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完善我国侦查监督机制之路径探讨
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摘要
侦查权就其本质而言是一种行政权,由于行政权本身具有不断膨胀的特点,在维护社会秩序的同时,可能对公民的人身财产权利造成新的损害,因此必须要加强对行政权的控制,以切实规范侦查权、保障公民权利。
     就侦查监督的模式而言,由于文化背景及诉讼观念的差异,两大法系形成了两种风格的侦查监督模式。英美法系国家实行的是法院司法审查制度,即司法控制模式,而大陆法系国家除了司法控制外,传统上一直实行的是检察控制模式,即通过检察机关对警察机关的指挥、引导来对侦查活动实施监督。这两种模式尽管在内容、方式上存在着诸多差异,但对于规范侦查活动,保障诉讼参与人尤其是犯罪嫌疑人的诉讼权利起到了重要的作用。因此,西方各国已经形成了一套完善的侦查监督机制,规范化、法治化的侦查权运作模式在西方各国已经确立。
     我国的检察机关是国家的法律监督机关,同时也是侦查监督的专门机关,但由于定位不准及具体制度设计上的原因,侦查监督软弱无力,手段落后,处于一种名存实亡的地步,从而也导致了侦查活动一直处于一种实质上的失控状态,违法侦查屡禁不绝。为了改变这一局面,学术界及实务界对此均进行了积极的探索,有的主张引入国外的司法审查制度,即由法院通过发布令状来制约侦查活动;有的主张实行“警检一体化”,实践中也出现了以“警检一体化”为理论基础的“检察引导侦查”。但是这两种观点都是有缺陷的,不适应我国的国情,在我国不具有可行性。
     笔者从检察权性质入手,认为“准司法权”才是检察权的本质属性,因此应当按照准司法权的要求来重新配置检察权,并且根据我国的实际国情,提出赋予检察机关以准司法审查权能,强化检察机关的客观中立地位,即强化现有的检察机关对侦查机关的侦查监督,并将其范围扩大,由检察机关通过对侦查活动中适用的强制措施发布令状从而实现对侦查的准司法控制。并就此进行了详细论证及具体建构。
The nature of the investigation power is virtually a kind of administrative power. Because of the self-expansion features of the administrative power, it may be bring new impingement on the civil rights when it restore the damaged social order. So it is necessary to keep the administrative power in control, only by doing this, can we achieve the dual goal of investigation power standardization and human rights protection.
     As for the models of the investigation supervision, the two legal families have formed different styles because of the different cultural background and lawsuit conception. The countries of Anglo-American legal family employed the judicial review system, namely judicial control model. Apart from the judicial control model, the continental legal family countries traditionally employed the model of procuratorial control. Although the two models have many differences on the contents and the manners, it played an important role on controlling investigation and protecting human rights especially the rights of the suspect. So the western countries have formed a set of effective mechanism of investigation supervision and the legalized operation models of investigation power have been established.
     The people's procuratorate is the legal supervision organ in our country; meanwhile it is also a special organ of investigation supervision. But because of the deficiency of the concrete system, the investigation supervision is so weak and backward, it can't exert any effective supervision on the criminal investigation. The investigation activities is virtually out of country. To change the situation, the theory field and the practice field are both conducted a series of researches and explorations, Some hold to transplant the judicial review system, some argued it should establish the system of "integration of police and procurator", correspondingly, the judicial practice has emerged a new phenomenon which called "prosecutor instructing investigation". But altering illustrating, the author believe that the two opinions above both have deficiencies, they didn't adapted to our country's reality, thus haven't any feasibilities.
     Begin with the nature of the procuratorial power; the author holds that the quasi-judicial power is the essence attribute of the procuratorial power. Based on the reality of our country, the article proposes to grant the procuratorate with the function of quasi-judicial review. Then strengthen the objective and neutral situation of procuratorate which include further strengthening the current investigation supervision, putting the coercive measures which the investigation takes into the control of the procuratorate. Though this, the procuratorate can achieve the goal of exert quasi-judicial review on the investigation organs. Consequently, this article gives a detailed discussion and concrete construction.
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