东北林草交错区土地利用对生态脆弱性的影响评价
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摘要
随着全球变化研究的深入和发展,土地利用变化及其对环境的影响研究已成为目前全球变化研究的前沿和热点课题。由于自然环境和人类生存方式存在差异,不同地区在环境和发展的双重胁迫与压力下,表现出一定程度的脆弱性。通过LUCC计划,人们把研究焦点集中到生态脆弱区的土地利用变化以及环境效应上来。
从自然、社会、经济、技术和环境五个角度进行了东北林草交错区生态脆弱性背景分析,认为地质、地貌、气候、土壤、植被等自然因素是研究区生态脆弱性的基础和潜在因素,人为不合理活动是造成生态脆弱性加速的主导因素;以20世纪80年代中后期、90年代中期和2005年三期TM影像为信息源,并结合其他调查统计资料,在遥感图像处理软件和GIS的支持下,对东北林草交错区进行土地利用分类;以降水量、DEM、土壤质地、土壤有机质、土地利用覆被数据、≥0℃年积温、大于6m/s大风天数和NDVI植被数据为源数据,根据“压力—状态—响应”模型构建了基于土地利用的生态脆弱性评价指标体系,并对研究区生态脆弱性开展了评价,继而利用所评价结果对研究区土地利用格局和生态脆弱性格局进行动态分析,最后揭示了东北林草交错区生态脆弱性的土地利用效应。
研究发现,东北林草交错区土地利用类型以林地和草地为主,占研究区面积的70%以上;耕地次之,占研究区面积的17%;其他土地利用类型面积较小;从20世纪80年代中后期—2005年耕地面积一直处于增长状态,增长面积10315.72km~2,城乡、工矿、居民用地面积也有少量增加,其他土地利用类型面积呈减少趋势,草地面积减少最多,减少6794.02 km~2,林地面积减少2386.51 km~2。
东北林草交错区以轻度脆弱区和中度脆弱区为主,其中大兴安岭北部地区和松辽平原脆弱性低,内蒙古高平原东部和燕山山地脆弱性高,20世纪80年代中后期―2005年研究区生态环境不断恶化,表现为轻度脆弱区面积大量转向中度脆弱区和强度脆弱区,轻度脆弱区面积减少,中度脆弱区和强度脆弱区面积增加。生态环境恶化方向表现为:从西部内蒙古高平原东缘向东至松辽平原,从南部燕山山地向北部大兴安岭地区恶化。
通过对生态脆弱性与土地利用耦合分析得出:从不同土地利用类型的脆弱程度分布特征分析,20世纪80年代中后期各种土地利用类型主要处于轻度脆弱区和中度脆弱区,从20世纪90年代中期开始,各种土地利用类型主要处于中度脆弱区,强度脆弱区面积比例明显提高;从不同生态脆弱程度下土地利用类型的分布特征分析,微度脆弱区以水域为主,在轻度脆弱区和中度脆弱区中都以林地、草地和耕地为主,强度脆弱区主要土地利用类型从未利用土地转向草地;20世纪80年代中后期―2005年,各种土地利用类型生态脆弱度指数整体呈上升趋势,各土地利用类型生态环境质量下降,其中未利用土地生态脆弱度指数最高,水域最小;从变化情况看,水域、城乡、工矿、居民用地和草地恶化速度最快,林地恶化速度最慢。
With the in-depth research and development of global change and development, the land-use change and their impact on the environment at present has become a frontier and focus subject research of global change. Due to the natural environment and human survival mode exists differences, different regions in the environment and the development of stress and pressure show a certain degree of vulnerability. Through LUCC plan, the research centre was focused on the land-use change and environmental effects in the ecological vulnerability region.
The paper made ecological vulnerability background analysis of the transitional area between forest and grass regions in northeast China, and found that geology, topography, climate, soil, vegetation and other natural factors are the basis and potential factor of ecological vulnerability of studied area, human unreasonable activities are the dominant factor of ecological vulnerability accelerated. With three source images of the middle and later of 1980s, the middle of 1990s, and 2005, combined with other statistics, the paper classified the land-use of the transitional area between forest and grass regions in northeast China under the support of remote sensing images processing software and GIS.
With annual rainfall, DEM, soil texture, soil organic matter, the land-use data,≥0℃accumulated temperature, the count of days of more than 6m/s wind, and NDVI vegetation data as the source data, according to the "pressure - state - response" model, the paper built ecological vulnerability evaluation index system based on the land-use, and evaluated the research area of ecological vulnerability, then carried out dynamic analysis of the land-use pattern and ecological vulnerability pattern using the evaluation results, finally revealed the relations between the land-use and ecological vulnerability of the transitional area between forest and grass regions in northeast China.
Research found that forest and grass are the main type of the transitional area between forest and grass regions in northeast China, there are more than 70% of the research area, cultivated land area followed and occupies 17%, other types of land use area is lesser; Cultivated land area has been in growth 10315.72 km~2, urban and rural residents land also has a small increase, and other types of the land-use area have reduced, grassland area has reduced 6794.02 km~2, forest area has reduced 2386.51 km~2.
Mild vulnerability areas and moderate vulnerability areas are the main type of the transitional area between forest and grass regions in northeast China, ecological vulnerability is lower in the northern of Daxing’anling area and SongLiao plain, and is higher in eastern Inner Mongolia plane and Yan Mountain. Ecological environment has been worsening since the middle and later of 1980s, mild vulnerability area has largely turned to moderate vulnerability areas and strength vulnerability areas, and the area of mild vulnerability areas has reduced, the area of moderate vulnerability areas and strength vulnerability areas has increased. Ecological environment deterioration direction shows: from the west Inner Mongolia plane to SongLiao plain, from Yan Mountain to Daxing’anling area.
Through the ecological vulnerability and the land-use coupling analysis, this paper concludes that the land use types from different analysis of characteristics of the ecological vulnerability degree distribution, types of land-use were being in mild vulnerability areas and moderate vulnerability areas in the middle and later of 1980s, various types of land use had primarily been in moderate vulnerability areas since the middle of 1990s, intensity vulnerability areas had obviously improved the area proportion; anglicizing different ecological vulnerability degree from the distribution characteristics of land-use type, waters is the main land-use pattern in micro degrees vulnerability areas, there are mainly forest, grass, cultivated land in mild vulnerability areas and moderate vulnerability areas, the main land-use pattern turns to grass from unused land in strength vulnerability areas;
Ecological vulnerability index of kinds of land-use types overall shows ascendant trend between the middle and later of 1980s and 2005, shows that the ecological environmental quality declines, ecological vulnerability index of unused land is maximum and water is minimum;
Anglicizing the changes circumstance, deterioration speed of waters, urban and rural, and grass are the fastest and forest is the slowest.
从自然、社会、经济、技术和环境五个角度进行了东北林草交错区生态脆弱性背景分析,认为地质、地貌、气候、土壤、植被等自然因素是研究区生态脆弱性的基础和潜在因素,人为不合理活动是造成生态脆弱性加速的主导因素;以20世纪80年代中后期、90年代中期和2005年三期TM影像为信息源,并结合其他调查统计资料,在遥感图像处理软件和GIS的支持下,对东北林草交错区进行土地利用分类;以降水量、DEM、土壤质地、土壤有机质、土地利用覆被数据、≥0℃年积温、大于6m/s大风天数和NDVI植被数据为源数据,根据“压力—状态—响应”模型构建了基于土地利用的生态脆弱性评价指标体系,并对研究区生态脆弱性开展了评价,继而利用所评价结果对研究区土地利用格局和生态脆弱性格局进行动态分析,最后揭示了东北林草交错区生态脆弱性的土地利用效应。
研究发现,东北林草交错区土地利用类型以林地和草地为主,占研究区面积的70%以上;耕地次之,占研究区面积的17%;其他土地利用类型面积较小;从20世纪80年代中后期—2005年耕地面积一直处于增长状态,增长面积10315.72km~2,城乡、工矿、居民用地面积也有少量增加,其他土地利用类型面积呈减少趋势,草地面积减少最多,减少6794.02 km~2,林地面积减少2386.51 km~2。
东北林草交错区以轻度脆弱区和中度脆弱区为主,其中大兴安岭北部地区和松辽平原脆弱性低,内蒙古高平原东部和燕山山地脆弱性高,20世纪80年代中后期―2005年研究区生态环境不断恶化,表现为轻度脆弱区面积大量转向中度脆弱区和强度脆弱区,轻度脆弱区面积减少,中度脆弱区和强度脆弱区面积增加。生态环境恶化方向表现为:从西部内蒙古高平原东缘向东至松辽平原,从南部燕山山地向北部大兴安岭地区恶化。
通过对生态脆弱性与土地利用耦合分析得出:从不同土地利用类型的脆弱程度分布特征分析,20世纪80年代中后期各种土地利用类型主要处于轻度脆弱区和中度脆弱区,从20世纪90年代中期开始,各种土地利用类型主要处于中度脆弱区,强度脆弱区面积比例明显提高;从不同生态脆弱程度下土地利用类型的分布特征分析,微度脆弱区以水域为主,在轻度脆弱区和中度脆弱区中都以林地、草地和耕地为主,强度脆弱区主要土地利用类型从未利用土地转向草地;20世纪80年代中后期―2005年,各种土地利用类型生态脆弱度指数整体呈上升趋势,各土地利用类型生态环境质量下降,其中未利用土地生态脆弱度指数最高,水域最小;从变化情况看,水域、城乡、工矿、居民用地和草地恶化速度最快,林地恶化速度最慢。
With the in-depth research and development of global change and development, the land-use change and their impact on the environment at present has become a frontier and focus subject research of global change. Due to the natural environment and human survival mode exists differences, different regions in the environment and the development of stress and pressure show a certain degree of vulnerability. Through LUCC plan, the research centre was focused on the land-use change and environmental effects in the ecological vulnerability region.
The paper made ecological vulnerability background analysis of the transitional area between forest and grass regions in northeast China, and found that geology, topography, climate, soil, vegetation and other natural factors are the basis and potential factor of ecological vulnerability of studied area, human unreasonable activities are the dominant factor of ecological vulnerability accelerated. With three source images of the middle and later of 1980s, the middle of 1990s, and 2005, combined with other statistics, the paper classified the land-use of the transitional area between forest and grass regions in northeast China under the support of remote sensing images processing software and GIS.
With annual rainfall, DEM, soil texture, soil organic matter, the land-use data,≥0℃accumulated temperature, the count of days of more than 6m/s wind, and NDVI vegetation data as the source data, according to the "pressure - state - response" model, the paper built ecological vulnerability evaluation index system based on the land-use, and evaluated the research area of ecological vulnerability, then carried out dynamic analysis of the land-use pattern and ecological vulnerability pattern using the evaluation results, finally revealed the relations between the land-use and ecological vulnerability of the transitional area between forest and grass regions in northeast China.
Research found that forest and grass are the main type of the transitional area between forest and grass regions in northeast China, there are more than 70% of the research area, cultivated land area followed and occupies 17%, other types of land use area is lesser; Cultivated land area has been in growth 10315.72 km~2, urban and rural residents land also has a small increase, and other types of the land-use area have reduced, grassland area has reduced 6794.02 km~2, forest area has reduced 2386.51 km~2.
Mild vulnerability areas and moderate vulnerability areas are the main type of the transitional area between forest and grass regions in northeast China, ecological vulnerability is lower in the northern of Daxing’anling area and SongLiao plain, and is higher in eastern Inner Mongolia plane and Yan Mountain. Ecological environment has been worsening since the middle and later of 1980s, mild vulnerability area has largely turned to moderate vulnerability areas and strength vulnerability areas, and the area of mild vulnerability areas has reduced, the area of moderate vulnerability areas and strength vulnerability areas has increased. Ecological environment deterioration direction shows: from the west Inner Mongolia plane to SongLiao plain, from Yan Mountain to Daxing’anling area.
Through the ecological vulnerability and the land-use coupling analysis, this paper concludes that the land use types from different analysis of characteristics of the ecological vulnerability degree distribution, types of land-use were being in mild vulnerability areas and moderate vulnerability areas in the middle and later of 1980s, various types of land use had primarily been in moderate vulnerability areas since the middle of 1990s, intensity vulnerability areas had obviously improved the area proportion; anglicizing different ecological vulnerability degree from the distribution characteristics of land-use type, waters is the main land-use pattern in micro degrees vulnerability areas, there are mainly forest, grass, cultivated land in mild vulnerability areas and moderate vulnerability areas, the main land-use pattern turns to grass from unused land in strength vulnerability areas;
Ecological vulnerability index of kinds of land-use types overall shows ascendant trend between the middle and later of 1980s and 2005, shows that the ecological environmental quality declines, ecological vulnerability index of unused land is maximum and water is minimum;
Anglicizing the changes circumstance, deterioration speed of waters, urban and rural, and grass are the fastest and forest is the slowest.
引文
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