks of theCommittee, January26,1967.
[58] SA00343.572nd NSC Meeting, July13,1967,12:10P.M.--AfricanProblems.July13,1967.
[59] SA00359.Statement by U.S. Representative to the U.N. Arthur J.Goldberg Condemning SouthAfrica's Violation of the Rights of South WestAfricans, December14,1967.
[60] SA00367.Statement by U.S. Representative to the United Nations ArthurJ. Goldberg concerning U.S. Efforts to Achieve U.N. Goals for South West Africa,May20,1968
[61] SA00379.NSSM39, April10,1969.
[62] SA00380.Statement by U.S. Representative to the United NationsCharles W. Yost concerning U.S. Policy on the Question of Namibia, August11,1969.
[63] SA00382.Report by President Richard Nixon to the Congress for theYear1969concerning Consideration of the Question of Namibia in the U.N.General Assembly. October3,1969
[64] SA00385.U.S. Policy on Southern Africa: Press Comment February20,1970.
[65] SA00390.Statement by Secretary of State William Rogers concerningU.S. Policy in Southern Africa, March26,1970--U.S. and Africa in the70s.March26,1970.
[66] SA00397.Statement by Assistant Secretary of State for African AffairsDavid D. Newsom concerning U.S. Policy in Southern Africa, September17,1970.
[67] SA00401.Statement by Assistant Secretary of State for African AffairsDavid Newsom concerning U.S. Policy in SouthAfrica, December8,1970--UnitedStates Actions in Southern Africa.December8,1970.
[68] SA00421.Statement by President Richard Nixon concerning U.S. Policytoward Southern Africa, February9,1972--The South African Dilemma.February9,1972.
[69] SA00433.Statement by US Secretary of State for African Affairs DavidD. Newsom concerning US Policy toward Southern Africa, March14,1973--TheRealities of United States-Africa Relations. March14,1973.
[70] SA00482.Rhodesia: A Breakthrough toward Settlement?December16,1974.
[71] SA00483.Discussion of U.S. Policy and Soviet Involvement inAngola.1975.
[72] SA00514.Statements by Assistant Secretary of State for African AffairsNathaniel Davis and Assistant Secretary of State for International OrganizationAffairs William B. Buffum concerning the Situation in SouthAfrica and Namibia,July24,1975.
[73] SA00529.SouthAfrica, Angola and Allegations US ArmingFNLA.September9,1975.
[74] SA00561.Recommended US Action on Rhodesia. March5,1976.
[75] SA00569.Rhodesia--A Proposed Course of Action. April1,1976.
[76] SA00574.United States Policy in Southern Africa.National SecurityStudy Memorandum, NSSM241, April21,1976.
[77] SA00575.Secretary's Trip to Africa: Speech on Southern AfricanIssues.April23,1976.
[78] SA00592.U.S.-U.K. Consultations on Rhodesia and SouthAfrica.June5,1976.
[79] SA00606. Henry A.Kissinger Message to Nyerere.Cable,20121, August11,1976.
[80] SA00618.Statement by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger concerningPolicy in Southern Africa, August31,1976--The Challenges of AfricaAugust31,1976.
[81] SA00629.Statement by President Ford concerning the Problems ofSouthern Africa, September8,1976--The President's News Conference ofSeptember8,1976.
[82] SA00660.Statement by Under Secretary of State for Economic AffairsWilliam D. Rogers before the Subcommittee on African Affairs of the SenateCommittee on Foreign Relations concerning the Situation in Southern Africa,September30,1976--The Search for Peace in Southern AfricaSeptember30,1976.
[83] SA00665/SA00666.Secretary's Meeting with UN Secretary GeneralWaldheim. October12,1976.
[84] SA00706.Chairman Diggs' Press Conference in Lusaka. November24,1976.
[85] SA00755.Report by President Jimmy Carter to the Congress for the Year1976concerning U.N. Consideration of the Question of Namibia June1977.
[86] SA00790.Western Five Consultations on SouthAfrica--October24.October25,1977.
[87] SA00802.Secretary's News Conference November2,1977.November2,1977.
[88] SA00826Suggested Terms for a Namibian Settlement; The Search for aSolution in Namibia.April1978.
[89] SA00840.Namibia: Comments by Defense and Foreign Ministers.May18,1978.
[90] SA00856.DOD Support for UN Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG)in Namibia. September8,1978,
[91] SA00955.Current Foreign Relations, Issue No.33, August22,1979.
[92] SA01067.Text of US Statement in Securi June14,1980, ty CouncilDebate on SouthAfrica.June14,1980.
[93] SA01128,Clark Amendment. March11,1981.
[94] SA01146.Angola: Repeal of Clark Amendment. March20,1981
[95] SA01165.Secretary's Comments on African Policy, March29. March31,1981.
[96] SA01173.Secretary's Comments on Angola and Repeal of ClarkAmendment, April24. May4,1981
[97] SA01181Asst. Sec.-Designate Crocker's Schedule. April7,1981.
[98] SA01186.Crocker Schedule in SouthAfrica. April10,1981.
[99] SA01191.Crocker's South African Schedule Changed. April14,1981.
[100] SA01193.Department of State Press Briefing, April14,1981. April14,1981.
[101] SA01203.US Policy toward Africa under Reagan Administration. April16,1981.
[102] SA01299.Crocker Testimony on Namibia. June17,1981.
[103] SA01315.Address by Chester Crocker:Regional Security for SouthernAfrica.August29,1981.
[104] SA01331.Principles concerning the Constituent Assembly and theConstitution for an Independent Namibia. October26,1981.
[105] SA01332.Official U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa. October29,1981.
[106] SA01365.Prospects for a Namibian Settlement (Extract of Testimony bySecretary Haig before the House Foreign Affairs Committee), March2,1982.
[107] SA01372.Communist Influence in Southern Africa(Extract of Testimonyby Assistant Secretary of State Crocker before a Subcommittee of the SenateJudiciary Committee), March22,1982.
[108] SA01385.Regarding Chester Crocker's Appearance before the SenateCommittee on Foreign Relations on SouthernAfrica.April30,1982.
[109] SA01406.The Status of the Namibia Negotiations.June10,1982.
[110] SA01433.Southern Africa: The Future of a Relationship Address byDeputy Assistant Secretary Wisner before the Yale Conference onSouthAfrica.September22,1982.
[111] SA01442.Explanation of the U.S. Vote on Draft Resolution A/37/L.5October21,1982.
[112] SA01446.The U.S. Role in the Namibian Negotiations.November9,1982.
[113] SA01449.The United States Favors Parallel Withdrawal in SouthernAfrica.November26,1982.
[114] SA01452.Export Controls and Constructive Engagement in SouthernAfrica. Statement, December2,1982.
[115] SA01480.The Search for Regional Security in Southern Africa. PreparedStatement and Testimony by the Assistant Secretary of State for African AffairsCrocker before a Subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee February15,1983.
[116] SA01508.Progress Report on Namibia: Statement by RepresentativeKirkpatrick before the U.N. Security Council, May25,1983.
[117] SA01541.Explanation of the U.S. Vote on U.N. Security CouncilResolution539(1983).October28,1983.
[118] SA01572.Angolan Report on State of Disengagement. February3,1984.
[119] SA01576.Statement by Representative (Keyes) before the U.N. HumanRights Commission, Geneva, February15,1984:"We Will Not Abandon the Peopleof SouthAfrica...." February15,1984.
[120] SA01577.Joint U.S.-Angola SAG Communique.February16,1984.
[121] SA01589.UNSCR435, March8,1984.
[122] SA01612.Basic Documents Related to the Nkomati Accord. March23,1984.
[123] SA01629.Soviet Military and Other Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa.April1984.
[124] SA01653.Implementation of the Nkomati Agreement. April25,1984.
[125] SA01710.Call for Removal of References to the United States fromDraft Resolution on Namibia. December12,1984.
[126] SA01786.Reply to Letter from Secretary of State Shultz Requesting Thatthe United States Steel Corporation Subscribe to the Sullivan Principles. April4,1985.
[127] SA01794.Toward an American Consensus on Southern Africa. Addressby the Secretary of State George P. Shultz before the National Press Club, April16,1985.
[128] SA01798.The Namibia-Angola Negotiations. April19,1985.
[129] SA01799.U.S. Position on Proposed South African Interim GovernmentPlan. April19,1985.
[130] SA01929.Angola/US Policy/Aid to UNITA October17,1985.
[131] SA01967.Angola: U.S. Policy. November15,1985.
[132] SA01976.Secretary's Press Conference, December6,1985.
[133] SA01983.U.S. African Policy: The Opportunity and Need for aPro-Western Strategy. January1986.
[134] SA02008.United States Policy toward Angola. February10,1986.
[135] SA02011.Statement by Honorable Chester A. Crocker, AssistantSecretary of State for African Affairs before the Senate Foreign RelationsCommittee on Angola. February18,1986.
[136] SA02020.Message to the Congress Reporting on Actions Taken Pursuantto Executive Order No.12532of September9,1985.March1986.
[137] SA02277.Text of Report to Congress on U.S. Multilateral Measures toDismantle Apartheid. April4,1987.
[138] SA02300.United States Objectives in Southern Africa, NSDD272. May7,1987.
[139] SA02354.Prepared Statement of Chester A. Crocker, Assistant Secretaryof State for African Affairs, Department of State, before the Subcommittee onAfrica, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington,D.C., June16,1987。June16,1987.
[140] SA02381.Communique on Cuban-Angola Conversation.August4,1987.
[141] SA02418.South African Black Private Enterprise Development(674-0303); Project Paper Approval and Project Authorization. September23,1987.
[142] SA02473.Press Guidance--12/21/87. December21,1987.
[143] SA02474.Regarding U.S. Policy toward the Conflict in Angola.December23,1987.
[144] SA02524.London Angola/Namibia Talks: Joint Press Statement. May4,1988.
[145] SA02525.Transcript of Assistant Secretary Crocker's London PressConference, Wednesday, May4,1988. May4,1988.
[146] SA02532.African-American Labor Center, Program of Action for BlackTrade Unions in SouthAfrica,1988Proposal. July1988.
[147] SA02536.Proposal to USAID, National Endowment for DemocracySouthAfrica Program,1989-1991. August4,1988.
[148] SA02547.The1987-88Combat in Southern Angola: Lessons Learned.December1988.
[149] SA02552.Project Implementation Report: Black Private EnterpriseDevelopment Project. March31,1989.
[150] SA02554.Regarding Conditions in Namibia and the U.S. Veto of the U.N.Security Council Draft Resolution Calling for Sanctions against SouthAfrica for ItsContinued Occupation of Namibia. April24,1989.
[151] SA02572.Project Implementation Report: Black Private EnterpriseDevelopment Project. September30,1989.Kissinger Transcripts(KT)
[152] KT00116.U.S. Policy toward South West Africa (NSSM89).April10,1970
[153] KT00931.Secretary's Staff Meeting, December3,1973.
[154] KT01857.Meeting with Mandungu Bula Nyati on AngolanDevelopments and Aid to Zaire.December17,1975
[155] KT01858.CIEC; Angola. December17,1975.
[156] KT01869.Angola, Middle East, Brezhnev Letter to Wilson,SALT.January13,1976.
[157] KT01932.Meeting with Julius Nyerere on Southern African Issues.April25,1976.
[158] KT01934.Meeting with Kenneth Kaunda on Rhodesia, Namibia, andSouthAfrica. April27,1976.
[159] KT01936.Meeting on Board the Presidential Boat--12:20-1:30p.m.April28,1976
[160] KT01938.Meeting with William Tolbert on U.S.-Liberian Relations andSouthern Africa. April30,1976
[161] KT01945.Meeting with Southern African Government Ministers on U.S.Policy toward Africa. May5,1976.
[162] KT01972.Meeting with John Vorster on Zimbabwe, Mozambique, andSouthAfrica; Attachments Not Included. June23,1976.
[163] KT01973.Meeting with John Vorster on Zimbabwe, Namibia, andRegional Issues. June24,1976.
[164] KT02015.Discussions with Ambassador Botha on Namibia and Rhodesia]August12,1976.
[165] KT02040.Discussion with President Ford. August30,1976.
[166] KT02081.Meeting with Julius Nyerere on Southern Africa September21,1976.
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[2] CK3100441655.Operations Coordinating Board Report on U. S.policy toward Africa South of the Sahara Prior to Calendar Year1960(NSC5719/1) Mar.24,1958.
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[8] CK3100458567.Draft of U.S. policy toward Africa. Jan13,1960.
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[11] CK3100164182.U.S. embassy Lisbon reports on military andeconomic moves in overseas territories. Miscellaneous.Oct13,1961.
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[28] CK3100284561.Significance of Odendael white paper analyzed.May13,1964.
[29] CK3100284832.Status report on National Security ActionMemorandum No.295of4/24/64on South Africa. Jul30,1964.
[30] CK3100301404.Secretary Rusk suggests that U.S. Embassy inSouth Africa make confidential approaches to South Africa's governmentregarding problems that might arise after International Court of Justicejudgment on South West Africa. Cable. Apr13,1965.
[31] CK3100366218. Reexamination of United States Programs for.safeguard US security, Summary of Discussions and Conclusions, AddisAbaba Conference. May22-26,1965.
[32] CK3100270731.Report by William R. Duggan of the DOSPolicy Planning Council on "Southern Africa in the Next Decade. Aug23,1966.
[33] CK3100324051.DOS considers various U.S. positions regardingactions taken by Houser party acting on own initiative with private supportwithout prior consultations with U.S. government. Cable. Dec6,1967.
[34] CK3100572009.Third draft of a Policy Planning Council (PPC)report entitled:"National Policy Paper-Southern Africa." Nov1,1968.
[35] CK3100388228. National Security Study Memorandum39(NSSM.39). Southern Africa, Apr10,1969.
[36] CK3100457109.Reactions to Nixon's report to Congress on U.S.foreign policy in Africa. Feb20,1970.
[37] CK3100475960.Paper lists U.S. interests in South Africa. NoDate.
[38] CK3100509579.Cable from Secretary of State Henry Kissingerregarding U.S. contingency plans with respect to U.S. policy toward Angolaand the status of future U.S. representation in that country after Angola's bidfor independence. Oct17,1975.
[39] CK3100567040.Cable regarding U.S. objectives in Angolawhich include opposition to the establishment of a Communist orCommunist-dominated state in any part of that territory. Cable. Departmentof State. Oct11,1975.
[40] CK3100481118.Memorandum from Michael Armacostregarding his thoughts on linking U.S.-Soviet Strategic Arms LimitationTalks (SALT) to Soviet involvement in Angola. Dec16,1975.
[41] CK3100151417.Minutes of the National Security Councilmeeting. Topics include: U.S. Senate vote on Angola; Soviet intervention inAngola; U.S. military assistance for Angola.Dec22,1975.
[42] CK3100509804.Summary of four conversations between U.S.and Cuban officials from1/11/75,7/9/75,1/12/76, and2/7/76.
[43] CK3100511085. Summary of a meeting on the status of theNational Union for the Total Independence of Angola's (UNITA) effortsagainst Cuban intervention in their country. Mar11,1976.
[44] CK3100128346.Cable to Secretary of State Henry A. Kissingerregarding an impasse at a summit meeting of the Organization of AfricanUnity (OAU) on the Angolan problem.Jan13,1976.
[45] CK3100011451,the International Security and Arms Control Actof1976. Apr9,1976
[46] CK3100151441.Members of the National Security Council meetregarding U.S. policy to avert Soviet and/or Cuban involvement in SouthAfrica, especially Angola.May11,1976.
[47] CK3100271967.President Ford approves suggested privatepresidential message to Angolan President Neto.Jul9,1976.
[48] CK3100477726.Interagency intelligence memorandum entitled:"Angola: Cuban Intentions and Changes in Cuban Personnel Strength" Sep2,1976.
[49] CK3100062443.PRM-4. Memorandum on southern Africa fromZbignlew Brzezinski to the President on PRC meeting. Feb.9,1977.
[50] CK3100062014.Agenda and papers for Policy ReviewCommittee meeting7/22/77on Southern Africa (Rhodesia, Namibia, andSouth Africa.) Jul19,1977.
[51] CK3100147901.Policy Review Committee summary on itsmeasures to force South Africa to pressure Rhodesia toward a settlement. Sep20,1977.
[52] CK3100500233. Implementation of PD/NSC5and6(SouthernAfrica).Apr.61977.
[53] CK3100062014. Papers for the PRC meeting on SouthernAfrica. Jul.191977.
[54] CK3100147897/CK3100062054：PRC Meeting on SouthernAfrica,Sep.22,1977.
[55] CK3100152440.Memorandum for President Jimmy Carter fromZbigniew Brzezinski regarding the National Security Council Weekly Reportno.25.Topics include: Cuban military costs in Angola; Aug26,1977.
[56] CK3100483051.Attorney General Griffin Bell concludes theU.S. should not plan any initiatives in Angola regarding Cuban interferenceuntil the completion of a presidential fact finding mission. Memo. NationalSecurity Council. Oct15,1977.
[57] CK3100482419.Memorandum to President Ronald Reaganfrom Secretary of State Alexander Haig summarizes South African ForeignMinister Pik Botha's U.S. visit regarding U.S. determination to get Cubansout of Angola and South African efforts toward a Namibia settlement.May20,1981.
[58] CK3100469453.Summary of a meeting between U.S. officialsand South African Foreign Minister Roelof Botha regarding accounts of aCuban withdrawal from Angola.Sep30,1981.
[59] CK3100493117.Text of Secretary of State Alexander Haig, Jr.'sletter to South African President Roelof "Pik" Botha regarding Namibia'sfight for independence and Cuban troops in Angola. Cable. Department ofState. Sep30,1981.
[60] CK3100505895.Text of a message to South African ForeignMinister Roelof "Pik" Botha from Secretary of State Alexander Haig, Jr.regarding U.S.-South African joint efforts to end the conflict between Angolaand Namibia. Oct23,1981.
[61] CK3100518608.Text of Secretary of State Alexander Haig, Jr.'sletter to South African Foreign Minister Roelof "Pik" Botha regarding plansfor phase two of negotiations with respect to Namibian independence. Jan19,1982.
[62] CK3100472888.Cable regarding U.S. Ambassador HermanNickel's meeting with South African Prime Minister Pieter Botha concerningBotha's interest in persuading UNITA.Apr29,1982.
[63] CK3100500724.Memorandum to President Ronald Reaganfrom Secretary of State George Shultz regarding progress in negotiationsbetween the U.S., Angola, and South Africa. Aug26,1982.
[64] CK3100061011.the9/2/82IG meeting on Namibia.Sep2,1982
[65] CK3100111991.Michael H. Armacost's memo to Mr. Lewis onthe linkage between a United States offer on SALT and the termination ofSoviet and United States involvement in Angola.Sep2,1982
[66] CK3100481124. Cable regarding Assistant Secretary of StateChester Crocker's intent to brief UNITA (National Union for the TotalIndependence of Angola) leader Jonas Savimbi on U.S.-MPLA talks in Paris,France. Jan24,1982.
[67] CK3100498694.Cable to Secretary of State George Shultzregarding South African issues. Points include: prospects for aNamibian-Angolan settlement; relations between South Africa and BlackAfrican states; Cuban withdrawal plans from Angola; U.S. policy towardSouth Africa; Soviet influence in South Africa. Cable. Department of State.Nov17,1982.
[68] CK3100498696.Memorandum to William Clark fromDepartment of State (DOS) executive secretary L. Paul Bremer, III regardingSouth African issues. Mar24,1983.
[69] CK3100509795.U.S. policies toward a possible Cuban militaryintervention in Rhodesia and Namibia. No Date.
[70] CK3100467987.Memorandum of South Africa-meeting with theAngolans in Cape Verde.Jan28,1984.
[71] CK3100515472.Talking points in preparation for PresidentRonald Reagan's meeting with Congolese President Mobutu Sese Sekoregarding Cuban and Soviet military support in Angola. Feb24,1985.
[72] CK3100532883.Letter to Soviet General Secretary MikhailGorbachev from President Ronald Reagan regarding U.S. concern overSoviet military actions in Afghanistan and Angola. Dec26,1985.
[73] CK3100491272.Robert McFarlane reports on the establishmentof a Special South and Southern African Public Diplomacy Working Groupin order to design and implement a public diplomacy program in the U.S. andabroad to gain understanding and support for the Reagan administration'spolicy toward southern Africa. Sep5,1985.
[74] CK3100475952.Memorandum regarding a U.S. program for apublic diplomacy policy toward South Africa. Memo. Department of State.SECRET. Issue Date: Oct1,1985.
[75] CK3100477452.Text of National Security Decision Directive(NSDD)273regarding U.S. policy toward South Africa. May7,1987.
[1] CRS-1976-FND-0016.Foreign Assistance in the Angola Civil War:Chronology of Reported Events,1957-1976. June8,1976.
[2] CRS-1980-FND-0012.Namibia: United Nations Negotiations forIndependence/U.S. Interests. Feb.1,1980.
[3] CRS-1980-FND-0052.Namibia: United Nations Negotiations forIndependence/U.S. Interests. Dec.15,1980.
[4] CRS-1981-FND-0030.European Role in Africa and U.S. Interests.Sept.1,1981.
[5] CRS-1983-FND-0008.South Africa: Issues for U.S. Policy. Jan.5,1983.
[6] CRS-1983-FND-0042.Southern Africa: A Regional Handbook. Dec.13,1983.
[7] CRS-1985-ECN-0131.American Firms Operating in Namibia ThatWould Likely Be Affected by Passage of H.R.2589. Nov.13,1985.
[8] CRS-1985-FND-0025.Namibia: United Nations Negotiations forIndependence/U.S. Interests. Jan.9,1985.
[9]9. CRS-1985-FND-0062.Southern Africa: U.S. Regional Policy at aCrossroads? Oct.24,1985.
[10] CRS-1986-CRS-0019.Chronology of South African MilitaryInvolvement in Angola from1975to the Present. Jan.29,1986.
[11] CRS-1987-FND-0053. Namibia Chronology, February1986through April1987. May4,1987.
[12] RS-1987-FND-0057.Southern Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance.Dec.7,1987.
[13] CRS-1988-FND-0070.Angola/Namibia Peace Prospects:Background, Current Problems, and Chronology. Aug.16,1988.
5、《美国总统公开文件集》（Public Papers of the Presidents of the UnitedStates）, U.S. Government Printing Office, available athttp://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php，2009-5http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/direct.htm2009-6.
[1] NSC5719/1.Africa South of the Sahara.1957
[2] NSC5818. Africa South of the Sahara.
[3] NSC6001. Africa South of the Sahara.
[4] NSC6005/1. Africa South of the Sahara.
[5] NSAM33.Review of US Policy toward South Africa.Mar.22,1961.
[6] NSAM60.S Actions in Relation to Portuguese Territories inAfrica.Jul.14,1961.
[7] NSAM77.Use of American Made Arms in Angola.Aug.20,1961.
[8] NSAM295.US Policy Towards South Africa, Apr.25,1964.
[9] NSAM356.Implementation of the Korry Report on DevelopmentPolicies and Programs in Africa, Aug.1,1966.
[10] NSSM39, Southern Africa,10Apr69.
[11] NSDM38.US Policy Toward Southern Africa.28Jan70.
[12] NSDM55.South West Africa.17Apr70.
[13] NSDM81.Implementation of Arms Embargo on South Africaand Portugese African Territories.17Aug70.
[14] NSSM224.United States Policy Toward Angola.5/26/75.
[15] NSSM234.United States Policy Toward Angola.12/13/75.
[16] NSSM236.US Policy on Export-Import Bank Loans for SouthAfrica.1/16/76
[17] NSSM241.United States Policy in Southern Africa.4/21/76.
[18] NSDM330.United States Policy on Export-Import Bank Loansfor South Africa.5/6/76.
[19] PRM4.South Africa and Rhodesian Negotiations.21Jan77.
[20] PRM36.Soviet/Cuban Presence in Africa.23May78.
[21] PRM45.Black Africa and the U.S. Movement.17March78.
[22] PD5.Southern Africa.09Mar77.
[23] PD6.Cuba.15Mar77.
[24] NSDD187.US Policy Toward South Africa.07Sep85.
[25] NSDD272.US Objectives in Southern Africa.07May87.
[26] NSDD273.US Policy Toward South Africa,07May87
[27] NSDD274. US Policy Toward Angola.07May87.
[28] NSR30.American Policy Toward Africa in the1990s.
6、《美国国务院公报》（US Department of State Bulletin）, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1079/2008-12
[1] The U.S. and Africa in the1980s-George P. Shultz's address before the BostonWorld Affairs Council on February15,1984.April,1984.
[2] American foreign policy in the1980s.May,1984.
[3] FY1985foreign assistance requests for Sub-Sahara Africa.May,1984.
[4] Human rights situation in Zaire and South Africa. Sept,1984.
[5] Security Council meets on situation in South Africa.Oct,1985.
[6] The African economic crisis, Jan,1986.
[7] The U.S. approach to South Africa.Sept.1986.
[8] Ending apartheid in South Africa.Sept,1986.
[9] Continent at the crossroads: an agenda for African development.Sept,1986.
[10] A review of recent events in South Africa.May,1986.
[11] FY1988assistance requests for Sub-Saharan Africa-statement by Roy A. Stacybefore the Subcommittee on Africa of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on March12,1987.May,1987.
[12] Refugee situation in Southern Africa-statement by Michael H. Armacost beforethe Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Policy of the Senate Judiciary Committee onFeb.5,1987.May,1987.
[13] South Africa: toward peace and stability-Chester A. Crocker's address before theEconomic Club in Detroit on Dec.1,1986.Feb,1987.
[14] Southern Africa: American hopes for the future-George P. Shultz's address beforethe International Management and Development Institute on Dec.4,1986.Feb,1987.
[15] The democratic future of South Africa-Secretary Shultz's address before theBusiness Council for International Understanding in New York City on Sept.29,1987. Nov,1987.
[16] A democratic future: the challenge for South Africans-Chester A. Crocker'saddress before the City University of New. Dec,1987.
[17] Food situation in Mozambique and Angola-Roy A. Stacy's statement before theHouse Select Committee on Hunger on Oct.7,1987.Dec,1987.
[18] U.S. policy toward the occupied territories.March,1988.
[19] South Africa: what are America's options? March,1988.
[20] Negotiations on Angola and Namibia. Sept,1988.
[21] U.S. responds to Southern Africa refugee crisis. Nov,1988.
[22] Southwest Africa negotiations. Nov,1988.
[23] Efforts for peace in Africa.Dec,1988.
[24] The United States and Angola,1974-88: a chronology Feb,1989by Nina D.Howland.
[25] Angola-Namibia accords-White House statement, etc. Feb,1989.
[26] Review of U.S.-South Africa relations-Edward J. Perkins address. Sept,1989.
[27] South Africa-Herman J. Cohen address. Dec,1989.
[28] Efforts toward peace and reconciliation in Angola-Warren Clark Jr. address. Dec,1989.
[29] Independence process in Namibia-Herman J. Cohen statement. Nov,1989
[30] Efforts toward peace and reconciliation in Angola-Warren Clark Jr. address.Dec,1989.
[31] South Africa-Herman J. Cohen address. Dec,1989.
[32] President's meeting with UNITA leader-National Union for the TotalIndependence of Angola, Jonas Savimbi, White House statement.Dec,1989.
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library(Eisenhower Library)
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library(Kennedy Library)
Lyndon Baines JohnsonPresidential Library(Johnson Library)
available at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB67/#docs2009-11,10个文件。部分为西班牙文，网站上已翻译成英文.
[1] January13,1976, Department of State Cable,“Cuban Military Intervention inAngola: Report Number9.”(Document obtained from Department of State files throughFOIA).
[2] January6,1976, Memorandum from Cuban Army,“Conversation with theSoviet Ambassador.”
[3] December18,1975, Cable from Arquimides Columbié,[Political Situation inAngola]. December3,1975, White House Memorandum of Conversation with ChineseOfficials,“The Soviet Union; Europe; the Middle East; South Asia; Angola”.
[4] August11,1975, Memorandum,“Report about my visit to Angola,” fromMajor Raúl Diaz Arguelles to Major Raúl Castro Ruz.
[5] June27,1975, NSC Minutes,“Angola”.
[6] November22,1972, Memorandum,“The Shipment of Comrades to Angolaand Mozambique,” From Major Manuel Pi eiro Lozada to Major Raúl Castro Ruz.November21,1967, CIA Special Memorandum,“Bolsheviks and Heroes: The USSRand Cuba.”
[7] November14,1965, Letter, Che Guevara to Oscar Fernandez Padilla. October20,1963, Memorandum, Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, Cuba, MajorRaúl Castro to Majors Flavio Bravo and Jorge Serguera.
2.档案数据库检索系统（Access to Archival Databases，简称AAD）,http://aad.archives.gov/aad/，2008-12.有181个文件记录.这里不一一列举.
[1]1975LISBON06449：ANGOLAN DECOLONIZATION: CRESPO MISSION TOTHE OAU A COOPERATION MINISTRY SPOKESMAN CONFIRMED OCT,31OCT1975
[2]1974ADDIS08899. DECOLONIZATION OF PORTUGUESE AFRICA.30JUL1974
[3]1974LOUREN00808MESSAGE TO NEW MOZAMBIQUE GOVERNMENT.25MAR1974
3.Department of State Bulletin.
available athttp://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/themes/decol
1960年《联合国非殖民化宣言》；安理会和联大关于西南非洲（纳米比亚）、罗德西亚（津巴布韦）、南非及安哥拉问题的相关决议；
The New York Times,
The Washington Post
The Los Anglos
[1]威尔逊学者中心口述史资料：CWIHP－southern africa in the cold war, post-1974.Edited by Sue Onslow and Anna-Mart van Wyk.http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/CWIHP_SouthAfrica_Final_Web.pdf2013-6-6.
[2]约翰逊图书馆口述史项目: http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/oral-histories/
[3]美国外交研究及培训协会口述史项目:The Association for Diplomatic Studies andTrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project.Aceess tohttp://www.adst.org
KennethMokoena edts,South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, NationalSecurity Archive Documents ReadersNew Press,1993.
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[1]梁根成《美国与非洲——第二次世界大战结束至80年代后期美国对非洲政策》,北京大学出版社，1991。
[2]朱庭光，彭坤元：《非洲通史-现代卷》,华东师范大学出版社，1990年。
[3]白建才主编：《美苏冷战史》，陕西师范大学出版社，1996。
[4]白建才：《第三种选择：-冷战期间美国对外隐蔽行动战略研究》，人民出版社2012年。
[5]高岱、郑家馨《殖民主义史》，北京大学出版社。
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[7]资中筠主编：《战后美国外交史——从杜鲁门到里根》，北京·世界知识出版社1994。
[8]刘绪贻.杨生茂:《美国通史》,人民出版社2002年。
[9]丛日云：《当代世界的民主化浪潮》，天津人民出版社，1986。
[10]丹林编：《非洲大事年表》，北京：知识出版社，1986。
[11]王玮、戴超武:《美国外交思想史1775-2005年》,人民出版社2007年.
[12]〔美〕罗纳德·里根.里根回忆录.萨本望等译.北京：中国工人出版社，1991。
[13]〔美〕基辛格:《大外交》(中译本)，海南出版社，1998年。
[14]〔美〕杰里尔·A·罗塞蒂.美国对外政策的政治学.周启明等译.北京：世界知识出版社，1996。
[15]〔美〕沃尔特·拉塞尔·米德.美国外交政策及其如何影响了世界.曹化银译.北京：中信出版社，2003。
[16]〔美〕约瑟夫·奈.美国霸权的困惑.郑志国等译.北京：世界知识出版社。
[17]〔美〕威廉·伯尔:《基辛格秘录》(中译本)，远方出版社，1999年。
[18]〔美〕雷迅马：《作为意识形态的现代化:社会科学与美国与第三世界的政策》牛可译,社会科学文献出版社2003年.
[19]〔美〕格温多莱·M.恩卡特，帕特里克·奥马拉《南部非洲：持续的危机》美国印弟安那大学出版社，1979年。
[20]〔美〕斯塔夫里亚诺斯：《全球分裂——第三世界的历史进程》（上、下），迟越等译，北京·商务印书馆，1995。
[21]葛佶：《南非——富饶而多难的土地》，世界知识出版社，1994。
[22]孙建党：“美国在战后东南亚非殖民化过程中的政策”，《南洋问题研究》2005.2。
[23]孙建党：浅论美国外交传统中的非殖民化思想,历史教学2003.11。
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[25]威廉·韩德逊，施旬译，美国的政策与殖民主义，《世界史研究动态》，1984.4。
[26]李安山：论“非殖民化”：一个概念的缘起和演变，《世界历史》1998/4
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[28]熊九玲:论里根政府的南非政策,西亚非洲.2008.1。
[29]吕香芝硕士论文：70年代美苏在南部非洲的争夺，陕西师范大学2001年。
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[32]冯志伟博士论文：美国外交的悲剧——美国对南非种族隔离制度的政策演变1948-1991,南开大学2009年。
①潘兴明：《试析非殖民化理论》，载于《史学理论研究》，2004年第3期，第108-114页。
②张顺洪等著：《大英帝国的瓦解——英国非殖民化与香港问题》，社会科学文献出版社，1997年，第3页；张顺洪：《关于殖民主义史研究的几个问题》，载于《河南大学学报》，2005年，第1期。
③详见：M. Crowder, ed., The Cambridge History of Africa,1984, Vol8, p815; P·Gifford&W. Louis, ed.,TheTransfer of Power: Decolonization1940-60; P·Gifford&W. Louis, ed., Decolonization and Africa Independence:The Transfer of Power,1960-1980,1988.
①Charles O. Chikeka, Decolonization Progress in Africa, During the Post-War Era,1960-1990,the Edwin MellenPress,1998.p.2.
②Gary Wasserman, Politics of Decolonization: Kenya Europwans and the Land Issue, London, CambridgeUniversity Press,1976.p.4.
③陈峰君：《几种“非殖民化”理论评析》，载于《世界历史研究动态》，1984年，第4期，第11-18页；陈才林：《争取非殖民化斗争的彻底胜利》，《西亚非洲》，1985年，第5期，第1-7页。
④李安山：《论“非殖民化”：一个概念的缘起与演变》，载于《世界历史》1998年第4期。
⑤高岱、郑家馨：《殖民主义史·总论卷》，北京大学出版社，2003年，第263页。
⑥A. P. Thornton, Imperialism in the Twentieth Century.1980.University of Minnesota Press,1980.
⑦Frank Furedi, Colonial Wars and the Polities of Third World Nationalism,I B Tauris&Co Ltd
(London),1994,p.7.
⑧A li A. Mazrui&Wonji, ed., General History of Africa. Volume8, Paris,1997, p.7,p.393.
①The Decolonization of Africa: Southern Africa and the Horn of Africa. Working Documents and report of themeeting of experts held in Warsaw, Poland, from9to13October1978. The Unesco Press,1981.p.21.
②H. Walpole,“The Theory of Internal Colonization: The South Africa Case”, in I. Oxhaal et al., Beyond theSociology of Development. London: Routledge&Kegan Paul,1975.转引自The Decolonization of Africa:Southern Africa and the Horn of Africa. Working Documents and report of the meeting of experts held in Warsaw,Poland, from9to13October1978. The Unesco Press,1981.p.26
③南非的非殖民化问题是与本研究相关的问题，却不是本文研究的主要内容。南非曾为荷兰和英国的殖民地，20世纪后逐渐走向独立：1910年南非由英国的殖民地升级为自治领，政治和外交基本独立，1961年南非正式退出英联邦。但独立后的南非在国内实行黑白分离的种族隔离政策，故南非的非殖民化使命是否应包括南非国内白人少数人政权对多数黑人的隔离统治问题，这是一个值得思考的问题。但实际上，这并不影响本课题研究所涉及的时间段是对于南非的殖民国家的定性。本文研究选取的案例之一是纳米比亚摆脱南非殖民统治实现非殖民化问题。
①R. Gray, Two Nations, London, OxfordUniversity Press,1960.转引自The Decolonization of Africa: SouthernAfrica and the Horn of Africa. Working Documents and report of the meeting of experts held in Warsaw, Poland,from9to13October1978. The Unesco Press,1981.p.26.
①Ritchie Ovendale,"Macmillan AndThe Wind Of Change In Africa,1957-1960." Historical Journal [GreatBritain],38:2(1995): pp.445-477.
①LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON LIBRARY ORAL HISTORY COLLECTIONL, Oral History Transcripts, DeanRusk Interview IV, pp.29.available at http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/oral-histories/2013-11-17.
②斯塔夫里阿诺斯著，吴象婴、梁赤民译：《全球通史：1500年以后的世界》，上海社会科学出版社，2002年，第828页。
①Witte, Stephen S.,Sub-Saharan Africa and Anglo-American relations,1910-1929,Ph.D., The University of
①Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2006.
②Anthony Lake, The Tar Baby" Option:American Policy toward Southern Rhodesia, New York:ColumbiaUniversity Press,1976.
③Gerald Horne,From the barrel of a gun: the United States and the war against Zimbabwe，1965-1980. Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,2001
④Daniel HenryVolman, United States foreign policy and the decolonization of British Central Africa (Zimbabwe,Zambia, and Malawi),1945-1965.Ph.D., University of California,1991.
⑤Andrew DeRoche, Black, white, and chrome: the United States and Zimbabwe,1953to1998. Africa World Press,2001.
①William Roger Louis, Imperialism at Bay,1941-1945: the United States and the Decolonzation of the BritishEmpire.1977.
②George Wright, The destruction of a nation: United States' policy towards Angola since1945, Pluto Press,1997.
③Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa,1959-1976,The University of NorthCarolina Press2002; Piero Gleijeses, Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle forSouthern Africa,1976–1991. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.2013.
④John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War. The Deals.The Spies.The Lies.The Truth,(London,2005),179.
⑤Willem Steenkamp, South Africa’s Border Wars.1966-1989, African Books Collective,1992; Peter Stiff,Warfare by Other Means: South Africa in the1980s and1990s, Alberton,2001; John Turner,Continent Ablaze:The Insurgency Wars in Africa1960to the Present, London,1997.
⑥Jan Breytenbach, Forged in Battle, CapeTown: Saayman&Weber,1986; Gary Baines&Peter Vale, Beyond theBorder War: New Perspectives on Southern Africa’s Late-Cold war Conflict, Unisa Press(Pretoria),2008; GrangerKorff,19with a bullet: A SouthAfrican Paratrooper in Angola,30Degrees South Publishers (Johannesburg),2009;Piet Nortje,32Battalion: The InsideStory of South Africa’s Elite Fighting Unit, Zebra Press (Random HouseStruik),2005; J. Thompson, An UnpopularWar:From Afkak, to Bosbefok Voices of South African NationalServicemen,Zebra Press (Random House Struik),2006.
⑦Witney W. Schneidman, Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire, UniversityPress of America,2004.
①Shannon Rae Butler, Into the storm: American covert involvement in the Angolan Civil War,1974—1975. Ph.D.,The University of Arizona,2008.
②John Stockwell, in search of enemies: A CIA story, Replica Books,1997;Gerald Bender,“Angola, the Cubans,and American Anxieties”, Foreign Policy,31:3-30(1978); John A. Marcum, The Angola Revolution Volume II-Exile politics and Gurrila warfare,(1962–1976),Mit Press,1969; John A. Marcum, The Angolan Revolution: theanatomy of an Explosion,1950-1962,M.I.T. Press,1978.
③Vivienne Jabri, Mediating conflict: decision-making and Western intervention in Namibia. Manchester UniversityPress,1990.
④Ronald F. Dreyer, Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics of Decolonization,1945-90, Kegan PaulInternational,1994.
⑤Alfred T. Moleah, Namibia: the Struggle for Liberation, Disa Press,1983;Cleophas JohannesTsokodayiNamibia's Independence Struggle: The Role of the United Nations, Xlibris,2011; Nico Horn, AntonB slThe independence of the judiciary in Namibia, Macmillan Education Namibia,2008;Cedric ThornberryA Nation is Born: The Inside Story of Namibia's Independence, Gamsberg Macmillan,2004.
①Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.2006.
②戴维·D·纽森，David D. Newsom，1918-2008，曾任在驻巴基斯坦、挪威、伊拉克大使馆工作（1951-1955），在国务院负责阿拉伯半岛事务（1955-1959）、中东事务（1960-1962）和北非事务副主任（1962-1965），驻利比亚大使（1965-1969），非洲事务助理国务卿（1969-1973），美国驻印尼大使（1973-1977），国务院负责政治事务代执行国务卿（1978-1981）。
③David D. Newsom, The Imperial Mantle: The United States, Decolonization, and the Third World,IndianaUniversity Press,2001.
④Thomas Noer, Cold War and Black Liberation: The United States and White Rule in Africa,1948-1968(Columbia:University of Missouri Press).1985.
⑤“Political Parties and International Relations: The United States and the Decolonizationof Sub-Saharan Africa”,
①Kenneth Alan Kresse,Containing nationalism and communism on the "Dark Continent": Eisenhower's policytoward Africa,1953—1961.Ph.D.State University of New York at Albany,2003.pp.372-393.
①美国外交文件中明确“南非对于非洲大多数人的统治方式基本是殖民主义的”，见FRUS,1955-1957,Volume.18,Africa.p.87.
①英属南非公司，与英国的东印度公司类似，主要与非洲当地人进行贸易活动。
②New York Times, November1,1977.
③FRUS,1952-1954, Volume11,part I, Africa. p.296.
④FRUS,1952-1954, Volume11,part I, Africa. p.297.
①FRUS,1952-1954, Volume11, part I, Africa. p.311.
①Cape Times,18.9.1920.转引自Ronald Dreyer, Namibia and Southern Africa: Regional Dynamics ofDecolonization1945-1990.p.9, Kegan Paul International ltd(New York).
②南部非洲关税同盟是世界上最早的关税同盟。1910年，南非联邦与英国直接统治的保护地（the HighCommission Territories）贝纳专（Bechuanaland，独立后称薄茨瓦纳Botswana）、巴苏陀兰（Basutoland，独立后称莱索托Lesotho）及斯威士兰（Swaziland）一起建立关税同盟，随着这些地区在二战后的陆续独立，1969年12月11日南非联邦、薄茨瓦纳和莱索托与斯威士兰签署了新的关税同盟协议。1990年纳米比亚独立后，成为同盟的第五个成员国。
③Ronald Hyam, The Failure of South African Expansion, New York, African Publishing Corporation,1972,pp.31-32.
①John Dugard, The South West Africa/Namibia Dispute. Berkeley/Los Angeles/London, University of CaliforniaPress,1972, pp.98-101.
②John Dugard, South West Africa/Namibia Dispute, pp.104-109.
①http://web.archive.org/web/20061002115908/http://www.icj-cij.org/icjwww/idecisions/isummaries/isswasummary500711.htm.2011-12-12.
①关于美国立国精神的论述详见：何顺果《略论美国的“立国精神”》，载于《历史研究》1993年第2期，第128-141页。
②关于美国是否是殖民主义国家是存在争议的，作者认为，19世纪末美国虽然在菲律宾和古巴进行了殖民活动，但与欧洲殖民国家，美国可以看作是一个没有殖民地的国家。也有学者把美国称为新殖民主义。
①Robert J.Mc Mahon.Colonialism and Cold War: The Unite States and the Struggle for Indonesia Independence,1945－1949. New York: Cornell University Press,1981. p.44.
②President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points.Availableathttp://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/wilson14.asp.2012-3-2.
③Robert J. Mc Mahon. Colonialism and Cold War: The Unite States and the Struggle for Indonesia Independence,1945－1949.New York: Cornell University Press,1981. p306.
④王玮、戴超武：《美国外交思想史》，人民出版社2007年，第266页。
⑤王玮、戴超武：《美国外交思想史》，第335页。
①Atlantic Charter.Available athttp://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp.2012-3-2.
②认为门户开放是罗斯福政府核心政策的观点论作见：Lloyd C.Gardner, Economic Aspects of New DealDiplomacy, Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin.1964; A. P.Dobson, Economic Diplomacy at the AtlanticConference", Review of International Studies,10(2); L. S.Pressnell, External Economic Policy since the War, vol.
1: The Postwar Financial Settlement,London, HMSO.1986.另见罗斯福的政策顾问威尔斯和国务卿赫尔的回忆录：Sumner Welles,An Intelligent American's Guide to the Peace, Dryden Press,1945. pp.75-177;SumnerWelles,Where are We Heading? New York and London: Harper&Brothers.1946,pp.7-8, pp.12-16; Cordell Hull,The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol.2,New York: Macmillan Co.1948.
③Cordell Hull,The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol.2.New York: Macmillan Co.1948, p.81.
④罗伯特·舍伍德：《罗斯福与霍普金斯》（中译本），商务印书馆，1980年下册，第86页。
⑤详见毕元辉：从“非殖民”到“国际托管”：富兰克林·罗斯福政府殖民地政策论析，载于《东北师范大学学报》，2014年第2期。
⑥Atlantic Charter.Available athttp://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp.2012-4-3.
⑦在1960年的FRUS搜索中，“自决”出现的次数为1392,“自治”出现的次数为2223.
①梁根成：《美国与非洲：第二次世界大战结束至80年代后期美国对非洲政策》，北京大学出版社，1991年，第4页。
②倪建钢：“美国英布战争中立政策探析”，《赤峰学院学报：汉文哲学社会科学版》，2012年，第1期，第32-36页。
③Cordell Hull,Pearl Harbor Reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War, University of Hawaii Press,1990, p.182,p.201.
④Y. G.-M. Lulat, United States Relations with South Africa: A critical Overview from the Colonial Period to thePresent, New York: Peter Lang,2008. p.41.
⑤Y. G.-M. Lulat, United States Relations with South Africa: A critical Overview from the Colonial Period to thePresent, New York: Peter Lang,2008.p.42.
⑥McCarth,Dark continent:Africa as seen by Americans,Greenwood Press,1983, pp.xvi-xvii, pp.77-84,pp.126-141.
⑦Henry Serrano Villard, Affairs at State, New York, T. Y. Crowell Co.1965, pp.64-65; Emily S. Rosenberg, TheInvisible Protectorate: The United States, Liberia, and the Evolution of Neocolonialism,1909-1940, DiplomaticHistory, ix (1985), Scholarly Resources Inc., pp.191-214.
①John Kent, The internationalization of colonialism: Britain, France, and Black Africa,1939-1956, ClarendonPress,1992(Oxford), pp.87-89; Michael Crowder, West Africa under Colonial Rule,Northwestern University Press,1968, p.491.
②详见毕元辉：《从“非殖民”到“国际托管”：富兰克林罗斯福政府殖民地政策论析》，东北师范大学学报，2014年第2期。
③Ridgway B. Knight,“Preliminary Thoughts on the Subject of a U.S. PolicyTowards Colonial Areas andColonial Powers”,21April1952, FRUS,1952-1954, volume3,United Nations Affairs,pp.1106-1107.
①Report by the Policy Planning Staff,“Review of Current Trends—U.S. ForeignPolicy”,24February1948, FRUS,1948, General; the United Nations,volume1, pp.510-511.
②Policy paper prepared by the Bureau of Near Eastern, South Asian, and AfricanAffairs,“Future of Africa”,18April1950, FRUS,1950, volume5,The Near East, South Asia, and Africa,pp.1524-1538.
③这种政策陈述不是制定政策或否定正常的政策程序，只是以综合的方式记录已形成的政策formulatedpolicy，并进行周期性的评估，一般是两至三个月。当时确定这一政策陈述有效期为5年。
④FRUS,1950,Volume5,The Near East, South Asia, and Africa,pp.1524-1525.
⑤FRUS,1950,Volume5,The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, p.1506.
⑥FRUS,1950, Volume5, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, pp.1551-1552; p.1540.
⑦FRUS,1950.Volume5.The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, p.1506.
⑧Speech before the Foreign Policy Association, Oklahoma City, May8,1950, Department of State Bulletin, Vol.22,No.572(June19,1950), pp.999-1003; FRUS,1950, Volume5, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa,pp.1540-1541.
⑨FRUS,1950, Volume5, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, p.1541.
①FRUS,1950, Volume5, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa,pp.1587-1600.
②FRUS,1950, Volume5, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa,Pp.1587-1600.
③“The Changing World Situation,” Memorandum by the NSC Planning Board, February13,1956,FRUS,1955-1957,Volume18, Africa, pp.194-195.
④Adress by the Assistant Secretary of state for NESAF(Byroade) to the World Affairs Council of NorthernCalifornia, October31,1953, FRUS,1952-1954, Volume11,Part1,Africa and South Asia, p.57.
⑤”Basic National Policy,”NSC5602/1,March15,1956,FRUS,1955-1957,Volume18, Africa,National Security
①Ann Whitman File (hereafter referred to as AWF), Dulles-Herter Series7, Box5, Folder: Dulles, Foster, June1956, Lodge to Eisenhower, Secret andPersonal,26June1956; and Dulles to Lodge,29June1956.EisenhowerLibrary.
②Norman P. Roberts,“The Changed Images of Africa on Some Selected American Media from1930to1969”.Ph.D. Dissertation, American University,1971, pp.139-146, pp.125-136.
③“Conditions and Trends in Tropical Africa”, NIE83, December22,1953, FRUS,1952-1954Volume11, Part
1,Africa and South Asia,p.85.
④Memorandum from Jackson to Luce, July23,1954,”Log1954(3)” Box68,Jackson Papers, EisenhowerLibrary.
⑤Dwight David Eisenhower, Waging peace,1956-1961,University of Michigan Press,1965, p572.
⑥Economic Aid and Technical Assistance in Africa, Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,1957.
⑦March4,1957,New York Times.
①“Statement of U.S. Policy toward Africa South of the Sahara prior to Calendar Year1960,” NSC5719/1,23Aug.1957,FRUS,1955-1957,Volume18, Africa, pp.76-88.
②FRUS,1955-1957,Volume18, Africa, p73.
③Joseph Palmer2nd,“The Problems and Prospects of Sub-Saharan Africa: A United States Point of View,”
①FRUS,1958-1960, volume14, Africa, p.74.
②FRUS,1955-1957,Volume18, Africa, p.79.
①牛可：《自由国际主义与第三世界：美国现代化理论兴起的历史透视》，美国研究，2007.1.34-56.
②牛可：《自由国际主义与第三世界：美国现代化理论兴起的历史透视》，美国研究，2007.1.34-56.
③斯塔夫里·阿诺斯著，吴象婴梁赤民译：《全球通史：1500年以后的世界》，上海社会科学出版社，第828页。
④456thmeeting of the NSC, Aug.18,1960,“NSC Summaries of Discussions”,Box,13,NSC Series, Dwight D.Eisenhower, Papers as president of the United States (Ann Whitman File),Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene,Kansas。
①Memorandum from the Assistant Secretary of State for NESAF(Allen) to the Secretary of state, August12,1955,
611.70/7-2055. State Department CF, National Achives(College Park, Maryland).
②“Africa: Major U.S. Interests,” Memorandum prepared for the National Security Advisor, Robert Cutler, March
15,1954,“Africa South of the Sahara(3)”.Box1, Special Staff File Series, White House Office, NSC Staff Papers,Eisenhower Library.
③432ndmeeting of the NSC, January14,1960,“NSC Summaries of Discussions,” Box12, NSC Series, WhitmanFile, Eisenhower Library.
④George White Jr, Holding the Line: Race, Racism and American Foreign Policy towardAfrica,1953-1961.Rowman&Littlefield Publishers,Inc.p134.
⑤Thomas Noer,Cold War and Black Liberation: The United States and White Rule in Africa,1948-1968, Columbia:University of Missouri Press,1985; Thomas Borstelmann, Apartheid’s Reluctant Uncle: The United States andSouthern Africa in the Early Cold War, New York, Oxford University Press,1993.
①Kenneth AlanKresse, Containing nationalism and communism on the "Dark Continent": Eisenhower's policytoward Africa,1953-1961, Ph.D., State University of New York at Albany,2003.p.208.
②Martin Staniland, American Intellecturals and African Nationalists,1955-1970, New Haven, CN, Yale UniversityPress,1991. pp,24-25.
③Chester Bowles, Promises to Keep, My years in public office,1941-1969, Harper&Row,1971,p.421.
①Ritchie Ovendale,"Macmillan andThe Wind Of Change In Africa,1957-1960." Historical Journal [Great Britain],38:2(1995): pp.445-477.
①FURS,1961-1963,Volume21Africa,pp.292-294(Doc.195).
②Accra to Secretary of State,17September1962,511.45J/9-1762,.Nationa Archiives II(NAII), College Park,Maryland.
③FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.491-492(Doc.311).
④U.N. Department of Social and Economic Affairs, Population and Vital Statistics Report, Statistical Papers,Series A, Volume29, No.2, April1,1967, and other sources; Christopher Coker, the United States and SouthAfrica,1968-1985: Constructive Engagement and Its Critics, p.3.
①AlexanderKeese, Living with Ambiguity, Integrating an African Elite in French and PortugueseAfrica,1930-61,2006, p.46.
②William A. Hance, Edit, Southern Africa and the United States, Columbia University Press,1968, p.3.
③FRUS,1969-1976, Volume E–5,Documents on Sub-Saharan Africa, p.209.
④Heywood, Linda (2000). Contested Power in Angola,1840s to the Present, pp.92-93. University of RochesterPress, Rochester.
⑤Isaacman, Allen and Barbara (1983).Mozambique: From Colonialism to Revolution,1900-1982, p.40. WestviewPress, Inc., Boulder.
①William A. Hance, Edit, Southern Africa and the United States, Columbia University Press,1968, p.4.
②William A. Hance, Edit, Southern Africa and the United States, Columbia University Press,1968, p.4.
③William A. Hance, Edit, Southern Africa and the United States, Columbia University Press,1968, p.6.
④Grant, Madison (1921). The Passing of the Great Race (4ed.). C. Scribner's sons, p.xxxi.
①The White Redoubt, Planning Group Meeting, July10,1962,DNSA，South Africa,SA00003,p.7.
②班图斯坦计划，又称黑人家园计划，是南非政府对南非班图人采取政治上彻底分离的做法。1951年-1971年南非政府先后制定了班图权力法、班图自治法、班图斯坦国籍权利法和班图斯坦宪法条例。根据这些法令对黑人实行按部落分治的原则，在近300个保留地建立632个部落自治机构，由白人政府任命部落酋长，建立酋长掌权的三级立法、行政机构。然后将632个部落自治机构按所属民族拼凑成不同的班图斯坦自治区，区内设立法会议和自治政府，改称班图斯坦。
③FURS,1961-1963, Volume21, Southern Africa Region, pp.491-492(Doc.311).
④牛可在“自由国际主义和第三世界——美国现代化理论兴起的历史透视”（载于《美国研究》，2007年，第1期）一文中将自由国际主义与现实主义加以对比区别。笔者认为，自由国际主义广泛上属于自由主义。
⑤关于罗斯福的世界秩序论，详见王玮《美国外交思想史》，第313-339页。
⑥罗斯托，经济学家，肯尼迪政府时任政策设计室主任，约翰逊政府时担任国家安全事务助理一职，其发展经济学的理论对美国的对外援助政策产生了深远影响。
①牛可：“自由国际主义和第三世界——美国现代化理论兴起的历史透视”（载于《美国研究》2007年第1期）。
②罗斯托认为艾森豪威尔政府后期美国在第三世界面临的事态是继大萧条、法西斯侵略和1945年后冷战威胁的第四次危机。罗斯托：《美国在世界舞台上：近期历史试论》（北京编译社译），世界知识出版社，1964年版，第291~293页。
③关于现代化理论如何影响了美国的对外政策，详见雷迅马著，牛可译：《作为意识形态的现代化：社会科学与美国对第三世界政策》，中央编译出版社，2003年。
④关于自由国际主义的论述，详见：牛可“自由国际主义和第三世界——美国现代化理论兴起的历史透视”，美国研究，2007年，第1期。
⑤“Statement of U.S. Policy toward Africa South of the Sahara prior to Calendar Year1960,” NSC5719/1,23Aug.
①雷迅马著，牛可译：《作为意识形态的现代化：社会科学界与美国对第三世界政策》，中央编译出版社，2003年，第45页。
②门南的父辈是个人护理用品牌mennen的创立者（mennen品牌目前属Colgate公司），门南本人在公共场合经常戴着一个具有家庭品牌商业标志的白色圆点的绿色领结而被人戏称为“肥皂人威廉姆斯”（SoapyWilliams）。
③Thomas J. Noer, Soapy: A Biography of G. Mennen Williams Williams,University of Michigan Press,2006.p.ix.
①小施莱辛格：《一千天：约翰·菲·肯尼迪在白宫》，上海三联书店，1981，第387页。
②小施莱辛格：《一千天：约翰·菲·肯尼迪在白宫》，上海三联书店，1981，第387页。
③Rostow to Bundy. May13,1961.FRUS,1961-1963, volume21. Africa, pp.290-292(Doc.194).
④G. Mennen Williams: Current Key Issues Affecting Our Relations with Africa,November23,1963,FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.339.(Doc.222).
①开发援助委员会是由1960年1月13日建立的欧洲经济合作组织（the Organisation for European EconomicCo-operation,OEEC.）的开发援助集团(Development Assistance Group,DAG.)演变而来的。1960年代该集团召开三次会议讨论对发展中国家的援助问题。1961年9月，欧洲经济合作组织更名为经济合作与合作组织，开发援助集团更名为开发援助委员会。
②南非白人种族主义政权大规模屠杀非洲人的惨案。1960年3月21日，南非德兰士瓦省沙佩维尔镇的非洲人举行大规模的示威游行，反对南非白人当局推行种族歧视的“通行证法”，是战后南部非洲地区第一次大规模的黑人群众运动。通行证法是南非当局颁布的几百项有关种族歧视的法令之一，规定年满16岁以上的非白人必须随身携带通行证，证件不全者随时会遭到逮捕。南非当局出动大批军警，使用了喷气式飞机、装甲车、机关枪和催泪弹等镇压示威群众，致使72名非洲人被枪杀，240多名被打伤，造成了震惊世界的“沙佩维尔惨案”。南非当局这一法西斯暴行激起了南非人民极大的愤怒，反对“通行证法”的斗争迅速在南非各地展开，并获得非洲其他各国人民和世界人民的深切同情和声援。
③Report on the Advisory Council on Africa Affairs, Undated, Department of State Policy Planning Council.Declassified Ducomets Reference System(DDRS).
④Statement by U. S. Representative to the United Nations Adlai E. Stevenson Concerning Proposed SecuritySanctions Against South Africa, August2,1963.Digital National Security Archive(DNSA), SA00050.
①Barnett F. Baron, Southern African Student Exiles in the United States.The Journal of Modern African Studies,Vol.10, No.1(May,1972), p.74.
②African Refugee Problems:hearingsof the sub-committeeto investigateproblemsconnected with refugeesandescapees. United States Senate Committeeon theJudiciary,88th Congress,1stSession,21January,1965.
(Washington, I965.)
①Terrence Lyonsedt., Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World: American Foreign Policy,1963-1968”,CambridgeUniversity Press1995.pp.261~264.
②Witney W. Schneidman, Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire, UniversityPress of America,2004, p.94.
③FRUS,1964-1968,Volume24, Africa,pp.300-303(D197).
④FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.306-307(D199).
⑤NIE60/70-65, Problems and prospects in Sub-saharan Africa, April22,1965.NIE60/70-65，Problems andprospects in Sub-saharan Africa, April22,1965.FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, p.297(D195),
⑥FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.382-383(D230).
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.303-304(D198).
②1966年2月24日，趁恩克鲁玛访问中国和越南之际，美国中央情报局策划了加纳政府内部约瑟夫·亚瑟·安克拉将军发动政变。此后，恩克鲁玛流亡几内亚，1972年病逝于罗马尼亚。
③NIE70-1-67,The Liberation Movement of Southern Africa,November24,1967.FRUS,1964-1968,Africa,Volume24.pp.698-699(D408).
④Philip Geyelin, LBJ and the World.New York, Frederick A. Praeger,1966. p.16.
⑤Philip Geyelin, LBJ and the World.New York, Frederick A. Praeger,1966. p.16.
⑥Witney W. Schneidman, Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal’s Colonial Empire, UniversityPress of Amrican,p.67, p.74.
⑦Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal’s Colonial Empire, p.61.
①NSSM39.DNSA,SA000379.
②FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24.Africa, p.314.Doc203.
①经济学家罗斯托于1950年代末根据发展经济学理论，提出美国向第三世界的落后国家提供开发援助的主张，以促进第三世界国家脱离共产主义。约翰逊政府时期，罗斯托担任国家安全事务一职，其开发主义的思想也被政府所采纳。他的主要理论及主张见《经济成长的阶段——非共产党宣言》、《从第七层楼上展望世界》。雷迅马在《作为意识形态的现代化——社会科学界与美国的第三世界政策》一书中详细地阐述了现代化理论如何影响了美国对第三世界国家的政策。
②FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24.Africa,p.327(Doc211), pp.331-333(Doc.214).
③NSAM356: Implementation of Korry Report on Development Policies and Programs in Africa.http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/nsams/nsam356.asp；FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24,Africa,pp.362-363(D221).
④1967财年对非援助为2.02亿美元，比1966年增加14%。另外，1965-1968年每年对非洲援助均占总援助的10%左右。FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.378-379(D228); pp.383-494(D231).
⑤梁根成：《美国与非洲》，第120页。
⑥On Doing Business in Cabinda, updated statement by Gulf Oil Co., no date.转引自Zaki Laidi, Traslanted byPatricia Baudoin,the super-powers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry1960-1990, the University of ChicagoPress. p.52.
①The Complex of US-Portuguese Relations before and after the coup, Hearting, US House of Representatives,March and October1974, pp.186-187; p.191.
②FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.384-404(D231).
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.404-406(D232).
①Africa Year Book and Who's who.1977. pp.238–239.
②Dr. Agostinho Neto（1922-1979），安哥拉人民解放运动党主席，安哥拉人民共和国第一任总统。曾是医生和诗人。安哥拉反殖民主义运动的创始人之一，多次被捕、流放、越狱和逃亡。曾先后旅居苏联东欧及其他非洲国家，1962年当选“安人运”主席，领导反葡萄牙的武装斗争。1975年成立安哥拉人民共和国，出任总统，宣布为一党制社会主义国家。1976年打败了安解阵和安盟，1979年去世。
①罗伯伯特·唐纳森编编：《苏联在第第三世界的得失失》，任泉刘芝田田译，世界知识识出版社，19885年，第96页页。.
②罗贝贝托，Holden áálvaro Roberto，早年在英国教会学校接受教育，曾在刚果当会计师。到到1960年末，他相信，葡萄牙不会主主动给予安哥拉拉以和平的独立立，只有通过武武力斗争才能实实现。他拒绝苏苏联的援助使美美国相信他他是“安哥拉的的美国人”。
①Arthhur Jay Klinghooffer, The Angoolan war: A Studdy in Soviet Policy in the Thirdd World. Westvview Press, p14..
①当时称安哥拉人民联盟（the Union of the Peoples ofAngola, UPA），1962年改称安哥拉解放阵线(简称“安解阵”，National Front for the Liberation ofAngola,FNLA)，由霍顿·罗贝托（Holden Roberto）领导，并在刚果建立了流亡政府(Revolutionary Government ofAngola in Exile, GRAE).1966年，该组织主要领导人之一沙文比（Jonas Savimbi）另组“安盟”(the National Union for the Total Independence ofAngola, UNITA)。
②Robert Breckenridge.Edgerton,Africa's Armies: From Honor to Infamy. Westview Press.2002.p.72.
③The New York Times,16March,1961; Yearbook of the United States,1961, New York, Office of PublicInformation, United Nations,1961, pp.137-138.
④Witney W. Schneidman: Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal’s Colonial Empire. UniversityPress of American.Inc.2004.p16.
⑤小阿瑟·M·施莱辛格编：《世界强权动力学：1945-1973年美国外交政策历史文献》，第5卷，第1224页。
①“Talking Paper: Estimate of the Situation in Angola”, National Archives(College Park), State Department LotFiles(SDLF),RG59,Entry3093, Box1.
②Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa, New York,1983. p.190.
③The New York, May4,1961. p.36.
④The New York, June2,1961. p.30.
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa p543-547.
①“Task Force on Portuguese Territories in Africa”, from Wayne Fredericks to Dean Rusk, July13,1961. NationalArchives(NA).College Park, State Department Central Files(SDCF), RG59,1960-1963, Box1816,
753.022/7-1361.
②Angola, Memorandum from Samuel Belk to McGeorge Bundy, June29,1961. FURS,1961-1963, Volume
21,Africa,pp.545-546(Doc.351).
③“Task Force on Portuguese Territories in Africa”, from Wayne Fredericks to Dean Rusk, July13,1961. NationalAchives(NA). SDCF,RG59,1960-1963, Box1816,753.022/7-1361.
④“Task Force on Portuguese Territories in Africa”, from Wayne Fredericks to Dean Rusk, July13,1961. NationalAchives(NA). SDCF, RG59,1960-1963, Box1816,753.022/7-1361.
⑤Rostow to Kennedy,14July,1961; National Security Council “Action Memorandum”,14July1961,NSF: AngolaBox5, Kennedy Library.
①NSAM60:U.S. Actions in Relation to Portuguese Territories in Africa, July18,1961.FRUS,1961–1963, Volume
13, Western Europe and Canada, pp.901-902(Document327).
②关于隐蔽行动，详见白建才：《“第三种选择”——冷战期间美国对外隐蔽行动战略研究》，人民出版社，2012年。
③1961年蒙博托在美国支持下发动政变，出任国民军总司令，1962年罗贝托在利奥波德维尔建立安哥拉流亡政府。1965年政变后蒙博托任总统，直到1997年下台。1974至1976年安哥拉战争期间，罗贝托以利奥波德维尔为基地，美国通过蒙博托获得关于罗贝托的情报并向罗贝托提供秘密援助。
④1960年独立后改国名为刚果共和国，1966年将其首都利奥波德维尔改称金沙萨。因此习惯上将独立前至1966年的刚果共和国称为刚果(利)(以下简称刚果)，1966年之后称之为刚果(金)。1971年刚果共和国改国名为扎伊尔，1997年重新恢复为刚果共和国，并沿用至今。
①The New York Times, March25,1961. P4.
②“New York2506, March16,1961.”NA, SDCF, RG591960-1963, Box1821,753n,00/3-1661.
③“Outgoing Telegram10676”,21March1961,NA.SDCF. RG59,1960-1963, Box1821.753n,00/3-2161.
④Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa, New York,1983, pp.204-206.在美国外交文件中，但凡涉及对罗贝托的援助具体数额及武器装备时，均被涂黑，未公开。
⑤隐蔽行动：根据美国《1947年国家安全法》，由中央情报局负责实施秘密行动。
⑥Paul Sakwa,“U.S. Policy toward Portugal”,17January1962, NSF: Portugal Box154, Kennedy Library.
⑦Memorandum of Conversation with the President, April2,1962, in David McLellan and David Acheson(ed.)Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson.Dodd, Mead,1980.pp.225-228.
⑧FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.547.http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v21/d347
⑨Memorandum From Secretary of State Rusk to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs
(Johnson),June18,1961.FRUS,1961-1963,volume21, p544-545.
①FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.551-552(D355).
②FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.553-554(D356).
③John A. Marcum, The Angolan Revolution, volume11, Exile Politics and Guerrilla Warfare(1962-1976).Cambridge,1978, p17.Douglas Brinkley, DeanAcheson, The Cold War Years,1953-1971, New Haven,1992,p309.John A. Marcum是林肯大学的政治学教授、非洲项目主任，在肯尼迪时代负责管理安哥拉教育援助项目，70年代担任非洲研究协会主席和安哥拉问题专家，被认为是“与罗贝托关系最密切的美国人”（LuisNuno Rodrigues:“Today’s terrorist is tomorrow’s statesman”: the United States and Angolan nationalism in theearly1960s. Portuguese Journal of Social Science. Volume3Number2.p119.）;
④U.S. Congress, Senate, Subcommittee on African Affairs, Angola,p.174; New York Times,25September1975, p.1.1969年美国停止对罗贝托的直接援助，但继续每年预算10000美元备用援助资金。1975年，当安哥拉内图的共产主义势力占优势时，美国重新开始大规模援助。参见New York Times,19Feb.1977, p.9.
⑤“Conversation with Bishop Ralph Edward Dodge and the Reverend Alvin Mowat Adams, Luanda Desp.193.February10,1961.”NA, SDCF, RG59,1960-1963, Box1821,753n.00/2-1761.
⑥FRUS,1961–1963, Volume13, Western Europe and Canada, pp.901-902.
⑦“Training Program in the U. S. for Portuguese African Students,” from William Tyler to Alexis Johnson, March2,1962, NA,State Department Lot Files（SDLF）, RG59,68D401, Entry5296. Box1.
①Richard N. Swift(ed.), Annual Review of United Nations Affairs,1961-1962. New York.1963.p.147.
②United States Position on Angola in the United Nations General Assembly,Memorandum Prepared in theDepartment of State for President Kennedy,January25,1962, FRUS,1961-1963,Volume21, pp.555-556.
(Document357).
③The United States and Portugal during the Kennedy presidency.pp.200-201.
④Portuguese Use of U.S. Military Equipment in Angola,Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant forNational Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Kennedy.August31,1961.FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa,pp.548-549.(Document353)；NSAM60:U.S. Actions in Relation to Portuguese Territories in Africa, July18,1961.FRUS,1961–1963, Volume13, Western Europe and Canada, pp.901-902(Document327).
⑤“Summary of Portuguese Military Posture and Remarks on Possible Use of Military Assistance Items in Africa”.November28,1962. NA. SDLF,RG59, Entry3093. Box2.
①Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Kennedy,August31,1961.FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.549(Document353).
②Memorandum From the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to President Kennedy,August31,1961.FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.549(Document353).
③New York Times.Jun29,1962; Aug26,1962.
④New York Time,Jun29,1962.
⑤New York Times.Jun29,1962; Aug26,1962.p.4.
①Los Angeles Times,Dec28,1962, p.4.
②“Africa, Portugal and Azores: A New Approach,” Aril20,1962. NA.SDCF, RG59,1960-1963.Box1816.753.022/4-2062.
③FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.559(D359).
④FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.559(D359).
⑤Letter from Adlai Stevenson to John F. Kennedy, May18,1962, NA, SDCF, RG59,1960-1963, Box1818,
753b.56311/5-1162.
⑥United States Participation in the United Nations, Report by the President to the Congress for the year1962.Washington,1963, p.49.
⑦Ernest R. May and Philip D. Zelikow (ed.), The Kennedy Tapes, Inside the White House During the Cuba MissileCrisis, Cambridge,1997, p.336.
①“Memorandum from Dean Rusk to The President,” October24,1962, NA,SDCF, RG59,1960-1963, Box1260,
611.53/10-2462.
②“Lisbon319, October24,1962”. NA, SDCF, RG59,1960-1963. Box1814,753.00/10-2462.
③Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (Williams) to Secretary of StateRusk.October23,1962.FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.560-562.
④FRUS,1961–1963, Volume13, Western Europe and Canada, p.949.
⑤The United States and Portugal during the Kennedy presidency.p.515.
⑥FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.564(D362).
①FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.565(D363).
②FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.568-573(D366.D367)
③1895-1970，葡萄牙军官、政治家和作家。早年支持萨拉查政权，在葡政府中当议员，50年代，开始反对萨拉查政权，尤其是反对其在非洲的殖民政策。1952年被逮捕，1959年逃到委内瑞拉，在国外从事反政府活动。1961年1月22日，他领导劫持了一艘葡萄牙船圣玛丽亚（Santa Maria hijacking），即杜尔西内亚行
动（Operation Dulcinea）.2月2日，在巴西官员的斡旋下，他同意以在巴西避难换取释放人质。事后，他宣布劫船的最初目的是开往安哥拉，实现安哥拉独立。1970年他在巴西逝世。他劫机的事迹后被译成英文，书名是“讨伐葡萄牙”（my crusade for Portugal）。
④FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.567-568(D365).
⑤Department of State Policy Planning Council,“Problems of Southern Africa”, May6,1963, NSF: Africa, box3,Kennedy Library.
⑥1962年罗贝托争取到了另一个民族主义者Jonas Savimbi支持，宣布成立在刚果的金沙萨成立安哥拉流亡政府。到1964年初，已有18个非洲国家承认了流亡政府。
⑦FURS,1961-1963, Volume21,Southern Africa Region, pp.332-334(D219).
①1963年6月11日，肯尼迪发表关于公民权利的讲话，要求立法在公共场合禁止种族歧视。19日肯尼迪将民权法案提交给国会审议，但民权法案在国会争议较大，直到肯尼迪去后后1964年才予以通过，成为1964年民权法案。
②“Meeting with the President on Portuguese Africa”, July18,1963, Kennedy Library, NSF, Box,154A.
③FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.577(D370).
④http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/180(1963)2013-1-11
⑤FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.506(Doc319).
⑥FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p578-579(D371).
①Letter from Oliveira to George Ball, February27,1964, NA, SDLF,1964-1966, RG59, Box2600.
②New York Times,16April,1961. P19; Rostow to Bundy,“De Gaulle, Africa, and Southeast Asia”, NSF: Africa,Box2, Kennedy Library.
③FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.292-294(D195).
④Peter J. Schraeder, United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa, Incrementalism, Crisis and Change, Cambridge,1994, pp.14-15.
①有色人种协进会（National Association for theAdvancement of Colored People，NAACP），成立于1909年，总部在纽约，原领导人是杜波依斯。该会在50-60年代美国黑人民权运动中发挥了重要作用。
②New York Times,17March,1961, p1.
③Dean Rusk,”Coping with a World Plunged in Revolution” Business Week,25March,1961, pp.104-109.
①Thomas J. Noer,“New Frontiers and Old Priorities in Africa”in Thomas G. Paterson, ed., Kennedy's Quest forVictory: American Foreign Policy,1961-1963, Oxford University Press, USA,1989, p.259.
②Anna Kasten Nelson,“President Kennedy’s National Security Policy: a Reconsidereation.”In Reviews inAmerican History, Volume19, Number1, March1991,pp9-10.
③Burton I. Kaufman,“John F. Kennedy as World Leader: A Perspective on the Literature.”In Diplomatic History,
①Bruce D. Larkin, China and Africa,1949-1970, Berkeley: University of California Press,1971, pp.65-70; WarrenI. Cohen, Dean Rusk, Totowa, New Jersey: Copper Square Publishers,1980, p.297.
②Witney W. Schneidman, Engaging Africa: Washington and the Fall of Portugal's Colonial Empire, UniversityPress of America.2004. p.59.
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.717-720(Doc.414).
④1961年以来，古巴开始培训安哥拉干部，1962年初曾派出一个医疗小组。但大规模卷入安哥拉是在1975年安哥拉内战开始以后。N. Valdes,“Revolutionary Solidarity inAngola,” in C. Blasier and C Mesa-Lago, eds.,Cuba in the World, Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press,p.85.
⑤New York Times,4January,1964, p15.FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24.p.716(Doc.413).
⑥FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.717-720(Doc.414).
⑦Francis Russell to the Department of State,20January1964, NSF: Angola, Box1, Johnson Library.
⑧Secretary of State to all American embassy, Lisbon,17January1964, NSF: Portugal, Box1, Johnson Library.
⑨New York Times,17January1964.
⑩Rusk to Anderson,4February1964, NSF: Portugal, Box1, Johnson Library.
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.720-721(Doc415).
②Action Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs (Williams) to Secretary of StateRusk. April29,1964.FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.729-932(Doc418).
③Memorandum From the Under Secretary of State (Ball) to Secretary of State Rusk.March17,1964.ProposalRegarding Holden Roberto,FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africapp.724-728(Doc417).
④FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.720-721(Doc415).
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.724-728(Doc417).
⑥FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.724-728(Doc417).
⑦Meeting of4May1964re U.S. Policy toward the Portuguese Possessions in Africa.May4,1964.FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.733-735(Doc419).
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.736-738(Doc420).
②Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Portugal. June9,1965.FRUS,1964-1968, Volume12,Western Europe, pp.326-327(Doc.160).
③Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Portugal.June19,1965. FRUS,1964-1968, Volume12,Western Europe, pp.328-329(Document161);FRUS,1964-1968, Africa, Volume24,, pp.754-758(Doc433).
④FRUS,1964-1968, Volume12, Western Europe, pp.328-329(Document161).
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume12, Western Europe, p.329.
①Telegram From the Embassy in Portugal to the Department of State. September3,1965.FRUS,1964-1968,Volume12, Western Europe, pp.331-332(Document161).
②Telegram From the Embassy in Portugal to the Department of State, October23,1965.FRUS,1964-1968, Volume
12, Western Europe, pp.340-341(Document167).FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.759-761(Doc435).
③“United States Policy Towards Portuguese Africa: A Commentary, Lisbon A-425, May11,1966”, NA, SDCF,RG59,1964-1968. Box2604.
④“The Dilemma of Portuguese Africa, Lisbon, A-422, September29,1967,” NA, SDCF, RG59,1967-1969,Box1783.
①“The Dilemma of Portuguese Africa, Lisbon, A-422, September29,1967,” NA, SDCF, RG59,1967-1969,Box1783.
②Lawrence W. Henderson, Angola, Five Centuries of Conflict, Ithaca,1979, p210.
③Peter Duignan and L. H. Gann, The United States and Africa: A History, Cambridge,1984, p.309.
④“Resume of Luncheon Meeting with the President,”19August1965, Williams Papers, Box5, NationalArchives.
⑤莫伊兹·卡奔达·冲伯，Moise Kapenda Tshombe，1919-1969和1964-1966年间任刚果总理，后被蒙博托处决。
⑥Godley to Rusk,11July,1964,17July1964, NSF: Congo, Box1, Johnson Library.
⑦FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.745-746(Doc427); John A. Marcum, The Angolan Revolution: ExilePolitics and Guerrilla Warfare,1962-1976.Volume2. pp.169-172.
⑧New York Times, December25,1975.
①Rusk to USUN Delegation,2July1964. NSF:Portugal, Box1, Johnson Library.
②New York Times,1January1966,p67.
③美国与葡萄牙关于租借亚速尔军事基地的协定在1962-1970年间为每年签署的短期租借协定，1971年12月签署长期协定。美国以提供总价值4.35亿美元的援助及进出口银行贷款为条件签署协定，但葡萄牙拒绝从非洲撤出美式武器。Thomas J. Noer, Cold War and Black Liberation, the United States and white rule in Africa,1948-1968.University of Missouri Press,1985.p120.详见下文。Loran-C navigation system是美国研制的一种军用战术导航系统
①Terrence Lyons,“Keeping Africa off the Agenda,” in Warren Cohen and Nancy Bernkopf Tucker(eds), LyndonJohnson Confronts the World. American Foreign Policy,1963-1968, Cambridge,1994, pp.246-248.
②Thomas J. Noer, Cold war and Black Liberation: The United States and White Rule in Africa,1948-1968.University of Missouri Press,1985, p.123.
③罗德西亚，二战前分成南罗德西亚和北罗德西亚，由于北罗于1964年宣布独立，更名为赞比亚，因此习惯上将1965至1980年的南罗德西亚即称为罗德西亚，1980年后则更名为津巴布韦。
①班达（1902—1997），马拉维独立运动的黑人领导者，早年曾留学美国和英国，其思想受杜波依斯和甘地等影响，后投身于黑人解放运动。1940年代，曾任非洲人国民大会驻英代表，与恩克鲁玛等黑人领袖联系密切。1958年从加纳回到尼亚萨兰，成为独立运动的领导人，1961年在尼亚萨兰大选中获胜，1962年，英国同意尼亚萨兰自治，1963年，中非联邦解散后，尼亚萨兰独立，并于1964年7月更名为马拉维，班达任总统直到1994年败选，后流亡南非，1997年去世。
①在历史上，单方面独立的例子还有1776年美国宣布脱离英国而独立、1975年北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国宣布独立（目前只有土耳其承认其独立）、2008年科索沃宣布独立于塞尔维亚（目前得到不包括中国在内的
97个国家的承认）。
②Memorandum of Conversation between Dean Rusk,Duncan Sandys, etal., December19,1963, Lodon, FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.539-540.
①FURS,1961-1963, Volume21, Africa, pp.518-519(D329).
②FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.516-518(D328).
③FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.532-533(D340).
①FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.508-509.
②FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.536-538（D344）.
③L. J. Butler, Britain, the united states,and the demise of thecentral African federation,1959–63,The Journal ofImperial andCommonwealth History,28:3,131-151.
④FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.516-518(Doc328).
⑤Williams to Rusk,16April1962, Williams Papers, box2, National Archives.
⑥State Department Planning Group,“The White Redoubt,”28June1962, DNSA, SA00003。
⑦Bowles,“Report on Mission to Africa, October14-November9,1962,”13November1962, Bowles Papers, Box
311, Yale University; Williams to Rusk,“Major Conclusions of Williams’s African Trip,”24February1963,Williams Papers, Box3, National Archives.
⑧FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.530-532(D339).
⑨J.R.T. Wood, the Welensky Papers: A History of the Federation: Britain. Rhodesia and South Africa,1948-1953,
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.797-798(D462).
②Cold War and Black Liberation,194.
③http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/216(1965).2012-12-12
①http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/217(1965).2012-12-12
②http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/221(1966)2012-12-12.
③http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/232(1966)2012-12-12.
④http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/253(1968)2012-12-12.
⑤FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa,,pp.946-947(D561).
⑥FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, p.594(D566).
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa. pp.801-802(D466).
②FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.788-789(D457).
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa4,pp.794-795(D460).
④SDB53, June28,1965: pp.1061-1066.转引自cold war and Black Liberation,p.191.
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.822-824(D480).
⑥Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, Official Report,5th Series, Vol.720(H.M.S.O.,1966), columns49-356.http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1965Rhodesia-UDI.html
⑦FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.841-842(D493).
⑧FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.932-937(D553).
①小阿瑟·M·施莱辛格编：《世界强权动力学：1945-1973年美国外交政策历史文献》，第5卷，第1139页。
②FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.932-937(D553).
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.932-937(D553).
④FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.943-945(D559).
⑤Andrew Deroche, Black, White, and the Chrome: The United States and Zimbabwe, Africa World Press, Inc.p.156.
⑥FURS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, p.959(D571).
⑦Cold War and Black Liberation,p.192.
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.871-874(D513).
②FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africapp.851-852(D501).
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.852-858(D502).
④Cold War and Black Liberation,p.205.
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.865-866(D509).
⑥SDB54（17January1966）:85-86.转引自Cold War and Black Liberation, p.205.
⑦这条公路南起卢萨卡南部，经过卢萨卡向东北延伸到坦桑尼亚的边境城市Tunduma，直至坦桑尼亚首都达累斯萨拉姆，几乎与中国援助修建的坦赞铁路平行。
⑧1965年7月1日，中国政府决定援建坦赞铁路，承诺向两国提供22500万英镑。1967年9月6日，坦赞铁路协定签署。1968年5月开始工程勘察，1970年10月26日开工建设，1975年6月全线通车行，工程共耗费约5亿美元。中国先后派遣工程人员5.6万人次，投入物资机械83万吨，提供无息贷款9.88亿元人民币。详见：Martin Bailey,Freedom railway: China and the Tanzania-Zambia link, Collings,1976.
⑨Business Week(11December1965):58.
①FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.865-866(D509).
②Minerals Yearbook1965, volume1, US Government Printing Office,1966, p.303.
③NSSM39. DNSA, SA00379.
④Anthony Lake, the “Tar Baby” Option: American Policy toward Southern Rhodesia.Columbia UniversityPress,1976, pp.42-44.
⑤Department of State Press Releases, NSF: Rhodesia, Box3, Johnson Library.
⑥NSSM39. DNSA, SA00379.
⑦Douglas Brinkley, Dean Acheson: the Cold War Yeas,1953-1971,1992,315-327.
①White, Black and the Chrome, p.154.
②Eshmael Mlambo: Rhodesia: The Struggle for a Birthright, London: Hurst,1972, Note15, p.301.
③Black, White, and the Chrome, p.156.
④FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.797-798(D462).
⑤New York Times,5February1966, p3;11March,1966.
⑥梁根成：《美国与非洲》第118页。
⑦Anthony Lake, the “Tar Baby”Option: American Policy toward Southern Rhodesia.Columbia UniversityPress,1976.p.120.
⑧Cold War and Black Liberation,p.209.
⑨罗德西亚，二战前分成南罗德西亚和北罗德西亚，由于北罗于1964年宣布独立，更名为赞比亚，因此习惯上将1965至1980年的南罗德西亚即称为罗德西亚，1980年后则更名为津巴布韦。
①FRUS,1946, Volume5, Union of South Africa, pp.121-122.
②FRUS,1946, Volume5, Union of South Africa, p.122.
①FRUS,1948,Volume5,Union of South Africa, p.531.
②FRUS,1948, Volume5, Union of South Africa, p.527.
③FRUS,1950,Volume5, Union of South Africa, p.1813.
④FRUS,1950,Volume5,Union of South Africa, p.1828.
⑤FRUS,1950,Volume5, Union of South Africa, pp.1842-1843.
⑥FRUS,1952-1954,Volume11,Union of South Africa, pp.922.
⑦FRUS,1952-1954,Volume11, Union of South Africa, pp.1010-1013.
①Country Internal Defense Plan, December18,1962. DNSA, South Africa, SA00005.
②South West Africa: Guidelines for United States Policy and Operations. January6,1963. DNSA, South Africa,SA00006.
③Your Meeting with the South African Ambassador on Friday October18at3:00pm, October17,1963. DNSA,South Africa, SA00093.
④Toward a New AF Strategy, October18,1963.DNSA, South Africa, SA00094.
⑤South West Africa: Guidelines for United States Policy and Operations, January6,1963. DNSA, SA00006.
①建立于1962年，1964解散，原称为“西南非洲咨询事务委员会”（the Commission of Enquiry into South WestAfrican Affairs），因以前德兰士瓦省行政官员奥登达尔（Fox Odendaal）为主席，又称奥登达尔委员会。
②South Africa and South West Africa.Briefing Paper, March10,1964.DNSA,South Africa, SA00158.
①SOUTH-WEST AFRICA CASES (SECOND PHASE),Judgment of18July1966.http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?sum=288&code=lsa&p1=3&p2=3&case=47&k=f2&p3=52013-10-4.
①http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/245(1968);http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/246(1968).
②http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/?sum=296&code=nam&p1=3&p2=4&case=53&k=a7&p3=52013-10-4.
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africap.694(D406).
④FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,P.695(D406).
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,p.371(D226).
⑥FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.405-406(D232).
⑦Policy Planning Council:NATIONAL POLICY PAPER: SOUTHERN AFRICA，SOUTHERN AFRICA--U.S.POLICY. November20,1968. FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.699-703(D409).
⑧小阿瑟·M·施莱辛格编：《世界强权动力学：1945-1·973年美国外交政策历史文献》，第5卷，第1108页。
①NSSM39, DNSA, SA00379.
②LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON LIBRARY ORAL HISTORY COLLECTION, Oral History Transcripts, DeanRusk Interview IV, pp.26. available at http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/oral-histories/2013-11-17
③Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, pp.551-584.
④详见: Melvin Gurtov, The United States Against the Third World:Antinationalism and Intervention, New York:Praeger pp.41-81; Stephen R. Weissman, American Foreign Policy in the Congo:1960-1964,Cornell University
①详见：Alvin B. Tillery JR., between homeland and motherland: Africa, U.S. Foreign Policy, and BlackLeadership in America.Ithaca: Cornell University Press,2011.
②Kenneth R. Janken,From colonial liberation to Cold War, liberalism: Walter White, the NAACP, and ForeignAffairs,1941–1955, Ethnic and RacialStudies,1998.21:6, pp.1074-1095.
③FRUS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa, pp.337-338(D221).
④FRUS,1961-1963, Volume21Africa,pp.339-340(D222).
⑤FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,p.281(D187).
⑥FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.287-288(D192).
⑦FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa,pp.289-290(D193).
⑧1969年建立，由众议院黑人议员组成。1960年代起，黑人当选议员逐渐增多，1971年用现名。1969年有成员9人，到2012年已经有42人。
①Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Oral History Collectionl, Oral History Transcripts, Dean Rusk Interview IV,pp.28-29. available at http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/oral-histories/2013-11-17
①Lyndon Baines Johnson Library Oral History Collectionl, Oral History Transcripts, Dean Rusk Interview IV,pp.29. available at http://www.lbjlibrary.net/collections/oral-histories/2013-11-17
①约翰逊·加迪斯著，《遏制战略：战后美国国家安全政策评析》，世界知识出版社，2005年，第292页。
②Richard Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard Nixon, Vol1, New York: Warner Books,1978, p.425.
③FRUS,1964-1968, Volume24, Africa, pp.797-790(D462).Policy Planning Council: National Policy Paper,Southern Africa,November20,1968.
④Anthony Lake, the “Tar Baby” Option: American Policy toward Southern Rhodesia. Columbia University
①Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal, New York: Simon&Schuster,1999, p.903.
②Engaging Africa, p.117.
③Roger Morris, Uncertain Greatness,pp.114-115.
①Zaki Laidi.translated by Patricia Baudoin: the Super-Powers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry1960-1990, The University of Chicago Press,1990,p.49.
②Stanley Hoffman, Primacy of World Order: American Foreign Policy Since the Cold War, New York:McGraw-Hill,1980,p.47.
③NSSM39, p.66; Roger Morris, Uncertain Greatness, pp.107-120.梁根成在《美国与非洲》中翻译成“焦油婴儿”。
①Anthony Lake, The "Tar Baby" Option: American Policy Toward Southern Rhodesia. Columbia University Press,New York,1973, p.124.
②Jack Anderson,“Henry Kissinger’s First Big Tile”.The Washington Post, October11,1974; Mohamed A.El-Khawas and Barry Cohen edit. The Kissinger Study of Southern Africa, National Security Study Memorandum
39, Lawrence&Company.1976.p.19.
③Mohamed A. El-Khawas and Barry Cohen edit. The Kissinger Study of Southern Africa, National Security StudyMemorandum39, Lawrence&Company.1976.p.12.
④Donald B. Easum,“United States Policy Toward Africa,” Issue5:3,1975, pp.70-71.
⑤Donald F. McHenry,“Statement on South Africa and Namibia”, Issue5:3,1975, p.60.
⑥The Washington Post, February24,1970.
⑦“Washington Letter”, Africa Today, January-February,1970.
⑧Azhakethu Mathew Thomas, TheAmerican Predicament: Apartheid and United States Foreign Policy.DartmouthPub Co,1997, p.57.
①DNSA标注的解密时间为1977年。
②South Africa: Policy Planning Paper. March1972. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, SouthernAfrica,pp.174-175(Doc71).
①Cold war and black liberation, p.241.
②SASP and EATP, Policy Planning Memorandum No.1. U.S. Relations with the African LiberationMovements.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.167(Document68).
③SASP and EATP,Policy Planning Memorandum No.1. U.S. Relations with the African LiberationMovements.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.167(Document68).
①Chester Crocker, South Africa: Strategy for Change.p.345.
②The Super-Powers and Africa: The Constraints of a Rivalry,1960-1990, p.49.
①Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for NationalSecurity Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon,April29,1974.SUBJECT:Coup in Portugal. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.228.
②Piero Gleijeses, A Test of Wills: Jimmy Carter, South Africa, and theIndependence of Namibia, DiplomaticHistory, Vol34Issue5, pp.853–891, November2010.
③Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for NationalSecurity Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon,April29,1974.SUBJECT:Coup in Portugal.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.228.
①NSSM241, http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0310/nssm241.pdf.2013-10-20.
①South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p22.
②John Darnton,"Challenge to the Shuttle", The New York Times, September17,1976.
③Nancy Mitchell, Tropes of the Cold War: Jimmy Carter and Rhodesia, Cold War History,(2007)7:2, pp.263-283.
④Zbigniew Brezezinski,Power and Princigple: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor,1977-1981,(New York:Aarrar, Straus, Girous,1983). p.139.
⑤莱克是基辛格非洲政策的反对者。
⑥Ford Foundation Study Commission on U.S. Policy Toward Southern Africa. South Africa: Time Running Out.
①由安理会中三个常任理事国，英法美，和加拿大、联邦德国组成。五国从1977年宣布南非种族隔离制度非法以后，发动了共同的外交努力促进纳米比亚的独立。他们的努力直接导致了1978年安理会通过了435号决议。这一决议是经过与前线国家经过漫长的协商后确定的，决议要求在联合国监督下举行选举。
②Security Council Action on South Africa. Nov1977. DNSA, SA00806.
③Secreatary Cyrus Vance, Cable for all African Diplomatic Posts,“Security Council Action on South Africa,”November5,1977. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. pp.78-79.
④Leslie H. Gelb,“U.S. Seeks Angola Compromise As Price for Accord on Namibia,”New York Times, June1,1981,p.8.
①October31Security Council Discussion of South Africa. DNSA, SA00800.
②October31Security Council Discussion of South Africa. DNSA, SA00800.
③South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. p.49.
④The Cold War and the Color Line p.255.
⑤1977年3月和1978年5月11日，以东安哥拉为基地的、由驻安哥拉古巴军队培训的刚果民族解放前线
（Front for the National Liberation of the Congo, FNLC）入侵刚果的加丹加省，在美国、法国和比利时的军事援助下被击退，这是美国自越战后的与法国的首次军事合作。
⑥The Cold War and the Color Line, p.257.
⑦“Carter’s U-Turn in Foreign Policy.”U.S. News&World Report, January28,1980.
①The Cold War and the Color Line, p.257.
①Richard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa, New York: Oxford University Press,1984. pp.237-238.
②New York Times, September25,1975.
③New York Times, September25,1975.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.204-205(D88).
⑤United States Policy Toward Southern Africa, January28,1970, National Security Decision Memorandum38.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.69.
⑥Engaging Africa, p.121.
⑦The Super-powers and Africa, p.54.
①Cold war and black liberation,p.241.
②David Binder, New York Times, February19,1977, p.9.
③New York Times, June1,1970.
④Yearbook of the United States,1970, p.191.
⑤HGR-1972-FOR-0004, p.103.
①HGR-1972-FOR-0004, p.89; HGR-1974-FOA-0020.p2.
②HGR-1972-FOR-0004, p.103.
③HGR-1972-FOR-0004.pp.138-139.
④New York Times，Jan31,1972.
⑤FRUS,1969–1976, Volume41,1969–1972, p.836.footnote.
⑥Hearing: Executive Agreements with Portugal and Bahrain, Feb.1-3,1972.Committee on ForeignRelations.Senate.ProQuest Congressional, HRG-1972-FOR-0004.p6.
⑦Hearing: Executive Agreements with Portugal and Bahrain, Feb.1-3,1972.Committee on ForeignRelations.Senate.ProQuest Congressional, HRG-1972-FOR-0004.
①Engaging Africa,p.191.
②New York Times, Dec9,1971.
③FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.212(D92).
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.226(D97).
⑤FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.212(D92).
①Angola: Guidelines for Policy, September1970. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.213-217(D93).
②Engaging Africa,p.127.
③1972年3月，联合国派“非殖民化委员会”前往调查几内亚比绍。7月，委员会向联大提交的报告认为，葡萄牙不再能够对几内亚进行有效管理。10月，联大投票承认了几内亚公开选举的由几内亚和佛得角非洲独立党（Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde-PAIGC，简称几佛独立党）政权为几内亚比绍和佛得角的唯一合法政权。（美国在表决中投了反对票）。Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Mission: Havana,Washington and Africa,1975-1976, The University of North Carolina Press,2002.p.210.
①Piero Gleijeses, Conflicting Mission: Havana, Washington and Africa,1975-1976, The University of NorthCarolina Press,2002.p.210. footnote128.
②The Washinton Post, April26,1974, p.12.
③斯皮诺拉是葡萄牙的战争英雄，他认为军事解决非洲问题是不可能的，必须要政治解决。他要求新宪法给予自由和民主制度。他的一本书曾在1973年3月引发“向里斯本进军”的运动，但失败。
①Engaging Africa, p.129.
②Engaging Africa, p.146.
①Engaging Africa, p.149.
②Engaging Africa, p.154.
③Engaging Africa, p.149.
④Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal, p.627.
⑤New York Times. December14,1974.
⑥Washington Post. December14,1974.
①Henry Kissinger, Years of Renewal, p.630.
②Interview: Frank Carlucci, June4, Washington DC.转引自Engaging Africa, p159, footnote17.
③William Hyland, Mortal Rivals: Superpower Relations from Nixon to Reagan,New York: Random House,1987),pp.133-136.
④Scrowcroft to Donald Rumsfeld, Assistant to the President, February11,1975and Rumsfeld to Carlton Goodlett,President, National Newspaper Publishers Association, March31,1975, WHCF: Africa, box1, GFL.
⑤Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, The Angolan War: A Study in Soviet Policy in the Third World, Westview Press, Boulder,
①Report Prepared by the Working Group on Angola. No.75, Cuban Involvement in Angola.Washington, October
22,1975. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.326(D132).
②Gerald J Bender,“Kissinger in Angola: Anatomy of Failure”, in Rene Lemarchand, ed. American Policy inSouthern Africa, University of Press of America,1981, pp.90-91.
③Conflicting mission, p.276.
④Conflicting mission, p.291; FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.251-252（D108）.
⑤Thomas J. Noer, International Credibility and Political Survival: The Ford Administration's Intervention inAngola, Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol.23, No.4, The Managerial, Political and Spiritual Presidencies (Fall1993). pp.771-785.
⑥Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, The Angolan War: A Study in Soviet Policy in the Third World, Colorado, WestviewPress,1980. pp.26-27.
①林永乐，《安哥拉争端与美苏冲突》，台湾商务印书馆，第38页,第46页。
②Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, The Angolan War: A Study in Soviet Policy in the Third World,p.19.
③Gerald J Bender,“Kissinger in Angola: Anatomy of Failure”, in Rene Lemarchand, ed. American Policy inSouthern Africa, University of Press of America,1981, pp.90-91.
④Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, the Angolan War: A study In Soviet Policy in the Third World, p.55.
⑤John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies: A CIA Story, p.232.
①Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times, CambridgeUniversity Press,2007. p.237.
②Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, the Angolan War: A study In Soviet Policy in the Third World, Westview Press, Boulder,Colorado,1980, pp.112-114.
③1976年2月，安政权通过Mark Moran向基辛格传信：不把外交承认安政府作为与美国对话的前提。TheWashington Post, February17,1976.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.228(Doc98).
⑤FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, pp.227‐228(Doc98).
⑥Donald B. Easum(1923-)，1974年1月至10月任非洲事务助理国务卿，1974年11月，因言论不当被解职。1974年1月22日，他继任非洲事务助理国务卿，接任之际，其前任David Newsom告诉他，直接反对种族政策和支持非殖民化是非洲事务署的共识，但美国在非洲缺少利益及基辛格忽视非洲事务署的建议是非洲署面临的主要挑战。
①1964年，CIA建立了驻罗安达办公室，负责汇报非洲民族解放运动信息，1967年办公室关闭。此后美国关于安哥拉的情报信息主要来自于葡萄牙、扎伊尔和赞比亚。1975年重开此办公室。
②FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.236(D103).另参阅Testimony of the Secretary of State beforethe Subcommittee on Africa, Committee on Foreign Relations U.S. Senate, January29,1976.
③National Security Study Memorandum224, May26,1975.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.245
（Document105）.
④Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, June27,1975, FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, SouthernAfrica,pp.265-269(D113).
⑤FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, pp.251-252(Document108).
⑥John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies,p.55.
⑦FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.251(D108).
⑧Interview with Robert W. Hultslander, former CIA Station Chief in Luanda, Angola. Fax to Piero Gleijeses.December22,1998. Available at http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB67/transcript.html.2013-12-23. Also at Conflicting Missions, p.353.
⑨Donald Easum, Hard times for the African Bureau,1974-1976: a Diplomatic Adventure story.http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2010/0406/fsl/fsl_hardtimes.html2013-6-21；House Select Committeeon Intelligence, Selection from the Pike Report Relating to Angola, February1976. Found at Kenneth Mokoena ed.South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. New York: the New Press,1993. p.226.
①FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.462.
②House Select Committee on Intelligence, Selection from the Pike Report Relating to Angola, February1976.Found at Kenneth Mokoena ed. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. New York: the NewPress,1993. p.226.
③John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies, pp.54-69.
④Stockwell,"Appendix5: Total Arms and Material Delivered to FNLA and UNITA," pp.265-66.
⑤John Stockwell, In Search of Enemies,pp.118-154.
⑥Interview with Robert W. Hultslander, former CIA Station Chief in Luanda, Angola. Fax to Piero Gleijeses.December22,1998. Available at http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB67/transcript.html.2013-12-23.
⑦Attachment: ANGOLA. June27,1975.FRUS,1969-1976, Volume28, Southern Africa, p.276(D113).
①Conflicting missions, p.353.
②Conflicting missions, p.354.
③Conflicting missions, p.355.
④Interview with Robert W. Hultslander, former CIA Station Chief in Luanda, Angola. Fax to Piero Gleijeses.December22,1998. Available at http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB67/transcript.html.2013-12-23.
⑤Conflicting missions, p.355.
⑥House Select Committee on Intelligence, Selection from the Pike Report Relating to Angola, February1976.Found at Kenneth Mokoena ed. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. New York: the NewPress,1993.p227.
⑦Conflicting missions, p.355.
⑧Paper Prepared by the National Security CouncilInterdepartmental Group for Africa, Washington, June13,1975.RESPONSE TO NSSM224:UNITED STATES POLICY TOWARD ANGOLA. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28,Southern Africa,, p.253-255(Documet109).
①Memorandum for the Record,40Committee Meeting,8August,1975，FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, SouthernAfrica, p296(D123).
②Memorandum for the Record，40Committee Meeting,20August1975. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, SouthernAfrica,p.300(D124).
③FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, D141, p.355-358.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, D138, p.345.
⑤December31975, Memorandum, White House Convention with Chinese Officials, DNSA, KT01839, KT01841.另FRUS,1973–1976, volume18, China,(Documents134–136).
⑥FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.358-359(D142).
⑦FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.365-368(D145-146).
①FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.425(D171).
②State Department, Memorandum for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,“U.S. Policy Toward Angola”,December161975. Found at Kenneth Mokoena ed. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History.New York: the New Press,1993. pp.219-225.
③State Department, Memorandum for the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,“U.S. Policy Toward Angola”,December161975. Found at Kenneth Mokoena ed. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History.pp.219-225.
④Leslie Gelb,"U.S. Aides Tell Senators of Arms Aid to Angolans," New York Times, November7,1975, p.3.CRS-1976-FND-0016,p11.
⑤Joan Hoff, A Faustian Foreign Policy from Woodrow Wilson to George W. Bush,Cambridge University Press2007,p.106.
⑥CRS-1976-FND-0016,p14.
①National Security Study Memorandum234, December13,1975.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.377-378(D148).
②Nei C. Livingstone and Manfred Von Nordheim,”The United Sates Congress and the Angolan Crisis”, StrategicReview,5(No.2,1977), p.38.
③George Wright, The Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Towards Angola Since1945. Chicago: PlutoPress.1997. p.71.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.390(D192).
①William Minter,Portuguese Africa and the West. Monthly Review Press,1972.pp.118-119.
②The Super Powers and Africa, p.52.
③William Minter, Portuguese Africa and the West. p.120.
④The Super Powers and Africa, p.52.
①1973年10月第四次中东战争发生后，由于阿拉伯石油输出国以石油为武器声援埃及和叙利亚等国向以色列发动战争，这带来了石油涨价和西方国家的能源危机。
②CRS-1976-FAF-0007, p.75.
③New York Times, March311978.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,, p.478-479(D190.D191).
⑤Background information on the following Angolan issues which should be considered in the establishment of aU.S. liaison office in that country, Nov13,1978. CK3100703205-9
⑥U.S., Congress, Senate, South Africa: U.S. Policy and the Role of U.S. Corporations, Hearing before theSubcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, September8,9,17,17,22,23,29,39, P138.
⑦U.S., Congress, Senate, South Africa: U.S. Policy and the Role of U.S. Corporations, Hearing before theSubcommittee on African Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, September8,9,17,17,22,23,29,39, P137.
①Washington Post, April16,1977, p.8; Washington Post, April18,1977, p.9.
②New York Times, April17,1977, p.5.
③William Minter,King Solomon’s Mines Revisited: Western Interests and the Burdened History of SouthernAfrica,Basic Books, Inc.1986, p.152.
④自由之家是一个国际性的非政府组织，总部位于美国华盛顿特区，致力于民主、政治自由以及人权的研究和支持，其最知名的是对各国民主自由程度的年度评估，该报告被用于政治科学的研究。自由之家由温德尔·威尔基和埃莉诺·罗斯福创建于1941年，自称为“全球民主自由的清音”。
⑤Walter Pincus,“Clark seeks revived role in Angola,”The Washington Post(May5,1978).
⑥George Wright, The destruction of a nation: United States' policy towards Angola since1945, p.83, p.86.
①NSSM39, DNSA, SA00379.
②Testimony of Dick Clark, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Angola Hearings, Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office,1976,p2.NSSM39并未谈到关于美国对安哥拉的投资是重要，当时美国进口石油的2.25%来自安哥拉的卡宾达地区。
③Testimony of Dick Clark, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Angola Hearings, Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office,1976,p.2.
④Testimony of Dick Clark, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Angola Hearings, Washington, U.S.Government Printing Office,1976,p.3. Nathaniel Davis,“The Angola Decision of1975: A PersonalMemoir,”Foreign Affairs,57,No.1, Fall1978. p.124.
①Arthur Jay Klinghoffer, The Angola war: A Study in Soviet Policy in the Third World, p.29.
②Testimony of Gerald Bender, Hearings before the Subcommittee on African Affairs, Senate Committee onForeign Relations, June-July1975, Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office,1976, p.102.
③FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p59.
①http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/253(1968).2013-2-2
②FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,.p.27. footnote.
③FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.28. footnote.
④http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/277(1970).2013-2-2.
①Rhodesia: A Study to National Security Study Memorandum142, December22,1971. DNSA, PR00988.
②罗德西亚丛林战争，Rhodesian Bush War，又称Second Chimurenga，或津巴布韦解放战争，1979年12月《兰开斯特大厦协定》签署标志战争结束。
①NSSM39.p.19. DNSA, SA00379.
②NSSM39.p.19.DNSA, SA00379.
③NSSM39.p.21.DNSA, SA00379.
①Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for NationalSecurity Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon,Washington, April3,1969.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.7.
②FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p18.
③Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for NationalSecurity Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon: DeanAcheson’s Views on our Consulate in Rhodesia. July11,1969. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, SouthernAfrica,p.18.
④https://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdm-nixon/nsdm-38.pdf2013-3-9.
⑤NSDM47:U.S. Policy Toward Rhodesia, March9,1970. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.76-77.
⑥Byrd, Harry F, Jr, The Rhodesian Trade Embargo and the Byrd Amendment. The Washington Post, Dec18,1973.
①Black, White, and the Chrome. p.166.
②FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,.pp.11-13.
③FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp. P105-111(D37).
④NSSM75:Rhodesia Sanctions, August7,1970.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.113;https://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdm-nixon/nsdm-75.pdf.2013-2-2.; DNSA, PR00114.
⑤Annex D: Byrd Amendment, DNSA, PR00988.
⑥September28,1971. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28. pp. P142(D56).
①Byrd, Harry F, Jr, The Rhodesian Trade Embargo and the Byrd Amendment. The Washington Post,Dec18,1973.
②Gaddis Smith, Morality, Reason, and power: American Diplomacy in the Carter Years, New York:Hill and Wang,1986, p.139. Noer,Cold War and Black Liberation, pp.241-242.
③Robin Renwick, economic Sanctions, Harvard University,1981p.44.
④FRUS,1969-1976, Volume28. pp.170-171(D69).
⑤Morris, Uncertain Greatness, pp.119-120.
⑥Editorial,“U.S. against the Charter,”The New York Times,12November1971.
⑦Black, white and the chrome.
⑧FRUS,1969-1976, Volume28.p.155(D62).http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/326/27/IMG/NR032627.pdf?OpenElement.2013-2-2.
⑨http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/320(1972)2013-2-2.
⑩http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/280/37/IMG/NR028037.pdf?OpenElement.2013-2-2.
①Black, White, and the Chrome, pp.197-200.
②DNSA, KA10763.
③DNSA, KT01067.
④Black, White, and the Chrome,p.200.
⑤Black, White, and the Chrome, p.200.
⑥Black, White, and the Chrome,pp.195-197.
⑦Black, White, and the Chrome,p.200
①R. Sean Randolph, The Byrd Amendment: A Postmortem. World Affairs, Vol.141, No.1(Summer1978), pp.57-70.
②Congressional Record,95th Cong.,1st Sess.,123, No.44(14March1977).
③NSSM197/CIEPSM33: Critical Imported Commodities [Includes Report Entitled "Critical Imported Materials:Study of Ad Hoc Group Established by NSSM197/CIEPSM33]. Secret, Action Memorandum, July18,1974.DNSA, PR01237.
①CRS-1976-FAF-0007.p.75.
②Recommended US Action on Rhodesia, March5,1976. DNSA, SA00561.
③“Rhodesia-A Proposed Course of Action”, Action Memorandum, April1,1976. DNSA, SA00569.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, D194, p.486; DNSA, KT01932.
⑤FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, D194, p.484-485; DNSA, KT01932.
①April281976, p16, New York Times.
②April301976, Christian Science Monitor.
③1974年坦桑尼亚、赞比亚、博茨瓦纳、莫桑比克4国首脑举行会议，讨论南部非洲的局势和问题，协调对津巴布韦、纳米比亚独立斗争的行动。此后，前线国家就不定期地举行非洲前线国家首脑会议，个别情况下举行部长会议。南非非洲人国民大会、西南非洲人民组织及南部非洲民族解放运动组织经常出席前线国家首脑会议。安哥拉于1976年加入，津巴布韦于1980年独立后也参加。前线国家一直为反对南非的种族主义政策，实现纳米比亚独立而努力，并联合起来制裁南非，对付南非的经济封锁。经过坚持不懈的斗争，终于使纳米比亚于1990年3月21日独立，解放了非洲大陆上最后一块殖民地。此后前线国家继续支持南非人民反对种族隔离的斗争，谴责南非政府的种族主义政策以及对邻国的侵略破坏行为，加强各国的国防能力，加强合作。非洲前线国家主席先后是坦桑尼亚总统J.K.尼雷尔(1974～1985)、赞比亚总统K.D.卡翁达（1985年起）。
④Press Guidance on Secretary's Meeting with South African Ambassador Botha.May18,1976. SA00584.
⑤Williams E. Schaufele,1923-2008，1960年代曾任国务院刚果事务主管，1971-1975年任驻联合国大使，1975.12-1977.7为非洲事务署助理国务卿。
⑥U.S.-U.K. Consultations on Rhodesia and South Africa. Secret, Action Memorandum, June5,1976. DNSA,SA00592.
⑦US-UK Consultations on Rhodesia and South Africa. June5,1976. DNSA, SA00592.
⑧FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, pp.497-502.
①FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.503-510.
②FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.511-512.
③“Tab B: Summary of the Rhodesian Plan”,FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.516-519.
④FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.573-575（D206）.
⑤Statement by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger concerning Policy in Southern Africa, August31,1976: TheChallenges of Africa. August31,1976, DNSA, SA00618.
⑥Tom Lambert,Vorster Appears to Soften Namibia Stand,Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File); Sep6,1976;Meeting with South African Prime Minister Vorster; Includes Attachments, September6,1976, DNSA,KT02049;Meeting with South African Prime Minister Vorster, September5,1976, DNSA, KT02048.
⑦Tom Lambert,Vorster Appears to Soften Namibia Stand,Los Angeles Times,Sep6,1976.
①Secretary Henry Kissinger, Cable for Ambassador Frank Wisner,“Annex C”,October27,1976. Found at SouthAfrica and the United States, the Declassified History, the New Press(New York),1993. pp.240-246; Meeting withJulius Nyerere on Southern Africa, September21,1976,24, KT02081.
②FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, pp.588-593(D209); DNSA, SA00660.
③Secretary Henry Kissinger, Cable for Ambassador Frank Wisner,“Annex C”,October27,1976. Found atSouthAfrica and the United States, the Declassified History, the New Press(New York),1993. pp.240-246.
④Secretary Henry Kissinger, Cable for Ambassador Frank Wisner,“Smith’s Comments about Annex C,” October
26,1976. Found at South Africa and the United States, the Declassified History, the New Press(New York),1993.pp.238-239.
⑤DNSA, KT02081.
⑥Ian Smith The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith. London: John Blake Publishing.1997, p.213.
①South Africa and the United States, the Declassified History,p.180.
②DNSA, KT02115.
③DNSA, KT02115.
④生于1932年，60年代民权运动的领袖，马丁路德金的助手和支持者。1970年代为国会黑人小组成员。1977年任联合国大使。1979年，他在解决罗问题时与穆加贝和恩科莫接触，促使接受英美调停方案，发挥主导作用。在1979年罗大选后，他拒绝接受大选结果。他因帮助穆加贝和恩科莫而饱受争议。1979年8月，因在联合国支持巴勒斯坦建立与卡特的主张相左而辞职。1982-1990年任亚特兰大市长。
①Black, White, and the Chrome, p.245.
②1969年起，国会众议院中的黑人议员建立了民主党选择委员会（Democratic Select Committee），以狄更斯为主席（1969-1971），1971年2月，这一组织命名为国会黑人核心小组，其成员主要包括Shirley Chisholm,William L. Clay Sr., George W. Collins, John Conyers, Ronald Dellums, Augustus F. Hawkins, Ralph Metcalfe,Parren Mitchell, Robert Nix, Charles Rangel, Louis Stokes, Walter Fauntroy。1977年这一组织建立了TransAfrica,这是一个为非洲大陆和海外非洲人信息交流的教育和倡导联盟。黑人核心小组和TransAfrica一起在全美掀起了反种族隔离运动——自由的南非运动（他们以静坐、学生抗议，成为美国历史上持续时间最长的不服从运动），在这一运动的推动下，国会于1986年通过了全面反种族隔离法（ComprehensiveAnti-ApartheidActof1986）。
③Vance Testimony, Feb10,1977.“The Rhodesia Sanctions Bill,”White black and the Chrome. p247.
④CIA Director Stansfield Turner discusses effectiveness of sanctions against Rhodesia. Mar31,1977. DDRS,CK3100059708,
①Cyrus Roberts Vance, Hard Choices: Four Critical Years in Managing America's Foreign Policy,Simon andSchuster,1983, p.270; David Owen, Time to Declare: Second Innings, Methuen, Limited,2009.pp.291-311.
②1927-2010.1974-1976年间任职于国家安全委员会，1976-1979年任美驻赞比亚大使，1979-1981年任驻尼日利亚大使。
③Donald Rothchild, Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. BrookingsInstitution Press,1997, pp.165.
④“First Meeting Between Vice President Mondale and Prime Minister Vorster,” May20,1977. Found atSouthAfrica and the United States: The Declassified History. Kenneth Mokoena edited., National Security Archive
(U.S.)New Press.1993, pp.247-254.
⑤SADFAA, BTS1/156/3/4Volume4: S Rhodesia Relations with SA,13Mar.1974to26Oct.1979.转引自SueOnslow (2004) South Africa and the Owen/Vance Plan of1977, South AfricanHistorical Journal,51:1,130-158.
⑥PRM36: Soviet/Cuban Presence in Africa.http://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/documents/prmemorandums/prm36.pdf2013-12-3
①Donald Rothchild,Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation.BrookingsInstitution Press,1997, p.166.
②Policy Review Committee Meeting, September20,1977. DDRS, CK3100147901.
③South Africa and Rhodesia, Sep26,1977. DDRS, Ck3100466238.
④Ian Smith, The Great Betrayal: The Memoirs of Ian Douglas Smith,Blake Pub,1997,p.231.
⑤Abdul Aziz Said,Ethnicity and U.S. Foreign Policy, New York: Praeger,1981, pp.170-175.http://digitalcollections.library.cmu.edu/awweb/awarchive?type=file&item=475224.2012-10-21.
①CK3100702002.
②Rhodesia Policy:“Lake Option” and Alternatives. DDRS. CK3100705586.
③John Spanier&Joseph Nogee, edt, Congress, the Presidency and American Foreign Policy,(New York:Pergamon,1981), pp.132-160.
④“Sanctions: Zimbabwe-Rhodesia Decision Explained,” US Department of State Bureau ofPublic Affairs, CurrentPolicy no.70, June1979. DDRS, CK3100700818.
⑤Nancy Mitchell (2007) Tropes of the Cold War: Jimmy Carter and Rhodesia, Cold War History,7:2, pp.273.
⑥Nancy Mitchell (2007) Tropes of the Cold War: Jimmy Carter and Rhodesia, Cold War History,7:2, pp.274.
①“Memorandum for the Record:‘Africa Trip Impressions’,”27November,1976, DNSA, SA00708.
②Mary McGrory,“Winning the Hearts and Minds of Africa,” Washington Star,10September,1976.
③Jimmy Carter:An Hour Before Daylight: Memories Of A Rural Boyhood. Simon&Schuster.2001.
④Nancy Mitchell (2007) Tropes of the Cold War: Jimmy Carter and Rhodesia, Cold War History,7:2, pp.275-277.
⑤House of Representatives,95th Congress,1st session, on HR1746,24February1977,Washington, DC: GPO,1977, p.8, p.12.
⑥Nancy Mitchell (2007) Tropes of the Cold War: Jimmy Carter and Rhodesia, Cold War History,7:2, pp.263-283.
⑦Trade Sanctions Against Zimbabwe-Rhodesia Memorandum From the President.November14,1979.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31688&st=Rhodesia&st1=2013-12-5
⑧Executive Order12183-Revoking Rhodesian Sanctions. December16,1979.http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=31837&st=Rhodesia&st1=.
①Paper Prepared by the National Security CouncilInterdepartmental Group for Africa: Response to NSSM89:South West Africa,April2,1970.FRUS,1969-1976. Volume28, pp.77-88(D29); DNSA, PR00558.
②NSSM39, p.80, DNSA, SA00379.
③Paper Prepared by the National Security CouncilInterdepartmental Group for Africa: Response to NSSM89:South West Africa, April2,1970. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, pp.77-88(D29); DNSA,PR00558.
①National Security Decision Memorandum55: South West Africa, May22,1970.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28,Southern Africa,pp.97-98; www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdm-nixon/nsdm-55.pdf.2013-10-4.以下为讨论稿：Memorandum From the President’sAssistant for NationalSecurity Affairs (Kissinger) to PresidentNixon: South West Africa (Namibia): Response to NSSM89, April15,1970.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28,Southern Africa,pp.93-95(D31).另见DNSA, PR00558, KT00116.
②SAM POPE BREWER, U.S. Says It Will Discourage South-West Africa Investments. New York Times, May21,1970.另Implementation of Decisions on South West Africa (NSDM55), July6,1970.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume
28, Southern Africa, pp.99-100(D33).
③William E. Schaufele, Jr., U. S. Relations in Southern Africa,Annals of the American Academy of Political andSocial Science, Vol.432, Africa inTransition (Jul.,1977), pp.110-119.
④South Africa: Policy Planning Paper. March1972. FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.174-175.
⑤National Security Decision Memorandum38: United States Policy Toward Southern Africa, January28,1970,FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,p.69(D23).
⑥William E. Schaufele, Jr., U. S. Relations in Southern Africa,Annals of the American Academy of Political andSocial Science, Vol.432, Africa inTransition (Jul.,1977), pp.110-119.
⑦El-Khawas and Barry Cohen edit. The Kissinger Study of Southern Africa, National Security Study Memorandum
39, Lawrence&Company.1976. pp.123-124.
①El-Khawas and Barry Cohen edit. The Kissinger Study of Southern Africa, National Security StudyMemorandum39, Lawrence&Company.1976. pp.94-95.
②U.S. Congress, Hol.lse, Review of State Department Trip through Southern and Central Africa,Hearingbefore theSubcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, December12,1975,93rd Cong.,2nd sess.,1975,p.44.
③Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy inSouth Africa, August1,1969.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.23-24.
④Paper Prepared by the National Security CouncilInterdepartmental Group for Africa. South Africa: PolicyPlanning Paper. March1972.FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa, p.174(D71).
⑤OAU Denounces Western UNSC Veto on Namibia, June11,1975. DNSA. SA00509.
①Department Of States Bulletion, p.16, Your Breakfast Meeting December18,12/17/1975.
②CIA,Weekly Summary, August29,1975, CREST, National Archives II, College Park,Maryland.
③FRUS,1969-1976,Volume28, Southern Africa,pp.484-485(D194); Meeting with Julius Nyerere on SouthernAfrican Issues, April25,1976, DNSA, KT01932; Meeting with Julius Nyerere on Southern African Issues, April
26,1976, DNSA, KT01933; Meeting with Kenneth Kaunda on Rhodesia, Namibia, and South Africa, April27,1976, DNSA, KT01934; Secretary’s Trip to Africa: Speech on Southern African Issues, April1976. DNSA,
①Tom Lambert,Vorster Appears to Soften Namibia Stand,Los Angeles Times (1923-Current File); Sep6,1976;Meeting with South African Prime Minister Vorster; Includes Attachments, September6,1976, DNSA,KT02049;Meeting with South African Prime Minister Vorster, September5,1976, DNSA, KT02048.
②沃尔维斯湾又称鲸湾，位于纳米比亚中西部海岸，是一深水良港，一直被南非非法占领，南非在这里建立海陆空军事基地。1978年安理会通过432号决议申请沃尔维斯湾归属纳米比亚，直到纳米比亚独立后的1994后，南非才归还。
③Tom Lambert,Vorster Appears to Soften Namibia Stand,Los Angeles Times,Sep6,1976.
④Security Council: Namibia, October7,1976. DNSA, SA00663.
⑤South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p22; Secretary's Meeting with UN SecretaryGeneral Waldheim, October12,1976. DNSA, SA00665.
⑥Governor Scranton's Security Council Speech on Namibia, October19,1976. DNSA, SA00674.
⑦DNSA,SA00678-701.
①South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History,p22.http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?OpenAgent&DS=A/RES/31/146&Lang=C.
②Africa Trip Impressions Confidential, November27,1976.DNSA,SA00708.
③Representative Diggs' Remarks at AAI Conference, December9,1976.DNSA, SA00715.
④The Sunday Times, November22,1976. DNSA, SA00705.
⑤Security Council Action on South Africa. Nov1977. DNSA, SA00806.
⑥Piero Gleijeses, A Test of Wills: Jimmy Carter, South Africa, and theIndependence of Namibia, DiplomaticHistory, Vol34Issue5, pp.853–891, November2010.
①Department of State Bulliton. October1979, p.21.
②Namibia: International Acceptability of Turnhalle Proposals, February4,1977. DNSA, SA00730.
③Young, in NSC meeting, March3,1977,6, FOIA.转引自Piero Gleijeses, A Test of Wills: Jimmy Carter, SouthAfrica, and theIndependence of Namibia, Diplomatic History, Vol34Issue5, pp.853–891, November2010.
④Namibia: Talking Points for Secretary's Meeting with South African Foreign Minister Botha, August12,1977.DNSA, SA00774.
⑤Namibia, Briefing Paper, c. July1977.DNSA, SA00758.
⑥Secretary of State Cyrus Vance provides President Jimmy Carter with his daily report. Oct15,1977.DDRS,CK3100518236.
①1967年联合国关于纳米比亚特别会议决定成立联合国纳米比亚问题委员会，并指定专员负责。1978年建立联合国纳米比亚援助团。
②Department of State Bulliton, June1978, pp.53-54.
③Background information on the following Angolan issues which should be considered in the establishment of aU.S. liaison office in that country, Nov13,1978. CK3100703205-9
④http://www.un.org/zh/documents/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/435(1978).2013-12-4.
①Acting Secretary of State Warren Christopher provides President Jimmy Carter with his daily report.Sep12,1978.DDRS, CK3100518242.
②Namibia: Progress at Turnhalle in Drafting Bases for Interim Government, February4,1977. DNSA, SA00729.
③Assa Okoth, A History of Africa: African nationalism and the de-colonisation process,1915-1995. East AfricanPublishers,2006,p.195.
④Secretary of State Cyrus Vance provides President Jimmy Carter with his daily report, Dec7,1978. DDRS,
①Daniel Southerland,"U.S. Diplomacy underfire in Southern Africa". The Christian Science Monitor, Aprill6,1979; Humphrey Tyler,"South Africa-U.S. relationsat lowest ebb".The Christian Science Monitor, Aprill6,1979.
②Daniel Southerland,"U.S. Diplomacy underfire in Southern Africa". The Christian Science Monitor, Aprill6,
①学者Richard Falk回忆说，基辛格曾沾沾自喜地承认，“我不知道，也不感兴趣于比利牛斯山划出的南部世界”。Morrie Macqueen, The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa, Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolutionof Empire, Addison Wesley Longman Limited.1997. p.193.
②Gerald Bender,“Angola, the Cubans and American anxieties”, Foreign Policy,31Summer1978, p.5.
③丹·考德威尔：《论美苏关系》，世界知识出版社，1984年，第77页。
④丹·考德威尔：《论美苏关系》，世界知识出版社，1984年，第73页。
①Donald Easum, Hard times for the African Bureau,1974-1976: a Diplomatic Adventurestory.http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2010/0406/fsl/fsl_hardtimes.html2013-6-21.
①Donald Easum, Hard times for the African Bureau,1974-1976: a Diplomatic Adventurestory.http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2010/0406/fsl/fsl_hardtimes.html2013-6-21
②A. M. Thomas, The American Predicament: Apartheid and United States Foreign Policy, p.63.
③The New Times, December18,1971.
①The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006. p.119.获取地址http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf2014-2-9.
②切斯特·克罗克（1941-），生于纽约，先后在俄亥俄州立大学和约翰霍普金斯大学获得硕士和博士学位。他的博士论文是《非洲军事权力的移交：英法秩序体制变化的比较研究》（The Military Transfer of Power inAfrica: AComparative Study of Change in British and French Systems of Order），1969-1970年在美利坚大学担任教师，1970-1972年间曾被黑格（Alexander Haig）短暂应招入国家安全委员会，后在乔治敦大学担任外交事务学主任，讲授非洲政治与政府。1981-1989年任非洲事务助理国务卿、非洲事务署主任。
①Chester Crocker, South Africa: Strategy for Change, Foreign Affairs (Winter1980/8l), p.323~352.
②Chester Crocker, South Africa: Strategy for Change, Foreign Affairs (Winter1980/8l), p.345-346.
③James VincentD'Amato,Constructive engagement: The rise and fall of an American foreign policy.(以下称写为Constructive Engagement)Ph.D., University of South Carolina,1988., p.85.
④James VincentD'Amato,Constructive Engagement, p.90.
⑤Chester Crocker, African Policyin the1980s,The Washington Quarterly,Volume3, Issue3,1980, p.80.
⑥South Africa and the United States: The Declassified History, p.182.
①The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006.P.62. http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf.2013-2-5
②The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006.p.84.
③Leslie H. Gelb,“U.S. Seeks Angola Compromise As Price for Accord on Namibia,”New York Times, June1,1981,p.8.
①Leslie H. Gelb,“U.S. Seeks Angola Compromise As Price for Accord on Namibia,” New York Times, June1,1981, p.8.
②James VincentD'Amato,Constructive engagement, p.112.
③Bernard Gwertzman,“U.S. Plans a Mission to Southern Africa,”New York Times, March29,1981, p.1.
④Jay Ross,“Reagan Aide Hits Rough Spots on Mission to Southern Africa,”Washington Post, April15,1981, p.A1;New York Times, April15,1981, p.6.
⑤U.S., Congress, House, United States Policy Toward Southern Africa: Focus on Namibia, Anogla, and SouthAfrica, Hearing and Markup before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, September
16,1981,“Appendix VII: States Department Memorandum on Pretoria Meeting, Memorandum of Conversation,”,p.109.
①“Document Link Namibia Solution to Better U.S. Ties to South Africa,”New York Times, May30,1981, p.4.
②Secretary's Address, Foreign Policy Association, July14,1981, July15,1981. DNSA, SA01306.
③New York Times, August26,1981. p.12;“South Africa Report Capture of Soviet Soldier,” September2,1981, p.1;Washington Post, August27-30,1981.
④South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p.29.
⑤U.S., Congress, House, U.S. Policy Toward Namibia: Spring1981, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africaof the Committee on Foreign Affairs, June17,1981, pp.12-13.
⑥Crocker,“Regional Strategy,” Department of State Bulletin, p.27.
⑦South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. p.30.
①Communist Influence in Southern Africa, Testimony, March22,1982.NDSA, South Africa, SA01372.
②George Shultz,“Africa and US policy,” Department of State Bulletin,(April1984): pp.11-12.
①New York times,April6,1983,p7. New York Times, April26,1983,p.7.
②New York Times, October13,1982, p.7.
③Washington Post, November20.1983.
④“Black by Million Quit Jobs for Day in South Africa,”New York Times, June17,1986, p.1.
⑤又称索韦托起义（Soweto Riots），1976年6月16日，南非黑人城镇索韦托的黑人学生因抗议南非当局在黑人学校强行使用荷兰语教学而发起的一系列反对南非国民党及其种族隔离政策的起义，最后被白人军警开枪镇压，事件在数日内蔓延到其他小镇，持续到1977年才得以平息，事件导致500多人被杀害。安理会通过392号决议谴责南非政府的镇压措施。
⑥New York Times, November19,1986.
⑦CRS3, p.3. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p.38.
①NSDD187: US Policy Toward South Africa,September7,1985.https://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-187.htm.2014-1-2.
②Crocker, In Noon of Southern Africa, p.277.
③Ronald Reagan,“Executive Order12532-Prohibiting Trade and Certain Other Transactions Involving SouthAfrica,” September9,1985. Found atSouth Africa and the United States, the Declassified History.
④James VincentD'Amato,Constructive Engagement: The rise and fall of an American foreignpolicy.Ph.D.,University of South Carolina,1988.
①The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006. p.119.获取地址http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf2014-2-9.
②冯志伟：《美国外交的悲剧：美国对南非种族隔离制度的政策演变1948-1991》，南非大学2009年博士论文。
③W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. Transaction Publishers,2011,p.227.
④Chester Crocker,In Noon of Southern Africa: Making Peace in a Rough Neighborhood, W W Norton&Co Inc.1993. pp.353–355.
⑤Zachary Kagan-Guthrie, Chester Crocker and the South African BorderWar,1981–1989: A Reappraisal ofLinkage. Journal of Southern African Studies, Volume35, Number1, March2009. pp.66-83.
①W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.237.
②http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1991/19910726-1.html2014-2-9.
③NSDD272: US Objectives in Southern Africa.07May87.http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-272.htm2013-2-5.DNSA, SA02300.
④它是南部非洲发展共同体（SouthernAfrican Development Community, SADC）的前身,1980年4月在赞比亚首都卢萨卡建立，成员以前线国家为主体，包括安哥拉、薄茨瓦纳、莱索托、马拉维、莫桑比克、斯威士兰、坦桑尼亚、赞比亚和津巴布韦。其主要目标是减少对南非的经济依赖，促进地区合作和经济发展。1992年8月在纳米比亚首都温得和克举行的峰会上正式成立南部非洲发展共同体，到目前已发展成为包括新南非在内的所有南部非洲15个国家的区域经济合作组织。
①http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-273.htm2014-2-9.
②CRS5, p.23. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, the New Press(New York),1993. P39.
③E.A. Wayne, Disputes over Cuban troops stymie Angola-Namibia talks,The Christian Science Monitor. October28,1988.
④Angolan Presscon on Namibia, CTW, September5,1987. DNSA, South Africa, SA02398.
⑤Gleijeses,‘Moscow’s Proxy?Cuba and Africa1975-1988, Cold War Studies, Volume8, Number2, Spring2006’,
pp.129–131.
⑥生于1947年，是大通银行（Chase Manhattan Corporation）主席David Rockefeller的女儿。希奈戈基金会
（Synergos Institute）创始人，对外关系委员会成员，哈佛大学拉美研究戴维洛克菲勒中心顾问委员。
⑦Cuban Party Daily on Luanda Talks, February4,1988. DNSA, SA02493.
①W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.232.
②W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.235.
③W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.241.
①David Martin and Phyllis Johnson, eds., Frontline Southern Africa: Destructive Engagement, New York: FourWalls, Eight Windows,1988.
②National Security Decision Directive212(NSDD212): United States Policy Angola, February10,1986. DNSA,SA02008.
①Angola: Repeal of the "Clark Amendment", March19,1981. DNSA, SA01142; March20,1981,SA01146;March20,1981, SA01149.
②Noon Press Briefing, Summary of Topics on Africa, March23,1981, DNSA, SA01153.
③Secretary's Comments on African Policy, March29, March31,1981. DNSA, SA01165.
④US Policy toward Africa under Reagan Administration, April16,1981. DNSA, SA01203.
⑤US Policy toward Africa under Reagan Administration, April16,1981. DNSA, SA01203. SA01206.
⑥SFRC Vote on (Modified) Repeal of the Clark Amendment, May14,1981.DNSA, SA01275.
⑦Department Of States Bulletin, p.19.Found at South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History.p.30.
①Communist Influence in Southern Africa, Testimony, March22,1982.NDSA, South Africa, SA01372.
②Gerald J. Bender,“American Policy Toward Angola: A History of Linkage,” in Gerald J. Bender, James S.Coleman, and Richard L. Sklar, eds., African Crises Areas and U.S. Foreign Policy(Berkeley: University ofCalifornia Press,1985), p123.
③W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990.p.204.
④The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006. p.114. access to http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf2014-2-9.
⑤U.N. Security Council Condemnation of Linkage between Namibian Independence and Withdrawal of CubanTroops from Angola, October28,1983. DNSA, SA01540.
⑥New York Times,April6,1983,p.7. New York Times, April26,1983,p.7.
①New York Times, October13,1982, p.7.
②Washington Post, November20,1983.
③Namibia and Regional Destabilization: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Africa of the Committee on ForeignAffairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-eighth Congress, First Session, February15,1983, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office,1983p.2.
④The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006. p.97.地址http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf2014-2-9.
⑤The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006. p.115.地址http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf2014-2-9.
⑥New York Times, December16,1982.
⑦Alan Cowell,“Intense US–South Africa Talks on Namibia,”New York Times, Jan29,1984, p9.
⑧P. W. Botha’s Speech on Angolan Disengagement, Jan,31,1984.Found atSouth Africa and the United States: theDeclassified History.p.32.
①New York Times, April16,1984.
②South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. pp.32-33, pp.275-277.
③The Association for Diplomatic Studies and TrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project: ASSISTANTSECRETARY CHESTER ARTHUR CROCKER, Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy, Initial Interview date:June5,2006. p.113.地址http://www.adst.org/OH%20TOCs/Crocker,%20Chester%20Arthur.toc.pdf2014-2-9.
④George Shultz,“Africa and US policy,” Department of State Bulletin,(April1984):11-12.
①South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p.33.
②New York Times, November1,1984.South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p.33.
③CRS5,p26; Windhoek Newspaper Reports Angolan Offer on Cuban Troop Withdrawal, November11,1984.South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. P.33. Paul van Slambrouk,“Angolamakes move inNamibia talks".The Christian Science Monitor, November27,1984.http://www.csmonitor.com/1984/1127/112741.html/(page)/2.2014-1-2.
④Peter Schweizer, Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the SovietUnion, New York: Atlantic Monthly Press,1994, p. xvi.
⑤Joseph E. Persico, Casey:The Lives and Secrets of William J. Casey: From OSS to CIA, New York: VikingPenguin,1990, p.217.
⑥NSPG，是在中情局主任凯西的提议下设立的，由副总统、国防部长、国务卿、总统安全顾问，中情局主任，白宫办公厅主任、副主任和总统顾问等组成，必要时由参联会主席、预算局长和司法部长参加，由总统领导，下设政策协调委员会Policy Coordination Group (PCG)。.是一个针对秘密行动的高级独立委员会，
①双轨战略不仅适用于安哥拉，也适用于苏联入侵和影响的阿富汗和柬埔寨两国，即将军事援助“自由战士”作为向对方施压及迫使对方（苏联或亲苏政权）在谈判让步的手段。
②NSDD212,US Policy Towards Angola10Feb86, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-212.htm.2013-12-8;NSDD212: U.S. Policy toward Angola, February10,1986. DNSA, South Africa, SA02008; PresidentialDirectives, PD01945; Document54, South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, the NewPress(New York),1993. pp.297-299.
③NSDD212, US Policy Towards Angola10Feb86, http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-212.htm.2013-12-8;NSDD212: U.S. Policy toward Angola, February10,1986. DNSA, South Africa, SA02008; PresidentialDirectives, PD01945; Document54, South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, the NewPress(New York),1993. pp.297-299.
④U.S. African Policy: The Opportunity and Need for a Pro-Western Strategy, January1986, DNSA, SA01983.
⑤U.S. African Policy: The Opportunity and Need for a Pro-Western Strategy, Briefing Paper, January1986. DNSA,SA01983.
⑥Angola/Namibia and the Savimbi Visit, Confidential, Cable, February8,1986. DNSA, South Africa, SA02007
⑦Document52: Assistant Secretary Chester Crocker, Briefing memorandum for Secretary George Shultz,“meetingwith UNITA Leader, Jonas Savimbi, February6,1986.”Found at South Africa and the United States: theDeclassified History, the New Press(New York),1993. pp.293-296.
①New York Times, Feb.19,1986.
②Reagan's Doctrine? The Formulation of an American Foreign Policy StrategyAuthor(s): James M. ScottSource:Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol.26, No.4, Intricacies of U.S. Foreign Policy (Fall,1996), pp.1047-1061.p.1055. TABLE2: Chronology of Reagan Doctrine Assistance.另一援助数据是1985年为1500，1987年为1500，1988年为3000，1989年为5000（单位：万美元）。George Wright, The Destruction of a Nation: UnitedStates' Policy Towards Angola Since1945. Pluto Press,1997, p.127.
③Freedom Fighters International, May21,1985. DNSA, South Africa, SA01821.
④美国外交文件中的估计为1986-1987年，苏联向安哥拉提供总额约为10亿美元的军事援助。NSDD274. USPolicy Toward Angola. May7,1987. http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-274.htm.2014-1-2; DNSA,PD02019; SA02300.
⑤Department Of States Bulletin, p.20.
①James Vincent D'Amato, Constructive engagement: The rise and fall of an American foreign policy, Ph.D.,University of South Carolina,1988;冯志伟博士论文：《美国外交的悲剧》，南京大学2009年。
②US Policy Toward South Africa. September7,1985. https://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-187.htm.2014-1-2.
③CRS4, P.8. South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History. p.36.
④NSSD3-87: Southern Africa, January22,1987, DNSA, Presidential Directives, Part II, PR01710.
①NSDD274: US Policy Toward Angola,07May87.http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/nsdd-274.htm.2013-12-8;
United States Objectives in Southern Africa, National Security Decision Directive, May7,1987. PD02017,P
D02019; Document54, Found atSouth Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, the New Press(New
York),1993. pp.300-302.
②CRS5, p.23.Found atSouth Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, the New Press(New York),
1993, p.39.
③E.A. Wayne, Disputes over Cuban troops stymie Angola-Namibia talks,The Christian Science Monitor. October28,1988.
④Angolan Presscon on Namibia, CTW, September5,1987. DNSA, South Africa, SA02398.
⑤Gleijeses,‘Moscow’s Proxy?’ pp.129–31.
⑥W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.232.
①W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.235.
②W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.237.
③W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.241.
④John A. Marcum, Angola: War again, Current History,92/574(May), p.218.
①South African Foreign Minister's Statement on Crocker Talks. April18,1981. DNSA,South Africa, SA01211.
②South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, p.30.
③Current Foreign Relations, Issue No.14, April8,1981. DNSA, South Africa, SA01182.
④U.S. African Policy: The Opportunity and Need for a Pro-Western Strategy, Briefing Paper, January1986. DNSA,SA01983.
⑤Luanda Radio Says Crocker Campaigning for Racists. April16,1981. DNSA, South Africa, SA01200.
⑥Media Reaction: Crocker Visit. April16,1981. DNSA, South Africa, SA01201.
⑦Media Reactions--Southern Africa. May29,1981. DNSA, South Africa, SA01290.
⑧Frontline African Leaders Issue Communique in Luanda (Luanda Radio4/16). April16,1981. DNSA, SouthAfrica, SA01205.
⑨U.S. African Policy: The Opportunity and Need for a Pro-Western Strategy, Briefing Paper, January1986. DNSA,SA01983.
①U.S. African Policy: The Opportunity and Need for a Pro-Western Strategy, Briefing Paper, January1986.DNSA, SA01983.
②David Newsom (Ed), The Diplomatic Record,1989-1990, Boulder,1991p.12-13.
③Prospects for a Namibian Settlement. Testimony, March2,1982. DNSA, South Africa, SA01365.
④Prospects for a Namibian Settlement. Testimony, March2,1982. DNSA, South Africa, SA01365.
①Communist Influence in Southern Africa. Testimony, March22,1982. DNSA, South Africa, SA01372.
②U.S., Congress, House, U.S. Policy Toward Namibia: Spring1981, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africaof the Committee on Foreign Affairs, June17,1981, pp.12-13.
③Crocker,“Regional Strategy,” Department of State Bulletin, p.27.
④Communist Influence in Southern Africa, Testimony, March22,1982.NDSA, South Africa, SA01372.
⑤I. William Zartmann,"Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Interventionin Africa ", New York,1985, p.l87-188.
⑥Efforts toAchieve a Settlement in Namibia. October6,1982. DNSA, South Africa, SA01439.
⑦The U.S. Role in the Namibian Negotiations. November9,1982. DNSA, South Africa, SA01446.
⑧The United States Favors Parallel Withdrawal in Southern Africa. November26,1982. DNSA, South Africa,
①"Africa offers Foreign PolicyPluses for Reagan despite elusive Namibia settlement”.David Winder, TheChristianScienceMonitor, May14,1984.
②Randolph Vigne, SWAPO of Namibia: A Movement in Exile, Third World Quarterly, Vol.9, No.1, The Politicsof Exile (Jan.,1987), pp.85-107.
③W. Scott Thompson,“U.S. Policy Toward Africa: At America’s Service?” Orbis25/4(Winter1982),1016.
④Peter J. Schraeder, United States Foreign Policy toward Africa, Incrementalism, Crisis and Change,1994.p.34.
⑤Robert Massie, Loosing the Bonds:The United States and South Africa in the Apartheid Years.Nan A.Talese/Doubleday,1997. p.616.
①Cold war and color line, p258.
②Robert Massie, Loosing the Bonds:The United States and South Africa in the ApartheidYears. Nan A.Talese/Doubleday,1997.485.
③Colin Legum, The battlefronts of Southern Africa.Africana Pub. Co.,1988. p.369.
①E.A. Wayne, Disputes over Cuban troops stymie Angola-Namibia talks,The Christian Science Monitor. October28,1988.W. Martin James III,A Political History of the Civil War in Angola:1974-1990. p.239.
①Roberts, Janine (2003). Glitter&Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Empire. pp.223–224.
②Hayward R. Alker, Ted Robert Gurr, and Kumar Rupesinghe. Journeys Through Conflict: Narratives and Lessons,2001, p.181.
③Donald S.Rothchild, Managing Ethnic Conflict in Africa: Pressures and Incentives for Cooperation. BrookingsInstitution Press.1997. pp.137–138.
①Henry Kissinger, White House Years, Boston: Little Brown,1979, p.119, p.1257.
①Richard Mahoney，JFK: Ordeal in Africa(New York: Oxford University Press,1983).pp.30-31.
②Zbigniew Brezezinski, Power and Princigple: Memoirs of the National Security Advisor1977-1981, New York:Aarrar, Straus, Girous,1983. p139.
①New York Times, January21,1977; Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Jimmy Carter,1977,
(Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office,1978,) p.3.
②Alfred Hero,“The American Public and South Africa,” in Hero and John Barratt, eds., The American People andthe South Africa: Publics, Elites and Policymaking Processes.(Lexington: Lexington Books,1981), pp.7-8.
③Alfred Hero,“The American Public and South Africa,” in Hero and John Barratt, eds., The American People andthe South Africa: Publics, Elites and Policymaking Processes.(Lexington: Lexington Books,1981), pp.8-9.
④Alfred Hero,“The American Public and South Africa,” in Hero and John Barratt, eds., The American People andthe South Africa: Publics, Elites and Policymaking Processes.(Lexington: Lexington Books,1981), pp.9-10.
⑤Howard E. Wolpe,“The Dangers of Globalism,” in Gerald J. Bender, James S. Coleman and Richard L. Sklar,eds., African Crisis Areas and U. S. Foreign Policy,(Berkeley: University of California Press,1985), pp.284-90.
①The Congressional Record, July2,1977, p.10788.
②Ridchard D. Mahoney, JFK: Ordeal in Africa, pp.244-248.
③Chester A. Crocker,“African Policy in the1980s,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol.3No.3(Summer), p.75.
④Gerald J.Bender, Angola, the Cubans and American Anxieties, Foreign·Policy, No.31(Summer1978),pp.3-5.
⑤American Foreign Policy: Basic Documents:1977-1980, Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of State,Government Printing Office,1983, p.1131.
①Richard Deutsch,“Africa from a Strategic Perspective,” Africa Report, Vol,26, No.2, March April1981,pp.47-48.
②Chester A. Crocker,“African Policy in the1980s,” The Washington Quarterly, Vol.3, No.3(Summer1980), p.72.
③斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史：1500年以后的世界》，吴象婴、梁赤民译，上海社会科学院出版社，1999年，第814页。
④斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史：1500年以后的世界》，吴象婴、梁赤民译，上海社会科学院出版社，1999年，第814-815页。
①威尔逊学者中心口述史资料：Cold War International History Project(CWIHP)－Southern Africa in the ColdWar, Post-1974,p.13.Edited by Sue Onslow and Anna-Mart van Wyk.Available at http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/CWIHP_SouthAfrica_Final_Web.pdf2013-5-6
②斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史：1500年以后的世界》，吴象婴、梁赤民译，上海社会科学院出版社，1999年，第828页。
③Accra to Secretary of State,17September1962,511.45J/9-1762,Nationa Archiives II(NAII), College Park,Maryland.
④斯塔夫里阿诺斯《全球通史：1500年以后的世界》，吴象婴、梁赤民译，上海社会科学院出版社，1999年，第817页。
⑤CWIHP－Southern Africa in the Cold War, Post-1974.p.6.
⑥CWIHP－Southern Africa in the Cold War, Post-1974.p.6.
1929,Volume III (1929) Union of South Africa,pp.846-849.
FRUS,1931,Volume II,Union of South Africa, pp.1045-1047.
FRUS,1933,Volume II,Union of South Africa, pp.123-131.
FRUS,1935,Volume II,Union of South Africa, pp.85-94.
FRUS,1936,Volume I,Union of South Africa, pp.855-876.
FRUS,1937,Volume II, United Kingdom, pp.1-135.
FRUS,1939,Volume I,Union of South Africa, pp.855-876.
FRUS,1940,Volume III,Union of South Africa, p.177.
FRUS,1942,Volume I,Union of South Africa, p.778.
FRUS,1943,Volume III,Union of South Africa, pp.173-212.
FRUS,1944,Volume III,Union of South Africa, pp.258-269.
FRUS,1945,Volume VI,Union of South Africa, pp.281.
FRUS,1946,Volume V,Union of South Africa, pp.121-127.
FRUS,1948,Volume V,Part.1,Union of South Africa, pp.524-532.
FRUS,1949,Volume VI,Union of South Africa, pp.1799-1809.
FRUS,1950,Volume V,Union of South Africa, pp.1809-1845.
FRUS,1951,Volume V,Union of South Africa, pp.1427-1464.
FRUS,1952-1954,Volume XI,part.1,Africa[regional],pp.1-381. Unionof South Africa, pp.902-1056.
FRUS,1955-1957,Volume XVII, Union of South Africa, pp.775-838.
FRUS,1958-1960,Volume XIV, Gernal U.S. Policy towardAfrica,pp.1-172.Union of South Africa, pp.724-761.
FRUS,1961-1963,Volume XXI, Africa,pp.1-426. Southern Africa Region,pp.691-715.
FRUS,1964-1968, Volume XXIV, Africa.
FRUS, Volume E-5, Part1,1969-1976,Documents on Sub-Saharan Africa.
FRUS,1969-1976,Volume E-6, Documents on Africa.
[1] PD00525.NSC5719. U. S. Policy Toward Africa South of the SaharaPrior to Calendar Year1960.Jul.31,1957.
[2] PD00526. NSC5719/1. U. S. Policy Toward Africa South of the SaharaPrior to Calendar Year1960.Aug.23,1957.
[3] PD00555. AF/NSC-IG Memorandum No.42, Revised Draft Response toNSSM89: South West Africa. Feb.251970.
[4] PD00569. NSC5818. U. S. Policy Toward Africa South of the SaharaPrior to Calendar Year1960.Aub.26,1958.
[5] PD00597.NSC5920. U.S. Policy Toward South, Central and East Africa.Dec.31,1959.
[6] PD00598. NSC6001. U.S. Policy Toward South, Central and East Africa.Jan.19,1960.
[7] PD00673. NSAM NO.33. Review of U. S. Policy Toward South Africa.Mar.22,1961.
[8] PD01057. NSAM NO.295, U.S. Policy Toward South Africa, Apr24,1964.
[9] PD01058. US Policy Toward South Africa Comments re Status Reporton NSAM295.Jul.30,1964.
[10] PD01059. Memorandum for the President of Sal of Lockheed Aircraft toSouth Africa. Sep.19,1964.
[11] PD01060. US Policy Toward South Africa: Status Report on NSAM295.Apr.2,1965.
[12] PD01061. US Policy Toward South Africa: Status Report on NSAM295.Jul.15,1965.
[13] PD01062. US Policy Toward South Africa: Status Report on NSAM295.Jul.31,1965.
[14] PD01063. US Policy Toward South Africa: Status Report on NSAM295.Sep.2,1965.
[15] PD00094/PR00094.NSDM38.United States Policy Toward SouthernAfrica. Jan.28,1970.
[16] PD01207.National Security Decision Memorandum55(NSDM55):South West Africa.Apr.17,1970.
[17] PD01208. Revised NSDM55. Apr17.1970
[18] PD01220. NSDM81: Implementation of Arms Embargo on South Africaand Portuguese Africa Territories. Aug.17,1970.
[19] PD01354/PR01354. NSSM39. Southern Africa. Apr.10,1969.
[20] PD01488. NSSM236, U.S. Policy on Export-Import Bank Loans forSouth Africa. Jan.16,1976.
[21] PD01490. NSSM241.U.S. Policy in Southern Africa. Apr.21,1976.
[22] PD01877. NSSM187. U.S. Policy Toward South Africa.Sep.71985.
[23] PD02017.NSSM272. U.S. Objectives in Southern Africa. May7,1987.
[24] PD02018.NSSM273. U.S. Objectives in Southern Africa. May7,1987.Presidential Directives（PR）：
[25] PR00554.South West Africa.Jan.12,1970.
[26] PR00555.Revied Draft Response to NSSM89.South West Africa. Feb.25,1970.
[27] PR00558.Revied Draft Response to NSSM89.South West Africa. Apr.2,1970.
[28] PR00559.Department of Commerce Views Regarding U. S. Policytoward South West Africa. Apr.10,1970.
[29] PR00560.OEP Views on South West Africa. Apr.10,1970.
[30] PR00988.NSSM142.Rhodesia,Dec.22,1971.
[31] PR00997.U.S. Rhodesia Policy after the Pearce Commission. Apr.7,1972.
[32] PR01237.NSSM197/CIEPSM33:Critical Imported Commodities. Jlu.18,1974.
[33] PR01306. Response to NSSM224:U.S. Policy Toward Angola. Jun.13,1975.
[34] PR01307. Analytical Summary NSSM224:U.S. Policy Toward Angola.Jun.18,1975.
[35] PR00264.NSDM330. U.S. Policy on Export-Import Bank Loans forSouth Africa. May6,1976.
[36] PR01407. PRM/NSC-4:South Africa and Rhodesian Negotiations.Jan.21,1977.
[37] PR01345. PD/NSC-5: Southern Africa, Mar.9,1977.
[38] PR01710.National Security Study Directive Number3-87(NSSD3).Southern Africa. Jan.22,1987.
[39] PR01719. National Security Study Directive Number9-87(NSSD9),Southern Africa. May.18,1987.South Africa（SA）：
[40] SA00006.South West Africa: Guidelines for United States Policy andOperations January6,1963.
[41] SA00013. Conversation between Mennen Williams and Willem Naudeof June3,1963.
[42] SA00020. U.S. Policy towards Portugal and Republic ofSouthAfricaJuly2,1963.
[43] SA00024.Report by the J-5to the Joint Chiefs of Staff: U.S. Policytoward Portugal and Republic of SouthAfrica. July6,1963.
[44] SA00029.U.S. Policy towards Portugal and Republic of SouthAfrica.July10,1963
[45] SA00076.Problems of Southern Africa. August21,1963.
[46] SA00093.Dean Rusk meeting Points with the South Africa Ambassador.October17,1963
[47] SA00094.G. Mennen Williams’ a NEW AF Strategy, October18,1963.
[48] SA00106.Course of Action No.17Re Defense Staff Study onSouthAfrica. November14,1963.
[49] SA00109.U.S. Attitude and Policy toward Individuals and OrganizationsAttempting to Gain Independence in Mozambique, SouthAfrica, Angola andRhodesia. November20,1963
[50] SA00121.US National Strategy in Southern Africa: Southern Rhodesia.December12,1963.
[51] SA00125.US Strategy in Southern Africa: Kenneth Kaunda and NorthernRhodesia. December13,1963.
[52] SA00151.South West Africa--Representation to South AfricanAmbassador February11,1964.
[53] SA00158.SouthAfrica and South West Africa, March10,1964.
[54] SA00171. NSAM295, April24,1964.
[55] SA00252."National Conference on the South African Crisis andAmerican Action," March20,1965.
[56] SA00259.U.S. and U.K. Agreement about South West African Problemafter the International Court of Justice Judgement on the Administration of SouthWest Africa. April13,1965.
[57] SA00321.Statement by U.S. Representative on the U.N. Ad HocCommittee for South West Africa William P. Rogers concerning the Tasks of theCommittee, January26,1967.
[58] SA00343.572nd NSC Meeting, July13,1967,12:10P.M.--AfricanProblems.July13,1967.
[59] SA00359.Statement by U.S. Representative to the U.N. Arthur J.Goldberg Condemning SouthAfrica's Violation of the Rights of South WestAfricans, December14,1967.
[60] SA00367.Statement by U.S. Representative to the United Nations ArthurJ. Goldberg concerning U.S. Efforts to Achieve U.N. Goals for South West Africa,May20,1968
[61] SA00379.NSSM39, April10,1969.
[62] SA00380.Statement by U.S. Representative to the United NationsCharles W. Yost concerning U.S. Policy on the Question of Namibia, August11,1969.
[63] SA00382.Report by President Richard Nixon to the Congress for theYear1969concerning Consideration of the Question of Namibia in the U.N.General Assembly. October3,1969
[64] SA00385.U.S. Policy on Southern Africa: Press Comment February20,1970.
[65] SA00390.Statement by Secretary of State William Rogers concerningU.S. Policy in Southern Africa, March26,1970--U.S. and Africa in the70s.March26,1970.
[66] SA00397.Statement by Assistant Secretary of State for African AffairsDavid D. Newsom concerning U.S. Policy in Southern Africa, September17,1970.
[67] SA00401.Statement by Assistant Secretary of State for African AffairsDavid Newsom concerning U.S. Policy in SouthAfrica, December8,1970--UnitedStates Actions in Southern Africa.December8,1970.
[68] SA00421.Statement by President Richard Nixon concerning U.S. Policytoward Southern Africa, February9,1972--The South African Dilemma.February9,1972.
[69] SA00433.Statement by US Secretary of State for African Affairs DavidD. Newsom concerning US Policy toward Southern Africa, March14,1973--TheRealities of United States-Africa Relations. March14,1973.
[70] SA00482.Rhodesia: A Breakthrough toward Settlement?December16,1974.
[71] SA00483.Discussion of U.S. Policy and Soviet Involvement inAngola.1975.
[72] SA00514.Statements by Assistant Secretary of State for African AffairsNathaniel Davis and Assistant Secretary of State for International OrganizationAffairs William B. Buffum concerning the Situation in SouthAfrica and Namibia,July24,1975.
[73] SA00529.SouthAfrica, Angola and Allegations US ArmingFNLA.September9,1975.
[74] SA00561.Recommended US Action on Rhodesia. March5,1976.
[75] SA00569.Rhodesia--A Proposed Course of Action. April1,1976.
[76] SA00574.United States Policy in Southern Africa.National SecurityStudy Memorandum, NSSM241, April21,1976.
[77] SA00575.Secretary's Trip to Africa: Speech on Southern AfricanIssues.April23,1976.
[78] SA00592.U.S.-U.K. Consultations on Rhodesia and SouthAfrica.June5,1976.
[79] SA00606. Henry A.Kissinger Message to Nyerere.Cable,20121, August11,1976.
[80] SA00618.Statement by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger concerningPolicy in Southern Africa, August31,1976--The Challenges of AfricaAugust31,1976.
[81] SA00629.Statement by President Ford concerning the Problems ofSouthern Africa, September8,1976--The President's News Conference ofSeptember8,1976.
[82] SA00660.Statement by Under Secretary of State for Economic AffairsWilliam D. Rogers before the Subcommittee on African Affairs of the SenateCommittee on Foreign Relations concerning the Situation in Southern Africa,September30,1976--The Search for Peace in Southern AfricaSeptember30,1976.
[83] SA00665/SA00666.Secretary's Meeting with UN Secretary GeneralWaldheim. October12,1976.
[84] SA00706.Chairman Diggs' Press Conference in Lusaka. November24,1976.
[85] SA00755.Report by President Jimmy Carter to the Congress for the Year1976concerning U.N. Consideration of the Question of Namibia June1977.
[86] SA00790.Western Five Consultations on SouthAfrica--October24.October25,1977.
[87] SA00802.Secretary's News Conference November2,1977.November2,1977.
[88] SA00826Suggested Terms for a Namibian Settlement; The Search for aSolution in Namibia.April1978.
[89] SA00840.Namibia: Comments by Defense and Foreign Ministers.May18,1978.
[90] SA00856.DOD Support for UN Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG)in Namibia. September8,1978,
[91] SA00955.Current Foreign Relations, Issue No.33, August22,1979.
[92] SA01067.Text of US Statement in Securi June14,1980, ty CouncilDebate on SouthAfrica.June14,1980.
[93] SA01128,Clark Amendment. March11,1981.
[94] SA01146.Angola: Repeal of Clark Amendment. March20,1981
[95] SA01165.Secretary's Comments on African Policy, March29. March31,1981.
[96] SA01173.Secretary's Comments on Angola and Repeal of ClarkAmendment, April24. May4,1981
[97] SA01181Asst. Sec.-Designate Crocker's Schedule. April7,1981.
[98] SA01186.Crocker Schedule in SouthAfrica. April10,1981.
[99] SA01191.Crocker's South African Schedule Changed. April14,1981.
[100] SA01193.Department of State Press Briefing, April14,1981. April14,1981.
[101] SA01203.US Policy toward Africa under Reagan Administration. April16,1981.
[102] SA01299.Crocker Testimony on Namibia. June17,1981.
[103] SA01315.Address by Chester Crocker:Regional Security for SouthernAfrica.August29,1981.
[104] SA01331.Principles concerning the Constituent Assembly and theConstitution for an Independent Namibia. October26,1981.
[105] SA01332.Official U.S. Policy toward Southern Africa. October29,1981.
[106] SA01365.Prospects for a Namibian Settlement (Extract of Testimony bySecretary Haig before the House Foreign Affairs Committee), March2,1982.
[107] SA01372.Communist Influence in Southern Africa(Extract of Testimonyby Assistant Secretary of State Crocker before a Subcommittee of the SenateJudiciary Committee), March22,1982.
[108] SA01385.Regarding Chester Crocker's Appearance before the SenateCommittee on Foreign Relations on SouthernAfrica.April30,1982.
[109] SA01406.The Status of the Namibia Negotiations.June10,1982.
[110] SA01433.Southern Africa: The Future of a Relationship Address byDeputy Assistant Secretary Wisner before the Yale Conference onSouthAfrica.September22,1982.
[111] SA01442.Explanation of the U.S. Vote on Draft Resolution A/37/L.5October21,1982.
[112] SA01446.The U.S. Role in the Namibian Negotiations.November9,1982.
[113] SA01449.The United States Favors Parallel Withdrawal in SouthernAfrica.November26,1982.
[114] SA01452.Export Controls and Constructive Engagement in SouthernAfrica. Statement, December2,1982.
[115] SA01480.The Search for Regional Security in Southern Africa. PreparedStatement and Testimony by the Assistant Secretary of State for African AffairsCrocker before a Subcommittee of the House Foreign Affairs Committee February15,1983.
[116] SA01508.Progress Report on Namibia: Statement by RepresentativeKirkpatrick before the U.N. Security Council, May25,1983.
[117] SA01541.Explanation of the U.S. Vote on U.N. Security CouncilResolution539(1983).October28,1983.
[118] SA01572.Angolan Report on State of Disengagement. February3,1984.
[119] SA01576.Statement by Representative (Keyes) before the U.N. HumanRights Commission, Geneva, February15,1984:"We Will Not Abandon the Peopleof SouthAfrica...." February15,1984.
[120] SA01577.Joint U.S.-Angola SAG Communique.February16,1984.
[121] SA01589.UNSCR435, March8,1984.
[122] SA01612.Basic Documents Related to the Nkomati Accord. March23,1984.
[123] SA01629.Soviet Military and Other Activities in Sub-Saharan Africa.April1984.
[124] SA01653.Implementation of the Nkomati Agreement. April25,1984.
[125] SA01710.Call for Removal of References to the United States fromDraft Resolution on Namibia. December12,1984.
[126] SA01786.Reply to Letter from Secretary of State Shultz Requesting Thatthe United States Steel Corporation Subscribe to the Sullivan Principles. April4,1985.
[127] SA01794.Toward an American Consensus on Southern Africa. Addressby the Secretary of State George P. Shultz before the National Press Club, April16,1985.
[128] SA01798.The Namibia-Angola Negotiations. April19,1985.
[129] SA01799.U.S. Position on Proposed South African Interim GovernmentPlan. April19,1985.
[130] SA01929.Angola/US Policy/Aid to UNITA October17,1985.
[131] SA01967.Angola: U.S. Policy. November15,1985.
[132] SA01976.Secretary's Press Conference, December6,1985.
[133] SA01983.U.S. African Policy: The Opportunity and Need for aPro-Western Strategy. January1986.
[134] SA02008.United States Policy toward Angola. February10,1986.
[135] SA02011.Statement by Honorable Chester A. Crocker, AssistantSecretary of State for African Affairs before the Senate Foreign RelationsCommittee on Angola. February18,1986.
[136] SA02020.Message to the Congress Reporting on Actions Taken Pursuantto Executive Order No.12532of September9,1985.March1986.
[137] SA02277.Text of Report to Congress on U.S. Multilateral Measures toDismantle Apartheid. April4,1987.
[138] SA02300.United States Objectives in Southern Africa, NSDD272. May7,1987.
[139] SA02354.Prepared Statement of Chester A. Crocker, Assistant Secretaryof State for African Affairs, Department of State, before the Subcommittee onAfrica, Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, Washington,D.C., June16,1987。June16,1987.
[140] SA02381.Communique on Cuban-Angola Conversation.August4,1987.
[141] SA02418.South African Black Private Enterprise Development(674-0303); Project Paper Approval and Project Authorization. September23,1987.
[142] SA02473.Press Guidance--12/21/87. December21,1987.
[143] SA02474.Regarding U.S. Policy toward the Conflict in Angola.December23,1987.
[144] SA02524.London Angola/Namibia Talks: Joint Press Statement. May4,1988.
[145] SA02525.Transcript of Assistant Secretary Crocker's London PressConference, Wednesday, May4,1988. May4,1988.
[146] SA02532.African-American Labor Center, Program of Action for BlackTrade Unions in SouthAfrica,1988Proposal. July1988.
[147] SA02536.Proposal to USAID, National Endowment for DemocracySouthAfrica Program,1989-1991. August4,1988.
[148] SA02547.The1987-88Combat in Southern Angola: Lessons Learned.December1988.
[149] SA02552.Project Implementation Report: Black Private EnterpriseDevelopment Project. March31,1989.
[150] SA02554.Regarding Conditions in Namibia and the U.S. Veto of the U.N.Security Council Draft Resolution Calling for Sanctions against SouthAfrica for ItsContinued Occupation of Namibia. April24,1989.
[151] SA02572.Project Implementation Report: Black Private EnterpriseDevelopment Project. September30,1989.Kissinger Transcripts(KT)
[152] KT00116.U.S. Policy toward South West Africa (NSSM89).April10,1970
[153] KT00931.Secretary's Staff Meeting, December3,1973.
[154] KT01857.Meeting with Mandungu Bula Nyati on AngolanDevelopments and Aid to Zaire.December17,1975
[155] KT01858.CIEC; Angola. December17,1975.
[156] KT01869.Angola, Middle East, Brezhnev Letter to Wilson,SALT.January13,1976.
[157] KT01932.Meeting with Julius Nyerere on Southern African Issues.April25,1976.
[158] KT01934.Meeting with Kenneth Kaunda on Rhodesia, Namibia, andSouthAfrica. April27,1976.
[159] KT01936.Meeting on Board the Presidential Boat--12:20-1:30p.m.April28,1976
[160] KT01938.Meeting with William Tolbert on U.S.-Liberian Relations andSouthern Africa. April30,1976
[161] KT01945.Meeting with Southern African Government Ministers on U.S.Policy toward Africa. May5,1976.
[162] KT01972.Meeting with John Vorster on Zimbabwe, Mozambique, andSouthAfrica; Attachments Not Included. June23,1976.
[163] KT01973.Meeting with John Vorster on Zimbabwe, Namibia, andRegional Issues. June24,1976.
[164] KT02015.Discussions with Ambassador Botha on Namibia and Rhodesia]August12,1976.
[165] KT02040.Discussion with President Ford. August30,1976.
[166] KT02081.Meeting with Julius Nyerere on Southern Africa September21,1976.
[1] CK3100384639. Report to the President of the Vice President'sVisit to Africa (February28-Mar.21,1957).Apr.5,1957.
[2] CK3100441655.Operations Coordinating Board Report on U. S.policy toward Africa South of the Sahara Prior to Calendar Year1960(NSC5719/1) Mar.24,1958.
[3] CK3100199377.Revisions to CFEP report on U.S. foreign economicpolicy for Africa South of the Sahara. Jun12,1958.
[4] CK3100388941.Estimate of the Next Five Years in Africas,Jan.23,1958
[5] CK3100199378. Foreign economic policy recommendations forAfrica South of the Sahara.Jun13,1958.
[6] CK3100441672.U.S. policy toward Africa south of the Sahara priorto1960. Report.(NSC5818). Aug.26,1958.
[7] CK3100094452. OCB Report of NSC5818: U.S. Policy TowardAfrica South of the Sahara Prior to Calendar Year1960. Report. NationalSecurity Council. Sep30,1959.
[8] CK3100458567.Draft of U.S. policy toward Africa. Jan13,1960.
[9] CK3100475382.Synopsis of intelligence material reported toPresident Dwight D. Eisenhower. Topics include: Portuguese security forcesin Mozambique and Angola; Aug19,1960.
[10] CK3100450203.Recommendations of Ambassador Elbrickregarding U.S. policy in Angola.Apr3,1961.
[11] CK3100164182.U.S. embassy Lisbon reports on military andeconomic moves in overseas territories. Miscellaneous.Oct13,1961.
[12] CK3100358844, Memorandum on the Angola Problem fromWalt W. Rostow, to the President.. July14,1961.
[13] CK3100364222.Presidential Task Force Report on PortugueseTerritories in Africa. July12,1961.104page
[14] CK3100373559. Africa Report of G. Mennen Williams on HisSecond Trip.Aug.1961
[15] CK3100414207. Report, Chairman of the Task Force onPortuguese Territories in Africa,Jul4,1961
[16] CK3100414226. Policy Directive261730: Africa(Feb.1962)Memoranda of NSC Standing Group: Meetings.
[17] CK3100445074. NSAM No.77. Use of American Made Armson Angola. Aug.201961.
[18] CK3100460696.DOS directs Ambassador Elbrick to refuteauthenticity of document alleging U.S. support for Angolan rebels.Feb26,1962.
[19] CK3100461131.U.S. Consul Gibson. Suggested AmericanPolicy for Angola.Jun1,1961.
[20] CK3100014319.NSC Standing Group meeting: U.S. relationswith Angola;Mar2,1962.
[21] CK3100358271.Memorandum, Dean Rusk, Secy of State, to W.Averell Harriman, Asst. Secy of State for Far Eastern Affairs; G. MennenWilliams, Secy of State for African Affairs; William R. Tyler, Asst. Secy ofState; Walt W. Rostow, Counsellor and Chairman, Policy Planning Council.June15,1963.
[22] CK3100188193.U.S. position on the Portuguese-African issueto be presented at the UN.Oct29,1963.
[23] CK3100415820. National Strategy Series: South Africa. FromW. W. Rostow to the Preasident.Oct.29,1963.
[24] CK3100360087,South West Africa May.271963.
[25] CK3100470479.Special National Intelligence Estimate no.71-64entitled:"Short-term Prospects for the African Nationalist Movementsin Angola and Mozambique." No Date.
[26] CK3100270654.Briefing for NSC Standing Group on SouthAfrica and South West Africa (Namibia). Mar10,1964.
[27] CK3100437829.National Security Action Memorandum No.295,(NSSM NO.295) Apr24,1964.
[28] CK3100284561.Significance of Odendael white paper analyzed.May13,1964.
[29] CK3100284832.Status report on National Security ActionMemorandum No.295of4/24/64on South Africa. Jul30,1964.
[30] CK3100301404.Secretary Rusk suggests that U.S. Embassy inSouth Africa make confidential approaches to South Africa's governmentregarding problems that might arise after International Court of Justicejudgment on South West Africa. Cable. Apr13,1965.
[31] CK3100366218. Reexamination of United States Programs for.safeguard US security, Summary of Discussions and Conclusions, AddisAbaba Conference. May22-26,1965.
[32] CK3100270731.Report by William R. Duggan of the DOSPolicy Planning Council on "Southern Africa in the Next Decade. Aug23,1966.
[33] CK3100324051.DOS considers various U.S. positions regardingactions taken by Houser party acting on own initiative with private supportwithout prior consultations with U.S. government. Cable. Dec6,1967.
[34] CK3100572009.Third draft of a Policy Planning Council (PPC)report entitled:"National Policy Paper-Southern Africa." Nov1,1968.
[35] CK3100388228. National Security Study Memorandum39(NSSM.39). Southern Africa, Apr10,1969.
[36] CK3100457109.Reactions to Nixon's report to Congress on U.S.foreign policy in Africa. Feb20,1970.
[37] CK3100475960.Paper lists U.S. interests in South Africa. NoDate.
[38] CK3100509579.Cable from Secretary of State Henry Kissingerregarding U.S. contingency plans with respect to U.S. policy toward Angolaand the status of future U.S. representation in that country after Angola's bidfor independence. Oct17,1975.
[39] CK3100567040.Cable regarding U.S. objectives in Angolawhich include opposition to the establishment of a Communist orCommunist-dominated state in any part of that territory. Cable. Departmentof State. Oct11,1975.
[40] CK3100481118.Memorandum from Michael Armacostregarding his thoughts on linking U.S.-Soviet Strategic Arms LimitationTalks (SALT) to Soviet involvement in Angola. Dec16,1975.
[41] CK3100151417.Minutes of the National Security Councilmeeting. Topics include: U.S. Senate vote on Angola; Soviet intervention inAngola; U.S. military assistance for Angola.Dec22,1975.
[42] CK3100509804.Summary of four conversations between U.S.and Cuban officials from1/11/75,7/9/75,1/12/76, and2/7/76.
[43] CK3100511085. Summary of a meeting on the status of theNational Union for the Total Independence of Angola's (UNITA) effortsagainst Cuban intervention in their country. Mar11,1976.
[44] CK3100128346.Cable to Secretary of State Henry A. Kissingerregarding an impasse at a summit meeting of the Organization of AfricanUnity (OAU) on the Angolan problem.Jan13,1976.
[45] CK3100011451,the International Security and Arms Control Actof1976. Apr9,1976
[46] CK3100151441.Members of the National Security Council meetregarding U.S. policy to avert Soviet and/or Cuban involvement in SouthAfrica, especially Angola.May11,1976.
[47] CK3100271967.President Ford approves suggested privatepresidential message to Angolan President Neto.Jul9,1976.
[48] CK3100477726.Interagency intelligence memorandum entitled:"Angola: Cuban Intentions and Changes in Cuban Personnel Strength" Sep2,1976.
[49] CK3100062443.PRM-4. Memorandum on southern Africa fromZbignlew Brzezinski to the President on PRC meeting. Feb.9,1977.
[50] CK3100062014.Agenda and papers for Policy ReviewCommittee meeting7/22/77on Southern Africa (Rhodesia, Namibia, andSouth Africa.) Jul19,1977.
[51] CK3100147901.Policy Review Committee summary on itsmeasures to force South Africa to pressure Rhodesia toward a settlement. Sep20,1977.
[52] CK3100500233. Implementation of PD/NSC5and6(SouthernAfrica).Apr.61977.
[53] CK3100062014. Papers for the PRC meeting on SouthernAfrica. Jul.191977.
[54] CK3100147897/CK3100062054：PRC Meeting on SouthernAfrica,Sep.22,1977.
[55] CK3100152440.Memorandum for President Jimmy Carter fromZbigniew Brzezinski regarding the National Security Council Weekly Reportno.25.Topics include: Cuban military costs in Angola; Aug26,1977.
[56] CK3100483051.Attorney General Griffin Bell concludes theU.S. should not plan any initiatives in Angola regarding Cuban interferenceuntil the completion of a presidential fact finding mission. Memo. NationalSecurity Council. Oct15,1977.
[57] CK3100482419.Memorandum to President Ronald Reaganfrom Secretary of State Alexander Haig summarizes South African ForeignMinister Pik Botha's U.S. visit regarding U.S. determination to get Cubansout of Angola and South African efforts toward a Namibia settlement.May20,1981.
[58] CK3100469453.Summary of a meeting between U.S. officialsand South African Foreign Minister Roelof Botha regarding accounts of aCuban withdrawal from Angola.Sep30,1981.
[59] CK3100493117.Text of Secretary of State Alexander Haig, Jr.'sletter to South African President Roelof "Pik" Botha regarding Namibia'sfight for independence and Cuban troops in Angola. Cable. Department ofState. Sep30,1981.
[60] CK3100505895.Text of a message to South African ForeignMinister Roelof "Pik" Botha from Secretary of State Alexander Haig, Jr.regarding U.S.-South African joint efforts to end the conflict between Angolaand Namibia. Oct23,1981.
[61] CK3100518608.Text of Secretary of State Alexander Haig, Jr.'sletter to South African Foreign Minister Roelof "Pik" Botha regarding plansfor phase two of negotiations with respect to Namibian independence. Jan19,1982.
[62] CK3100472888.Cable regarding U.S. Ambassador HermanNickel's meeting with South African Prime Minister Pieter Botha concerningBotha's interest in persuading UNITA.Apr29,1982.
[63] CK3100500724.Memorandum to President Ronald Reaganfrom Secretary of State George Shultz regarding progress in negotiationsbetween the U.S., Angola, and South Africa. Aug26,1982.
[64] CK3100061011.the9/2/82IG meeting on Namibia.Sep2,1982
[65] CK3100111991.Michael H. Armacost's memo to Mr. Lewis onthe linkage between a United States offer on SALT and the termination ofSoviet and United States involvement in Angola.Sep2,1982
[66] CK3100481124. Cable regarding Assistant Secretary of StateChester Crocker's intent to brief UNITA (National Union for the TotalIndependence of Angola) leader Jonas Savimbi on U.S.-MPLA talks in Paris,France. Jan24,1982.
[67] CK3100498694.Cable to Secretary of State George Shultzregarding South African issues. Points include: prospects for aNamibian-Angolan settlement; relations between South Africa and BlackAfrican states; Cuban withdrawal plans from Angola; U.S. policy towardSouth Africa; Soviet influence in South Africa. Cable. Department of State.Nov17,1982.
[68] CK3100498696.Memorandum to William Clark fromDepartment of State (DOS) executive secretary L. Paul Bremer, III regardingSouth African issues. Mar24,1983.
[69] CK3100509795.U.S. policies toward a possible Cuban militaryintervention in Rhodesia and Namibia. No Date.
[70] CK3100467987.Memorandum of South Africa-meeting with theAngolans in Cape Verde.Jan28,1984.
[71] CK3100515472.Talking points in preparation for PresidentRonald Reagan's meeting with Congolese President Mobutu Sese Sekoregarding Cuban and Soviet military support in Angola. Feb24,1985.
[72] CK3100532883.Letter to Soviet General Secretary MikhailGorbachev from President Ronald Reagan regarding U.S. concern overSoviet military actions in Afghanistan and Angola. Dec26,1985.
[73] CK3100491272.Robert McFarlane reports on the establishmentof a Special South and Southern African Public Diplomacy Working Groupin order to design and implement a public diplomacy program in the U.S. andabroad to gain understanding and support for the Reagan administration'spolicy toward southern Africa. Sep5,1985.
[74] CK3100475952.Memorandum regarding a U.S. program for apublic diplomacy policy toward South Africa. Memo. Department of State.SECRET. Issue Date: Oct1,1985.
[75] CK3100477452.Text of National Security Decision Directive(NSDD)273regarding U.S. policy toward South Africa. May7,1987.
[1] CRS-1976-FND-0016.Foreign Assistance in the Angola Civil War:Chronology of Reported Events,1957-1976. June8,1976.
[2] CRS-1980-FND-0012.Namibia: United Nations Negotiations forIndependence/U.S. Interests. Feb.1,1980.
[3] CRS-1980-FND-0052.Namibia: United Nations Negotiations forIndependence/U.S. Interests. Dec.15,1980.
[4] CRS-1981-FND-0030.European Role in Africa and U.S. Interests.Sept.1,1981.
[5] CRS-1983-FND-0008.South Africa: Issues for U.S. Policy. Jan.5,1983.
[6] CRS-1983-FND-0042.Southern Africa: A Regional Handbook. Dec.13,1983.
[7] CRS-1985-ECN-0131.American Firms Operating in Namibia ThatWould Likely Be Affected by Passage of H.R.2589. Nov.13,1985.
[8] CRS-1985-FND-0025.Namibia: United Nations Negotiations forIndependence/U.S. Interests. Jan.9,1985.
[9]9. CRS-1985-FND-0062.Southern Africa: U.S. Regional Policy at aCrossroads? Oct.24,1985.
[10] CRS-1986-CRS-0019.Chronology of South African MilitaryInvolvement in Angola from1975to the Present. Jan.29,1986.
[11] CRS-1987-FND-0053. Namibia Chronology, February1986through April1987. May4,1987.
[12] RS-1987-FND-0057.Southern Africa: U.S. Foreign Assistance.Dec.7,1987.
[13] CRS-1988-FND-0070.Angola/Namibia Peace Prospects:Background, Current Problems, and Chronology. Aug.16,1988.
5、《美国总统公开文件集》（Public Papers of the Presidents of the UnitedStates）, U.S. Government Printing Office, available athttp://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php，2009-5http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/direct.htm2009-6.
[1] NSC5719/1.Africa South of the Sahara.1957
[2] NSC5818. Africa South of the Sahara.
[3] NSC6001. Africa South of the Sahara.
[4] NSC6005/1. Africa South of the Sahara.
[5] NSAM33.Review of US Policy toward South Africa.Mar.22,1961.
[6] NSAM60.S Actions in Relation to Portuguese Territories inAfrica.Jul.14,1961.
[7] NSAM77.Use of American Made Arms in Angola.Aug.20,1961.
[8] NSAM295.US Policy Towards South Africa, Apr.25,1964.
[9] NSAM356.Implementation of the Korry Report on DevelopmentPolicies and Programs in Africa, Aug.1,1966.
[10] NSSM39, Southern Africa,10Apr69.
[11] NSDM38.US Policy Toward Southern Africa.28Jan70.
[12] NSDM55.South West Africa.17Apr70.
[13] NSDM81.Implementation of Arms Embargo on South Africaand Portugese African Territories.17Aug70.
[14] NSSM224.United States Policy Toward Angola.5/26/75.
[15] NSSM234.United States Policy Toward Angola.12/13/75.
[16] NSSM236.US Policy on Export-Import Bank Loans for SouthAfrica.1/16/76
[17] NSSM241.United States Policy in Southern Africa.4/21/76.
[18] NSDM330.United States Policy on Export-Import Bank Loansfor South Africa.5/6/76.
[19] PRM4.South Africa and Rhodesian Negotiations.21Jan77.
[20] PRM36.Soviet/Cuban Presence in Africa.23May78.
[21] PRM45.Black Africa and the U.S. Movement.17March78.
[22] PD5.Southern Africa.09Mar77.
[23] PD6.Cuba.15Mar77.
[24] NSDD187.US Policy Toward South Africa.07Sep85.
[25] NSDD272.US Objectives in Southern Africa.07May87.
[26] NSDD273.US Policy Toward South Africa,07May87
[27] NSDD274. US Policy Toward Angola.07May87.
[28] NSR30.American Policy Toward Africa in the1990s.
6、《美国国务院公报》（US Department of State Bulletin）, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, available at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1079/2008-12
[1] The U.S. and Africa in the1980s-George P. Shultz's address before the BostonWorld Affairs Council on February15,1984.April,1984.
[2] American foreign policy in the1980s.May,1984.
[3] FY1985foreign assistance requests for Sub-Sahara Africa.May,1984.
[4] Human rights situation in Zaire and South Africa. Sept,1984.
[5] Security Council meets on situation in South Africa.Oct,1985.
[6] The African economic crisis, Jan,1986.
[7] The U.S. approach to South Africa.Sept.1986.
[8] Ending apartheid in South Africa.Sept,1986.
[9] Continent at the crossroads: an agenda for African development.Sept,1986.
[10] A review of recent events in South Africa.May,1986.
[11] FY1988assistance requests for Sub-Saharan Africa-statement by Roy A. Stacybefore the Subcommittee on Africa of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on March12,1987.May,1987.
[12] Refugee situation in Southern Africa-statement by Michael H. Armacost beforethe Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Policy of the Senate Judiciary Committee onFeb.5,1987.May,1987.
[13] South Africa: toward peace and stability-Chester A. Crocker's address before theEconomic Club in Detroit on Dec.1,1986.Feb,1987.
[14] Southern Africa: American hopes for the future-George P. Shultz's address beforethe International Management and Development Institute on Dec.4,1986.Feb,1987.
[15] The democratic future of South Africa-Secretary Shultz's address before theBusiness Council for International Understanding in New York City on Sept.29,1987. Nov,1987.
[16] A democratic future: the challenge for South Africans-Chester A. Crocker'saddress before the City University of New. Dec,1987.
[17] Food situation in Mozambique and Angola-Roy A. Stacy's statement before theHouse Select Committee on Hunger on Oct.7,1987.Dec,1987.
[18] U.S. policy toward the occupied territories.March,1988.
[19] South Africa: what are America's options? March,1988.
[20] Negotiations on Angola and Namibia. Sept,1988.
[21] U.S. responds to Southern Africa refugee crisis. Nov,1988.
[22] Southwest Africa negotiations. Nov,1988.
[23] Efforts for peace in Africa.Dec,1988.
[24] The United States and Angola,1974-88: a chronology Feb,1989by Nina D.Howland.
[25] Angola-Namibia accords-White House statement, etc. Feb,1989.
[26] Review of U.S.-South Africa relations-Edward J. Perkins address. Sept,1989.
[27] South Africa-Herman J. Cohen address. Dec,1989.
[28] Efforts toward peace and reconciliation in Angola-Warren Clark Jr. address. Dec,1989.
[29] Independence process in Namibia-Herman J. Cohen statement. Nov,1989
[30] Efforts toward peace and reconciliation in Angola-Warren Clark Jr. address.Dec,1989.
[31] South Africa-Herman J. Cohen address. Dec,1989.
[32] President's meeting with UNITA leader-National Union for the TotalIndependence of Angola, Jonas Savimbi, White House statement.Dec,1989.
Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library(Eisenhower Library)
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library(Kennedy Library)
Lyndon Baines JohnsonPresidential Library(Johnson Library)
available at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB67/#docs2009-11,10个文件。部分为西班牙文，网站上已翻译成英文.
[1] January13,1976, Department of State Cable,“Cuban Military Intervention inAngola: Report Number9.”(Document obtained from Department of State files throughFOIA).
[2] January6,1976, Memorandum from Cuban Army,“Conversation with theSoviet Ambassador.”
[3] December18,1975, Cable from Arquimides Columbié,[Political Situation inAngola]. December3,1975, White House Memorandum of Conversation with ChineseOfficials,“The Soviet Union; Europe; the Middle East; South Asia; Angola”.
[4] August11,1975, Memorandum,“Report about my visit to Angola,” fromMajor Raúl Diaz Arguelles to Major Raúl Castro Ruz.
[5] June27,1975, NSC Minutes,“Angola”.
[6] November22,1972, Memorandum,“The Shipment of Comrades to Angolaand Mozambique,” From Major Manuel Pi eiro Lozada to Major Raúl Castro Ruz.November21,1967, CIA Special Memorandum,“Bolsheviks and Heroes: The USSRand Cuba.”
[7] November14,1965, Letter, Che Guevara to Oscar Fernandez Padilla. October20,1963, Memorandum, Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, Cuba, MajorRaúl Castro to Majors Flavio Bravo and Jorge Serguera.
2.档案数据库检索系统（Access to Archival Databases，简称AAD）,http://aad.archives.gov/aad/，2008-12.有181个文件记录.这里不一一列举.
[1]1975LISBON06449：ANGOLAN DECOLONIZATION: CRESPO MISSION TOTHE OAU A COOPERATION MINISTRY SPOKESMAN CONFIRMED OCT,31OCT1975
[2]1974ADDIS08899. DECOLONIZATION OF PORTUGUESE AFRICA.30JUL1974
[3]1974LOUREN00808MESSAGE TO NEW MOZAMBIQUE GOVERNMENT.25MAR1974
3.Department of State Bulletin.
available athttp://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/themes/decol
1960年《联合国非殖民化宣言》；安理会和联大关于西南非洲（纳米比亚）、罗德西亚（津巴布韦）、南非及安哥拉问题的相关决议；
The New York Times,
The Washington Post
The Los Anglos
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[3]美国外交研究及培训协会口述史项目:The Association for Diplomatic Studies andTrainingForeign Affairs Oral History Project.Aceess tohttp://www.adst.org
KennethMokoena edts,South Africa and the United States: the Declassified History, NationalSecurity Archive Documents ReadersNew Press,1993.
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