蔬菜（大蒜）加工废水资源化利用研究
摘要
近年来,伴随着我国工农业的快速发展,农产品加工业迅猛崛起。但是,随着农产品加工业的迅猛发展,污废水的排放量与日俱增,污染环境的问题日益突出。农产品加工企业以分散性的小型加工企业为主,对环境重视程度严重不足,含有大量有机物的农产品加工废水未经处理直接排入沟渠河道,造成农村河流和地下水系受到严重污染,致使河流池塘水质变黑变臭,鱼虾绝迹,生态环境受到严重破坏。农产品加工业的废水污染已经成为制约生态农业发展及社会经济可持续发展的“瓶颈”。
本课题研究针对当前国内外蔬菜加工废水资源化利用研究方面的现状及存在问题,以节能减排水资源可持续利用和生态环境保护为主题,以可持续发展理论为指导,以河东区八湖镇为研究区域,以区域社会、经济、资源、生态环境协调发展为研究目标,从实地调查、收集、监测、实验等方式获取基本资料入手,从研究区域社会经济、生态环境和水资源这个复合大系统出发,运用系统科学的观点,应用社会科学和自然科学的理论、方法和技术,采用计算机等现代科学手段,深入系统地研究了八湖镇蔬菜加工企业废水资源化利用技术及相关对策等问题,通过系统分析和实验研究,在理论、技术、方法、模式及措施对策等方面取得的成果主要有:
(1)通过对国内外关于废水处理及资源化利用的发展研究现状、实践应用情况、研究方向、发展趋势、存在问题以及我国的实际情况和社会经发展需求的研究分析,认为废水资源化利用是人类社会可持续发展的必然要求,是我国现实急需解决的重要课题。
(2)通过对研究区域基本情况的调查研究和总结分析,揭示了研究区域的自然规律和经济社会发展尤其是蔬菜加工企业发展的演变规律及发展趋势,认为研究区域实施废水资源化利用是当务之急,且具备良好的基础条件和优势。
(3)通过对蔬菜加工废水生态化处理及资源化利用的技术理论、方法措施、实践经验及应用模式的深入系统研究,在充分调查研究和总结分析当地农民利用蔬菜加工废水进行农业灌溉实践经验的基础上,首次提出了利用荷塘湿地净化利用蔬菜加工废水的理念,并从理论、技术、经济、方法、措施等方面进行了可行性论证,认为利用荷塘湿地净化利用蔬菜加工废水是可行的。
(4)研究分析了大蒜加工废水的来源及特性,制定了可行的蔬菜(大蒜)加工废水处理利用的工艺流程,明确了实验内容及目的,确定了符合实际的实验作物栽培技术、生产管理措施及其他生产管理条件,进行了实验小区的划分和实验对比处理设计,提出了必要的实验观测项目及方法。
实验研究成果显示:①大蒜加工废水主要来源于大蒜脱皮漂皮废水和脱皮后的大蒜漂洗废水、切片甩干脱水废水和车间冲洗废水,属有机废水,有机质和营养物质含量较高,基本不含有毒性物质及重金属物质。②大蒜加工废水中COD浓度较高,若直接排放必然造成环境污染,采用荷塘湿地直接进行生物净化利用,也会对莲藕生长产生不利影响,因此,必须经过简单预处理后再通过荷塘湿地进行生态净化利用,才能达到生态化效果。③本次实验所构建的预处理设施,投资少,见效快,简单易行,使大蒜加工废水得到了有效的初步净化,为荷塘湿地进一步生物净化利用奠定了基础。④荷塘湿地对大蒜加工废水中的COD、BOD、SS等有机污染物质和悬浮物具有显著的降解净化作用,去除率较高;对NH3-N的吸收利用作用较大,效果显著;PH值较稳定,达到了较好的净化利用效果。⑤大蒜加工废水灌入荷塘湿地后,废水中的营养物质得到了转化,增加了底泥氮、磷、钾营养成分和有机质含量,提高了荷塘底泥肥力,有利于莲藕生长;荷塘底泥中的有效铜、锌、铁、锰、硼和全铜、全锌、全铅、全镉等金属元素含量基本没有变化,利用大蒜加工废水灌溉荷塘不会造成荷塘底泥的重金属污染。⑥经过预处理的大蒜加工废水对莲藕生长无任何不利影响,与不灌废水相比更加旺盛,在整个生育期中未发生病虫害,充分说明含有较高有机质和营养物质的大蒜加工废水,不但有利于莲藕的生长,还对防治莲藕的病虫害有一定作用。⑦在荷塘湿地适时适量的灌溉大蒜加工废水,不但能够增加莲藕的产量,其营养价值均达到较好的水平,且未检出对人体有害的重金属,在食用方面是安全的。⑧利用荷塘湿地净化利用大蒜加工废水,能够改良土壤结构成分,提高土壤肥力,利于植被生长,防止水土流失,改善生态环境,维持生态平衡。⑨在利用荷塘湿地净化利用大蒜加工废水时,灌入的废水必须适时适量,方能达到最佳效果。
(5)对对荷塘湿地净化利用蔬菜加工废水进行了效益分析计算,结果显示废水利用荷塘湿地处理经济效益显著,且产生的间接经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益十分可观。
(6)在充分研究论证的基础上,根据我国社会的发展要求,结合八湖镇的实际情况,研究提出了以发展生态循环经济为目标实现废水资源化及水资源循环利用的技术模式以及切实可行实施对策。
总之,通过本项目的研究,扩宽了人工湿地处理废水的领域,进一步探求了高浓度废水湿地处理的作用机理,为农产品加工企业(特别是分散于广大农村的小企业)废水处理和农村环境作了科学实践,为八湖镇开展废水资源化利用和建设生态乡镇提供科学决策依据。
In recent years, with the rapid development of our agriculture, the agricultural product processing rise rapidly. However, with the rapid development of agricultural product processing, a rapid release of sewage wastewater occurs day by day and environmental pollution problems are growing increasingly prominent. The agricultural products processing enterprises are consisting mainly of dispersion small processing enterprises, they are in a serious shortage of environmental attention. The agricultural products processing wastewater with a large number of organic discharged to canals and rivers without treatment., so the river and underground water are seriously polluted, water quality of rivers and ponds is in the black, stinking change, fish and shrimp disappeared, the ecological environment is destroyed seriously. Agricultural product processing waste pollution has become the "bottleneck" of ecological agriculture development and sustainable social and economic development.
This research addresses the research status and some existing problems in the vegetable processing wastewater reuse ,it is themed with energy conservation and emission reduction, and sustainable utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection, guided by the sustainable development theory, it chose eight lake town hedong district as areas of interest. In order to study coordinated and balanced program of development of the regional society, economy, resources and ecological environment, this paper starts with obtaining firsthand material by means of field survey, collection, monitoring and experiment. It’s based on the composite system containing the social economy and ecological environment and water resources of the research area, using modern science and technology method, systematically studies wastewater utilization technology and related countermeasures in the vegetables processing enterprise of eight lake town. Through systematic analysis and experimental research, the main achievements in theory, technology , method, mode and measures countermeasures are as follows:
(1) Through the analysis of the wastewater treatment and utilization situation in the world, the practice application, the research direction ,development trend, the existing problems and the actual conditions of our country and social development needs, it points that wastewater reuse is the inevitable requirement of society sustainable development, and it’s one of the urgent items to be resolved in our reality.
(2) Through the study and analysis of regional basic research, it reveals the order of nature and economic and social development, especially the vegetable processing enterprise’s development evolution discipline and development trend, it gets that it’s an urgent affair to carry out water reuse in regional areas, and it’s already have good basic conditions and superiority.
(3) Based on the systematic research on technical theory , method, practical experience and performance model of vegetables processing wastewater treatment and utilization, and analysis on the practical experience of local farms using vegetables processing wastewater to irrigate. It for the first time puts forward the idea that using the lotus pond wetland to purify and use vegetables processing wastewater, and tests it’s possibility from theory, the theory, technology, economy , method and measures, and it gets that the idea is feasible.
(4) This paper analyzes the source and features of the garlic processing wastewater, makes the feasible process flow of vegetables(garlic) processing wastewater treatment and utilization, identifies experiment content and purpose, fixes the actual experiment crop cultivation technique, production management measures, and other production management conditions, divides the experimental area, designs the contrast experiments and puts forward the necessary experimental observation and methods.
The results of the experiment indacated that: (1) the wastewater of garlic processing are mainly produced during peeling garlic skins ,rinsing the peeled garlic, dehydrating the slices, and rinsing the workshop.It’s kind of organic wastewater, contents higher level of organic matter and nutrient, whth almost none toxic substance or heavy metal material. (2)the wastewater of garlic processing contains higher concentrations of COD, if were discharged into the environment,it will cause environment pollution. Also it was harmful to lotus root by uesing biological purification in wetland directly, so, to achieve certain ecological effect, the wastewater must be disposed, then it can be uesed in the wetland.(3) the pretreatment facilities of this experiment, was invested small, handled easily, with yield faster results, the wastewater was preliminary and effectively purified for the lotus pond, laid groundwork for further biological purify using.(4)the lotus wetland can efficient get rid of organic pollutants,such as COD,BOD,SS.The function of absorpting NH3-N was effectivity, PH value was stable.(5)When wastewater infuse into wetland, nutrient component such as N,P,K and organic matter content was increased, improving the lotus pond sediment fertility.The content of metallic elements in the lotus pond sediment,such as effectively copper, zinc, iron, manganese, boron and the whole boron, zinc, lead, cadmium,was scarcely changed.It proved that using garlic processing wastewater to irrigate lotus will not cause heavy metal pollution.(6)The pretreatmented garlic processing wastewater was innocent to lotus root, lotus root that irrigated by wastewater were growing more luxuriantly. During the whole growth period no insect damage happened. It proved that wastewater content more nutrients and organic matter, was not only benefit to the growth of the lotus, also uesful for the pest control.(7)Irrigating the wetland with right amout of wastewater of garlic processing, can increase the yield, the nutritional value also achieve a good level. and the no harmful heavy metal was checked out, so it’s safe to consumption. (8) Purifing garlic processing wastewater by using the lotus pond, can improve soil structure and composition, improve soil fertility, beneficial to the growth of vegetation, prevent soil erosion, improve the eco-environment,and maintain ecological balance. 9when purifing garlic processing wastewater by using the lotus pond, the right amount of wastewater must be irrigated at right time.
(5)In this paper benefits of purifing garlic processing wastewater was analysed and calculated, the results showed that economic benefits was notable ,and the indirect economic benefit,the social effect and environmental benefits was considerable.
(6)based on sufficient research and argument and according to the requirements of the development of the society, also,combining the actual situation of the Bahu Town, this paper has put forward technology mode of wastewater resourcesing and water resource recycling ,aimed to develope ecocycle economy.
In conclusion, this research widened the field of constructed wetland purifying wastewater, and this research make further efforts on the mechanism of action about high density wastewater treatment, scientifically practiced on wastewater and rural environment for agricultural product processing enterprise (especially those small ones scattered in the rural).Also, this researchi provide scientific basis for decision-making for Bahu Town in wastewater reuse and the ecological towns construction.
本课题研究针对当前国内外蔬菜加工废水资源化利用研究方面的现状及存在问题,以节能减排水资源可持续利用和生态环境保护为主题,以可持续发展理论为指导,以河东区八湖镇为研究区域,以区域社会、经济、资源、生态环境协调发展为研究目标,从实地调查、收集、监测、实验等方式获取基本资料入手,从研究区域社会经济、生态环境和水资源这个复合大系统出发,运用系统科学的观点,应用社会科学和自然科学的理论、方法和技术,采用计算机等现代科学手段,深入系统地研究了八湖镇蔬菜加工企业废水资源化利用技术及相关对策等问题,通过系统分析和实验研究,在理论、技术、方法、模式及措施对策等方面取得的成果主要有:
(1)通过对国内外关于废水处理及资源化利用的发展研究现状、实践应用情况、研究方向、发展趋势、存在问题以及我国的实际情况和社会经发展需求的研究分析,认为废水资源化利用是人类社会可持续发展的必然要求,是我国现实急需解决的重要课题。
(2)通过对研究区域基本情况的调查研究和总结分析,揭示了研究区域的自然规律和经济社会发展尤其是蔬菜加工企业发展的演变规律及发展趋势,认为研究区域实施废水资源化利用是当务之急,且具备良好的基础条件和优势。
(3)通过对蔬菜加工废水生态化处理及资源化利用的技术理论、方法措施、实践经验及应用模式的深入系统研究,在充分调查研究和总结分析当地农民利用蔬菜加工废水进行农业灌溉实践经验的基础上,首次提出了利用荷塘湿地净化利用蔬菜加工废水的理念,并从理论、技术、经济、方法、措施等方面进行了可行性论证,认为利用荷塘湿地净化利用蔬菜加工废水是可行的。
(4)研究分析了大蒜加工废水的来源及特性,制定了可行的蔬菜(大蒜)加工废水处理利用的工艺流程,明确了实验内容及目的,确定了符合实际的实验作物栽培技术、生产管理措施及其他生产管理条件,进行了实验小区的划分和实验对比处理设计,提出了必要的实验观测项目及方法。
实验研究成果显示:①大蒜加工废水主要来源于大蒜脱皮漂皮废水和脱皮后的大蒜漂洗废水、切片甩干脱水废水和车间冲洗废水,属有机废水,有机质和营养物质含量较高,基本不含有毒性物质及重金属物质。②大蒜加工废水中COD浓度较高,若直接排放必然造成环境污染,采用荷塘湿地直接进行生物净化利用,也会对莲藕生长产生不利影响,因此,必须经过简单预处理后再通过荷塘湿地进行生态净化利用,才能达到生态化效果。③本次实验所构建的预处理设施,投资少,见效快,简单易行,使大蒜加工废水得到了有效的初步净化,为荷塘湿地进一步生物净化利用奠定了基础。④荷塘湿地对大蒜加工废水中的COD、BOD、SS等有机污染物质和悬浮物具有显著的降解净化作用,去除率较高;对NH3-N的吸收利用作用较大,效果显著;PH值较稳定,达到了较好的净化利用效果。⑤大蒜加工废水灌入荷塘湿地后,废水中的营养物质得到了转化,增加了底泥氮、磷、钾营养成分和有机质含量,提高了荷塘底泥肥力,有利于莲藕生长;荷塘底泥中的有效铜、锌、铁、锰、硼和全铜、全锌、全铅、全镉等金属元素含量基本没有变化,利用大蒜加工废水灌溉荷塘不会造成荷塘底泥的重金属污染。⑥经过预处理的大蒜加工废水对莲藕生长无任何不利影响,与不灌废水相比更加旺盛,在整个生育期中未发生病虫害,充分说明含有较高有机质和营养物质的大蒜加工废水,不但有利于莲藕的生长,还对防治莲藕的病虫害有一定作用。⑦在荷塘湿地适时适量的灌溉大蒜加工废水,不但能够增加莲藕的产量,其营养价值均达到较好的水平,且未检出对人体有害的重金属,在食用方面是安全的。⑧利用荷塘湿地净化利用大蒜加工废水,能够改良土壤结构成分,提高土壤肥力,利于植被生长,防止水土流失,改善生态环境,维持生态平衡。⑨在利用荷塘湿地净化利用大蒜加工废水时,灌入的废水必须适时适量,方能达到最佳效果。
(5)对对荷塘湿地净化利用蔬菜加工废水进行了效益分析计算,结果显示废水利用荷塘湿地处理经济效益显著,且产生的间接经济效益、社会效益和生态环境效益十分可观。
(6)在充分研究论证的基础上,根据我国社会的发展要求,结合八湖镇的实际情况,研究提出了以发展生态循环经济为目标实现废水资源化及水资源循环利用的技术模式以及切实可行实施对策。
总之,通过本项目的研究,扩宽了人工湿地处理废水的领域,进一步探求了高浓度废水湿地处理的作用机理,为农产品加工企业(特别是分散于广大农村的小企业)废水处理和农村环境作了科学实践,为八湖镇开展废水资源化利用和建设生态乡镇提供科学决策依据。
In recent years, with the rapid development of our agriculture, the agricultural product processing rise rapidly. However, with the rapid development of agricultural product processing, a rapid release of sewage wastewater occurs day by day and environmental pollution problems are growing increasingly prominent. The agricultural products processing enterprises are consisting mainly of dispersion small processing enterprises, they are in a serious shortage of environmental attention. The agricultural products processing wastewater with a large number of organic discharged to canals and rivers without treatment., so the river and underground water are seriously polluted, water quality of rivers and ponds is in the black, stinking change, fish and shrimp disappeared, the ecological environment is destroyed seriously. Agricultural product processing waste pollution has become the "bottleneck" of ecological agriculture development and sustainable social and economic development.
This research addresses the research status and some existing problems in the vegetable processing wastewater reuse ,it is themed with energy conservation and emission reduction, and sustainable utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection, guided by the sustainable development theory, it chose eight lake town hedong district as areas of interest. In order to study coordinated and balanced program of development of the regional society, economy, resources and ecological environment, this paper starts with obtaining firsthand material by means of field survey, collection, monitoring and experiment. It’s based on the composite system containing the social economy and ecological environment and water resources of the research area, using modern science and technology method, systematically studies wastewater utilization technology and related countermeasures in the vegetables processing enterprise of eight lake town. Through systematic analysis and experimental research, the main achievements in theory, technology , method, mode and measures countermeasures are as follows:
(1) Through the analysis of the wastewater treatment and utilization situation in the world, the practice application, the research direction ,development trend, the existing problems and the actual conditions of our country and social development needs, it points that wastewater reuse is the inevitable requirement of society sustainable development, and it’s one of the urgent items to be resolved in our reality.
(2) Through the study and analysis of regional basic research, it reveals the order of nature and economic and social development, especially the vegetable processing enterprise’s development evolution discipline and development trend, it gets that it’s an urgent affair to carry out water reuse in regional areas, and it’s already have good basic conditions and superiority.
(3) Based on the systematic research on technical theory , method, practical experience and performance model of vegetables processing wastewater treatment and utilization, and analysis on the practical experience of local farms using vegetables processing wastewater to irrigate. It for the first time puts forward the idea that using the lotus pond wetland to purify and use vegetables processing wastewater, and tests it’s possibility from theory, the theory, technology, economy , method and measures, and it gets that the idea is feasible.
(4) This paper analyzes the source and features of the garlic processing wastewater, makes the feasible process flow of vegetables(garlic) processing wastewater treatment and utilization, identifies experiment content and purpose, fixes the actual experiment crop cultivation technique, production management measures, and other production management conditions, divides the experimental area, designs the contrast experiments and puts forward the necessary experimental observation and methods.
The results of the experiment indacated that: (1) the wastewater of garlic processing are mainly produced during peeling garlic skins ,rinsing the peeled garlic, dehydrating the slices, and rinsing the workshop.It’s kind of organic wastewater, contents higher level of organic matter and nutrient, whth almost none toxic substance or heavy metal material. (2)the wastewater of garlic processing contains higher concentrations of COD, if were discharged into the environment,it will cause environment pollution. Also it was harmful to lotus root by uesing biological purification in wetland directly, so, to achieve certain ecological effect, the wastewater must be disposed, then it can be uesed in the wetland.(3) the pretreatment facilities of this experiment, was invested small, handled easily, with yield faster results, the wastewater was preliminary and effectively purified for the lotus pond, laid groundwork for further biological purify using.(4)the lotus wetland can efficient get rid of organic pollutants,such as COD,BOD,SS.The function of absorpting NH3-N was effectivity, PH value was stable.(5)When wastewater infuse into wetland, nutrient component such as N,P,K and organic matter content was increased, improving the lotus pond sediment fertility.The content of metallic elements in the lotus pond sediment,such as effectively copper, zinc, iron, manganese, boron and the whole boron, zinc, lead, cadmium,was scarcely changed.It proved that using garlic processing wastewater to irrigate lotus will not cause heavy metal pollution.(6)The pretreatmented garlic processing wastewater was innocent to lotus root, lotus root that irrigated by wastewater were growing more luxuriantly. During the whole growth period no insect damage happened. It proved that wastewater content more nutrients and organic matter, was not only benefit to the growth of the lotus, also uesful for the pest control.(7)Irrigating the wetland with right amout of wastewater of garlic processing, can increase the yield, the nutritional value also achieve a good level. and the no harmful heavy metal was checked out, so it’s safe to consumption. (8) Purifing garlic processing wastewater by using the lotus pond, can improve soil structure and composition, improve soil fertility, beneficial to the growth of vegetation, prevent soil erosion, improve the eco-environment,and maintain ecological balance. 9when purifing garlic processing wastewater by using the lotus pond, the right amount of wastewater must be irrigated at right time.
(5)In this paper benefits of purifing garlic processing wastewater was analysed and calculated, the results showed that economic benefits was notable ,and the indirect economic benefit,the social effect and environmental benefits was considerable.
(6)based on sufficient research and argument and according to the requirements of the development of the society, also,combining the actual situation of the Bahu Town, this paper has put forward technology mode of wastewater resourcesing and water resource recycling ,aimed to develope ecocycle economy.
In conclusion, this research widened the field of constructed wetland purifying wastewater, and this research make further efforts on the mechanism of action about high density wastewater treatment, scientifically practiced on wastewater and rural environment for agricultural product processing enterprise (especially those small ones scattered in the rural).Also, this researchi provide scientific basis for decision-making for Bahu Town in wastewater reuse and the ecological towns construction.
引文
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