基于可生物降解纤维的纸张制备及性能研究
摘要
随着人们环境保护意识的不断增强,可降解材料的开发已经成为材料领域二十一世纪的研究热点。如果造纸时使用一定比例的可降解纤维,同时也不降低纸张的其它性能指标,这就使得纸张不但可以满足日常的使用要求,而且在使用后可以自然降解,不会对环境构成威胁。本研究旨在为这两种可降解纤维在造纸工业尤其是新型纸张中的应用提供指导。
本文对聚乳酸纤维和海藻纤维的打浆及抄造性能进行了研究,探讨了浆料配比、压光和热处理对聚乳酸纤维配抄纸和海藻纤维配抄纸性能的影响;研究了用热重分析法和萃取抽提法测定配抄纸中聚乳酸纤维和海藻纤维留着率的可行性;用埋土法和紫外老化法对聚乳酸纤维配抄纸和海藻纤维配抄纸的降解性能进行了研究。
结果显示:
1.随着打浆时间的增加,PLA浆料的打浆度变化不大,打浆12h后其打浆度为11°SR;打浆处理对聚乳酸纤维聚集态结构的影响不大;经过打浆处理后,聚乳酸纤维的长度变短,粗度增加,纤维弯曲变形,粗细不均匀,表面变得粗糙不平,但是没有明显的分丝帚化现象;打浆处理能够提高PLA浆料的保水值,改善其亲水性能;PLA浆料与木浆配抄,随着PLA配比的增加,浆料的滤水性能得到改善。
2.聚乳酸纤维配抄纸制备的较佳工艺为:PLA浆料与木浆配比为15:85,压光压力4MPa,热处理温度170℃,热处理时间2min。纸张定量60g·m-2 ,紧度0.88g·cm-3,抗张指数63.1N·m·g-1,撕裂指数5.94mN·m2·g-1,耐折度62次,湿抗张强度0.531kN·m-1,透气度110mL·min-1,不透明度67.4%,Cobb值(60s)为31.1g·m-2,PPS值为3.84μm.;聚乳酸纤维开始热失重的温度为240℃,失重量为98.67%;在154℃时开始发生熔融。
3.在本实验中不能采用热重分析法测定配抄纸中聚乳酸纤维的留着率;可以采用萃取抽提法测定配抄纸中聚乳酸纤维的留着率,测得的聚乳酸纤维的留着率大于99%,留着效果比较好。
4.海藻纤维表面光滑,纤维直长,亲水性能较好;保水值和结晶度比较小,分别为35.49%和9.57%;海藻纤维与木浆配抄,随着海藻纤维配比的增加,浆料的滤水性能得到改善;海藻纤维开始热失重的温度为210℃,失重量为70.71%;海藻纤维配抄纸制备实验中最佳压光压力为6MPa;热处理前后,海藻纤维配抄纸的各项性能变化都不大;在本实验中不能采用热重分析法测定配抄纸中海藻纤维的留着率。
5.埋土60天后,聚乳酸纤维配抄纸和海藻纤维配抄纸都破损严重,不再具有完整的形态;纸页发黄变色,表面有霉斑产生;纸样老化降解严重,质量减少,强度下降;随着紫外老化时间的增加,聚乳酸纤维配抄纸和海藻纤维配抄纸的抗张指数、撕裂指数和耐折度都逐渐减小,透气度和不透明度逐渐增大。
As the improvement of people’s sense of environment protection, the research ofbiodegradable material has been an important subject. If use a certain percentage ofbiodegradable fibers when making paper, and make sure paper’s other performance is good,the paper can not onlymeet the dailyuse requirements, but also degrade naturally, makingnoenvironment pollution. This paper is to provide guidance for the application of these twobiodegradablefibersinthepaper-makingindustry.
The beating and papermaking behaviors of PLA fiber and alginate fiber were studied,and the influence of the ratio of PLA fiber and alginate fiber and press polish and hottreatment to the paper properties were researched. The retention of PLA fiber and alginatefiber in the paper was studied by means of TG and extraction. The degradation of the paperwas studied by putting the paper in the soil and Accelerated Weathering Tester for a certaintime.
Theresultsindicatedthat:
1.Thebeatingdegreeandthecrystallinity didn’tchangeobviouslyasbeatingtimeincreased.Thedegreewas11°SRafter12hours.Afterbeating,thefiberbecameshorter,wider,curvedandcoarse,buthadnoobviousfibrillation.AndbeatingcouldimprovethehydrophilicityofPLAfiber.Atthesametime,thebiggerPLAfiberpercentage,thebetterpulpdrainability.
2. The appropriate technology of PLApaper was as follows: the ratio of PLA pulp andwood pulp was 15:85,the press polish pressure was 4MPa, the hot treatment temperature was170℃and time was 2min. The paper’s basis weight was 60g·m-2, the densitywas 0.88g·cm-3,the tensile index was 63.1N·m·g-1, the tear index was5.94mN·m2·g-1, the foldingstrength was62, the wet tensile index was 0.531kN·m-1, the porosity was 110mL·min-1, the opacity was67.4%,theCobbvalue(60s)was 31.1g·m-2,thePPSvaluewas3.84μm.ThePLAfiberstartedto lose weight at 240℃, and the weight loss was 98.67%. The PLA fiber started to melt at154℃.
3.Theretentionof PLA fiberinthepapercouldnot bemeasuredbythemeanofTG, butcouldbemeasuredbythe meanofextraction,theretentionwashigherthan99%.
4. The alginate fiber was smooth, straight and long. Its hydrophilicity was good. Thewater retention value was 35.49% and the crystallinity was 9.67%. The bigger alginate fiberpercentage,thebetterpulpdrainability.ThePLAfiberstartedtoloseweightat210℃,andtheweight loss was 70.71%. The appropriate press polish pressure was 6MPa. The paper properties didn’t change too much after the hot treatment. And retention of alginate fiber inthepapercouldnotbemeasuredbythe meanofTG.
5. After putted in the soil for 60 days, the papers were damaged and mildewed, andbecame yellow. As the UV aging time increased, the tensile index, the tear index and thefoldingstrengthofthepaperweredecreased,buttheporosityandopacitywereincreased.
本文对聚乳酸纤维和海藻纤维的打浆及抄造性能进行了研究,探讨了浆料配比、压光和热处理对聚乳酸纤维配抄纸和海藻纤维配抄纸性能的影响;研究了用热重分析法和萃取抽提法测定配抄纸中聚乳酸纤维和海藻纤维留着率的可行性;用埋土法和紫外老化法对聚乳酸纤维配抄纸和海藻纤维配抄纸的降解性能进行了研究。
结果显示:
1.随着打浆时间的增加,PLA浆料的打浆度变化不大,打浆12h后其打浆度为11°SR;打浆处理对聚乳酸纤维聚集态结构的影响不大;经过打浆处理后,聚乳酸纤维的长度变短,粗度增加,纤维弯曲变形,粗细不均匀,表面变得粗糙不平,但是没有明显的分丝帚化现象;打浆处理能够提高PLA浆料的保水值,改善其亲水性能;PLA浆料与木浆配抄,随着PLA配比的增加,浆料的滤水性能得到改善。
2.聚乳酸纤维配抄纸制备的较佳工艺为:PLA浆料与木浆配比为15:85,压光压力4MPa,热处理温度170℃,热处理时间2min。纸张定量60g·m-2 ,紧度0.88g·cm-3,抗张指数63.1N·m·g-1,撕裂指数5.94mN·m2·g-1,耐折度62次,湿抗张强度0.531kN·m-1,透气度110mL·min-1,不透明度67.4%,Cobb值(60s)为31.1g·m-2,PPS值为3.84μm.;聚乳酸纤维开始热失重的温度为240℃,失重量为98.67%;在154℃时开始发生熔融。
3.在本实验中不能采用热重分析法测定配抄纸中聚乳酸纤维的留着率;可以采用萃取抽提法测定配抄纸中聚乳酸纤维的留着率,测得的聚乳酸纤维的留着率大于99%,留着效果比较好。
4.海藻纤维表面光滑,纤维直长,亲水性能较好;保水值和结晶度比较小,分别为35.49%和9.57%;海藻纤维与木浆配抄,随着海藻纤维配比的增加,浆料的滤水性能得到改善;海藻纤维开始热失重的温度为210℃,失重量为70.71%;海藻纤维配抄纸制备实验中最佳压光压力为6MPa;热处理前后,海藻纤维配抄纸的各项性能变化都不大;在本实验中不能采用热重分析法测定配抄纸中海藻纤维的留着率。
5.埋土60天后,聚乳酸纤维配抄纸和海藻纤维配抄纸都破损严重,不再具有完整的形态;纸页发黄变色,表面有霉斑产生;纸样老化降解严重,质量减少,强度下降;随着紫外老化时间的增加,聚乳酸纤维配抄纸和海藻纤维配抄纸的抗张指数、撕裂指数和耐折度都逐渐减小,透气度和不透明度逐渐增大。
As the improvement of people’s sense of environment protection, the research ofbiodegradable material has been an important subject. If use a certain percentage ofbiodegradable fibers when making paper, and make sure paper’s other performance is good,the paper can not onlymeet the dailyuse requirements, but also degrade naturally, makingnoenvironment pollution. This paper is to provide guidance for the application of these twobiodegradablefibersinthepaper-makingindustry.
The beating and papermaking behaviors of PLA fiber and alginate fiber were studied,and the influence of the ratio of PLA fiber and alginate fiber and press polish and hottreatment to the paper properties were researched. The retention of PLA fiber and alginatefiber in the paper was studied by means of TG and extraction. The degradation of the paperwas studied by putting the paper in the soil and Accelerated Weathering Tester for a certaintime.
Theresultsindicatedthat:
1.Thebeatingdegreeandthecrystallinity didn’tchangeobviouslyasbeatingtimeincreased.Thedegreewas11°SRafter12hours.Afterbeating,thefiberbecameshorter,wider,curvedandcoarse,buthadnoobviousfibrillation.AndbeatingcouldimprovethehydrophilicityofPLAfiber.Atthesametime,thebiggerPLAfiberpercentage,thebetterpulpdrainability.
2. The appropriate technology of PLApaper was as follows: the ratio of PLA pulp andwood pulp was 15:85,the press polish pressure was 4MPa, the hot treatment temperature was170℃and time was 2min. The paper’s basis weight was 60g·m-2, the densitywas 0.88g·cm-3,the tensile index was 63.1N·m·g-1, the tear index was5.94mN·m2·g-1, the foldingstrength was62, the wet tensile index was 0.531kN·m-1, the porosity was 110mL·min-1, the opacity was67.4%,theCobbvalue(60s)was 31.1g·m-2,thePPSvaluewas3.84μm.ThePLAfiberstartedto lose weight at 240℃, and the weight loss was 98.67%. The PLA fiber started to melt at154℃.
3.Theretentionof PLA fiberinthepapercouldnot bemeasuredbythemeanofTG, butcouldbemeasuredbythe meanofextraction,theretentionwashigherthan99%.
4. The alginate fiber was smooth, straight and long. Its hydrophilicity was good. Thewater retention value was 35.49% and the crystallinity was 9.67%. The bigger alginate fiberpercentage,thebetterpulpdrainability.ThePLAfiberstartedtoloseweightat210℃,andtheweight loss was 70.71%. The appropriate press polish pressure was 6MPa. The paper properties didn’t change too much after the hot treatment. And retention of alginate fiber inthepapercouldnotbemeasuredbythe meanofTG.
5. After putted in the soil for 60 days, the papers were damaged and mildewed, andbecame yellow. As the UV aging time increased, the tensile index, the tear index and thefoldingstrengthofthepaperweredecreased,buttheporosityandopacitywereincreased.
引文
[1]李建秀,俞镇慌.完全生物降解材料的应用及发展趋势[J].产业用纺织品,2003,9:1-4
[2]柴雅凌,孙宇清.可降解纤维的发展[J].产业用纺织品,1997,3:4-7
[3]朱颖先,陈大俊等.可生物降解型纤维材料[J].高分子通报,2001,2:48-52
[4]胡家伦.降解塑料研究和应用[M].上海:上海市科学技术委员会,1995
[5]刘海洋.由生物制品开发绿色可生物降解纤维[J].东纺织经济,2002,6:32-35
[6]陈驰,但卫华,曾睿等.可生物降解功能纤维的研究进展[J].纺织学报,2006,7:100-103
[7]田忆凯,侯丽英,俞晓东等.国外着重开发的生物降解聚合物[J].上海化工,1999,8:27-30
[8] Timmins M.R,Lenz R.W. Heterogeneous kinetics of the enzymatic degradation ofpoly(beta-hydroxyalkanoates)[J].PolymerScience,1997,3:551-562
[9] Gonsalves K.E,Mungara P.M. Synthesis of polyamides and polyureas containingleucine-tyrosinelinkages[J].PolymerChemistry,1997,3:499-507
[10] Amass W,Amass A,Tighe B. A review of biodegradable polymers: Uses, currentdevelopments in the synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polyesters, blendsof biodegradable polymers and recent advances in biodegradation studies[J]. PolymerInternational,1998,2:89-144
[11]叶易春,但卫华,曾睿等.淀粉基可生物降解纤维的研究进展[J].材料导报,2006,1:81-84
[12]张钦,赵裕蓉.可完全生物降解塑料[J].化工新型材料,1999,6:3-8
[13]李媛媛.可生物降解纤维的发展和应用[J].化工之友,2007,7:84
[14]范松林.降解纤维与用即弃类产品的开发[J].北京纺织,2001,1:16-17
[15] Mark R,Timmin S,Robert W. Enzymatic biodegradation of polymers- The polymerchemists’perspective[J].Trendsinpolymerscience,1994,1:15
[16] James Lunt. Polylactic acid polymers for fibers and nonwovens[J]. International FiberJournal,2000,6:48-52
[17]辛银花.医疗缝合线用生物降解纤维[J].纺织科技进展,20005,3:12-13
[18]胡玉群,徐秀娟.聚乳酸和涤纶纤维的鉴别方法[J].纺织学报,2006,5:16-18
[19] Yamanaka. Lactron-a biodegradable fiber, its development and applications[J].Chemical Fibers International,1999,12:501-503
[20]王溪繁,于海通等.PLA纤维的结构、性能及其应用的探讨[J].四川丝绸,2007,4:21-23
[21]李士范.采用玉米资源开发可生物降解纤维——聚乳酸纤维[J].广西化纤通讯,2001,2:19-21
[22]周美华,徐静波.乳酸和聚乳酸的研究进展[J].中国纺织大学学报,2000,5:111-113
[23]汪进玉.一种可生物降解纤维——聚乳酸纤维[J].化工新型材料,2000,3:24-25
[24]姚军燕,杨青芳等.高性能聚乳酸纤维的研究进展[J].化工进展,2006,3:288-289
[25]李烨.聚乳酸纤维纺丝前热降解性能研究[J].中国纤检,2008,5:46-47
[26]蔺卫滨,刘承缙.PLA纤维的特性分析及应用前景[J].山东纺织科技,2006,3:54
[27]蒋秀翔,徐超武,管伟波.聚乳酸纤维及其织物的性能和应用[J].四川丝绸,2006,4:21-23
[28] Dartee M,Lunt J,ShaferA. Nature WorksPLA:sustainable performance fiber[J].Chemical Fibers International,2000,12:546-551
[29]李全明,邱发贵,张梅等.聚乳酸纤维的开发和应用[J].现代纺织技术,2008,1:52-55
[30]顾书英,袁华.可生物降解纤维——聚乳酸(PLA)纤维[J].合成纤维,2003,4:14-17
[31]赵媛媛,董瑛等.海藻酸纤维的鉴别[J].印染,2008,7:37-39
[32]郭肖青,朱平等.海藻纤维的研究现状及其应用[J].染整技术,2006,7:1-5
[33]姚穆.纺织材料学[M].北京:中国纺织出版社,1998
[34]何淑兰,尹玉姬.组织工程用海藻酸盐水凝胶的研究进展[J].化工进展,2004,11:114-117
[35] Shinahara M. Comparison of guluronate contents of alginates deter-mined by differentmethods[J].Fisheriesscience,2006,12:616-617.
[36]FranciscoLanes,DomenicH,Ryan.Marchessaultmagneticnanostructuredcompositesusing alginates of different MIG ratio as polymeric matrix[J]. International Journal ofBiologicalmacromolecules,2000,27:35-40
[37]展义臻,朱平等.海藻纤维的性能与应用[J].印染助剂,2006,6:9-12
[38]郭肖青.海藻纤维的制备及结构与性能研究[D].青岛:青岛大学,2007
[39]秦培云,赵传山等.一种湿强纸的再制浆[J].黑龙江造纸,2004,1:36-37
[40]宋会芬.绿色纤维在非织造布中的应用[J].非织造布,2005,2:30-32
[41]张满林,陈雪妮.聚乳酸纤维的纺纱性能分析[J].纺织科技进展,2007,6:55-57
[42]石淑兰,何福望.制浆造纸分析与检测[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2003
[43]苏柳柳.聚乳酸纤维的生物酶改性[D].无锡:江南大学,2008
[44]卢谦和.造纸原理与工程[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2006
[45]孟颖.聚乳酸纤维性能测试与比较研究[D].天津:天津工业大学,2007
[46]刘桂春,王文科,孙淑华.聚酯纤维的表面改性与染色[J].聚酯工业,1998,3:17-25
[47]傅忠君,郭申,于鲁汕.差热分析在聚乳酸纤维染色中的应用[J].印染,2006,12:32-35
[48]周永凯,王懽，马志军.热熔黏合纤维在非织造布服装领衬加工中的应用[J].北京服装学院学报,2006,1:20-26
[49]孙波.热熔粘合复合纤维材料[J].中国个体防护装备,2001,4:9-12
[50]吴忠杰,万涛.生物降解聚乳酸纤维的制备方法研究进展[J].生物骨科材料与临床研究,2008,2:51-53
[51]赵永霞.海藻纤维的发展及应用[J].纺织导报,2008,7:114-116
[52]胡延.海藻纤维的特性及生产[J].江苏纺织,2009,9:56-57
[53]张裕.再生纤维素纤维的不断创新[J].中国纤检,2003,5:38
[54]SusanM.Cole,JamesE.Garbe.Alginatehydrogelfoamwounddressing[P].USPatent:US4948575,2005
[55]ArthurD.Mason,AveryA.Johnson,HarrelL.Protectivegelcompositionforwounds[P].USPatent:US4393048,2003
[56] Braccini I,Perez M. Molecular basis of Ca2+—in alginates and pectins:the egg-boxmodelrevisited[J].Biomacromolecules,2001,2:1089-1096
[57]孙玉山,卢森,骆强.改善海藻纤维性能的研究[J].纺织科学研究,1990,2:28-30
[58]杨鹏.新型防电磁辐射海藻纤维的制备与性能研究[D].青岛:青岛大学,2008
[59]罗以喜.可生物降解织物的降解性能测试[J].上海纺织科技,2002,30(4):26-28
[60]孙礼春,王景翰.纸张的老化及检验[J].江苏警官学院学报,2005,2:171-173
[61]陈景华.可降解性包装材料的降解机理及其应用[J].印刷工程,2003,1:38-40
[62]周华,牛海涛,郭秉臣.生物可降解非织造布及其应用[J].非织造布,2004,3:24-28
[63]王心琴.浅析纸张老化的原因[J].档案与建设,1997,9:33-35
[64]彭远明,许晓蕾.紫外线对纸张耐久性破坏的初步探讨[J].档案学研究,1994,1:70-73
[2]柴雅凌,孙宇清.可降解纤维的发展[J].产业用纺织品,1997,3:4-7
[3]朱颖先,陈大俊等.可生物降解型纤维材料[J].高分子通报,2001,2:48-52
[4]胡家伦.降解塑料研究和应用[M].上海:上海市科学技术委员会,1995
[5]刘海洋.由生物制品开发绿色可生物降解纤维[J].东纺织经济,2002,6:32-35
[6]陈驰,但卫华,曾睿等.可生物降解功能纤维的研究进展[J].纺织学报,2006,7:100-103
[7]田忆凯,侯丽英,俞晓东等.国外着重开发的生物降解聚合物[J].上海化工,1999,8:27-30
[8] Timmins M.R,Lenz R.W. Heterogeneous kinetics of the enzymatic degradation ofpoly(beta-hydroxyalkanoates)[J].PolymerScience,1997,3:551-562
[9] Gonsalves K.E,Mungara P.M. Synthesis of polyamides and polyureas containingleucine-tyrosinelinkages[J].PolymerChemistry,1997,3:499-507
[10] Amass W,Amass A,Tighe B. A review of biodegradable polymers: Uses, currentdevelopments in the synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polyesters, blendsof biodegradable polymers and recent advances in biodegradation studies[J]. PolymerInternational,1998,2:89-144
[11]叶易春,但卫华,曾睿等.淀粉基可生物降解纤维的研究进展[J].材料导报,2006,1:81-84
[12]张钦,赵裕蓉.可完全生物降解塑料[J].化工新型材料,1999,6:3-8
[13]李媛媛.可生物降解纤维的发展和应用[J].化工之友,2007,7:84
[14]范松林.降解纤维与用即弃类产品的开发[J].北京纺织,2001,1:16-17
[15] Mark R,Timmin S,Robert W. Enzymatic biodegradation of polymers- The polymerchemists’perspective[J].Trendsinpolymerscience,1994,1:15
[16] James Lunt. Polylactic acid polymers for fibers and nonwovens[J]. International FiberJournal,2000,6:48-52
[17]辛银花.医疗缝合线用生物降解纤维[J].纺织科技进展,20005,3:12-13
[18]胡玉群,徐秀娟.聚乳酸和涤纶纤维的鉴别方法[J].纺织学报,2006,5:16-18
[19] Yamanaka. Lactron-a biodegradable fiber, its development and applications[J].Chemical Fibers International,1999,12:501-503
[20]王溪繁,于海通等.PLA纤维的结构、性能及其应用的探讨[J].四川丝绸,2007,4:21-23
[21]李士范.采用玉米资源开发可生物降解纤维——聚乳酸纤维[J].广西化纤通讯,2001,2:19-21
[22]周美华,徐静波.乳酸和聚乳酸的研究进展[J].中国纺织大学学报,2000,5:111-113
[23]汪进玉.一种可生物降解纤维——聚乳酸纤维[J].化工新型材料,2000,3:24-25
[24]姚军燕,杨青芳等.高性能聚乳酸纤维的研究进展[J].化工进展,2006,3:288-289
[25]李烨.聚乳酸纤维纺丝前热降解性能研究[J].中国纤检,2008,5:46-47
[26]蔺卫滨,刘承缙.PLA纤维的特性分析及应用前景[J].山东纺织科技,2006,3:54
[27]蒋秀翔,徐超武,管伟波.聚乳酸纤维及其织物的性能和应用[J].四川丝绸,2006,4:21-23
[28] Dartee M,Lunt J,ShaferA. Nature WorksPLA:sustainable performance fiber[J].Chemical Fibers International,2000,12:546-551
[29]李全明,邱发贵,张梅等.聚乳酸纤维的开发和应用[J].现代纺织技术,2008,1:52-55
[30]顾书英,袁华.可生物降解纤维——聚乳酸(PLA)纤维[J].合成纤维,2003,4:14-17
[31]赵媛媛,董瑛等.海藻酸纤维的鉴别[J].印染,2008,7:37-39
[32]郭肖青,朱平等.海藻纤维的研究现状及其应用[J].染整技术,2006,7:1-5
[33]姚穆.纺织材料学[M].北京:中国纺织出版社,1998
[34]何淑兰,尹玉姬.组织工程用海藻酸盐水凝胶的研究进展[J].化工进展,2004,11:114-117
[35] Shinahara M. Comparison of guluronate contents of alginates deter-mined by differentmethods[J].Fisheriesscience,2006,12:616-617.
[36]FranciscoLanes,DomenicH,Ryan.Marchessaultmagneticnanostructuredcompositesusing alginates of different MIG ratio as polymeric matrix[J]. International Journal ofBiologicalmacromolecules,2000,27:35-40
[37]展义臻,朱平等.海藻纤维的性能与应用[J].印染助剂,2006,6:9-12
[38]郭肖青.海藻纤维的制备及结构与性能研究[D].青岛:青岛大学,2007
[39]秦培云,赵传山等.一种湿强纸的再制浆[J].黑龙江造纸,2004,1:36-37
[40]宋会芬.绿色纤维在非织造布中的应用[J].非织造布,2005,2:30-32
[41]张满林,陈雪妮.聚乳酸纤维的纺纱性能分析[J].纺织科技进展,2007,6:55-57
[42]石淑兰,何福望.制浆造纸分析与检测[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2003
[43]苏柳柳.聚乳酸纤维的生物酶改性[D].无锡:江南大学,2008
[44]卢谦和.造纸原理与工程[M].北京:中国轻工业出版社,2006
[45]孟颖.聚乳酸纤维性能测试与比较研究[D].天津:天津工业大学,2007
[46]刘桂春,王文科,孙淑华.聚酯纤维的表面改性与染色[J].聚酯工业,1998,3:17-25
[47]傅忠君,郭申,于鲁汕.差热分析在聚乳酸纤维染色中的应用[J].印染,2006,12:32-35
[48]周永凯,王懽，马志军.热熔黏合纤维在非织造布服装领衬加工中的应用[J].北京服装学院学报,2006,1:20-26
[49]孙波.热熔粘合复合纤维材料[J].中国个体防护装备,2001,4:9-12
[50]吴忠杰,万涛.生物降解聚乳酸纤维的制备方法研究进展[J].生物骨科材料与临床研究,2008,2:51-53
[51]赵永霞.海藻纤维的发展及应用[J].纺织导报,2008,7:114-116
[52]胡延.海藻纤维的特性及生产[J].江苏纺织,2009,9:56-57
[53]张裕.再生纤维素纤维的不断创新[J].中国纤检,2003,5:38
[54]SusanM.Cole,JamesE.Garbe.Alginatehydrogelfoamwounddressing[P].USPatent:US4948575,2005
[55]ArthurD.Mason,AveryA.Johnson,HarrelL.Protectivegelcompositionforwounds[P].USPatent:US4393048,2003
[56] Braccini I,Perez M. Molecular basis of Ca2+—in alginates and pectins:the egg-boxmodelrevisited[J].Biomacromolecules,2001,2:1089-1096
[57]孙玉山,卢森,骆强.改善海藻纤维性能的研究[J].纺织科学研究,1990,2:28-30
[58]杨鹏.新型防电磁辐射海藻纤维的制备与性能研究[D].青岛:青岛大学,2008
[59]罗以喜.可生物降解织物的降解性能测试[J].上海纺织科技,2002,30(4):26-28
[60]孙礼春,王景翰.纸张的老化及检验[J].江苏警官学院学报,2005,2:171-173
[61]陈景华.可降解性包装材料的降解机理及其应用[J].印刷工程,2003,1:38-40
[62]周华,牛海涛,郭秉臣.生物可降解非织造布及其应用[J].非织造布,2004,3:24-28
[63]王心琴.浅析纸张老化的原因[J].档案与建设,1997,9:33-35
[64]彭远明,许晓蕾.紫外线对纸张耐久性破坏的初步探讨[J].档案学研究,1994,1:70-73