滴灌双点源三维土壤水分入渗的数值模拟研究
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摘要
滴灌技术是最成熟、最容易推广的节水灌溉技术之一,土壤湿润体的大小和形状、土壤含水量的分布状况等是滴灌系统设计的基础,这些参数均可以通过室外试验求得,但是室外试验耗时费力,而且试验过程中受自然和人为因素的影响,容易产生较大的误差,最近几年随着计算机科学的快速发展,国内外出现了以非饱和水运动理论为基础的数值模拟方法,该方法具有简便、快捷、灵活等特点。本研究以粘壤土、砂壤土双点源滴灌为研究对象,利用HYDRUS3D软件对土壤水分的运移规律进行模拟研究,对比分析了滴头间距、滴头流量、土壤质地和土壤初始含水量对双点源交汇入渗的影响,并对所选模型用现场试验进行验证,主要得出如下结论:
(1)土壤湿润峰水平、垂直运移距离及水平、垂直运移速率均与入渗时间呈幂函数关系。
(2)对双点源滴灌,湿润峰交汇时间随着滴头间距的增大呈对数函数增大;交汇处湿润峰的运移速率受滴头间距的影响比较显著,而滴头处湿润峰的运移速率几乎不受滴头间距的影响。
(3)湿润体形状随着滴头间距的增加,依次从一个近似半球体、近似半药囊形、半花生壳形及两个分离的近似半球体转变,湿润体内高含水量区域也从2个逐渐转化为1个,滴灌结束时(840 min)垂直距离略大于水平距离。
(4)滴灌结束后,湿润峰运移距离随滴头流量的增加而呈减小趋势,高含水率区域的体积却相反;湿润峰运移距离与入渗时间拟合其系数的变化规律:滴头处垂直方向的入渗指数随滴头流量的增大而减小,而交汇处的却相反;湿润峰运移速率与入渗时间拟合其系数的变化规律:滴头处水平方向和垂直方向的入渗系数均随滴头流量的减小而减小,入渗指数却相反;其他的入渗系数和入渗指数均没有明显的变化趋势。
(5)滴头处和交汇面处的湿润峰运移距离,含砂量较大的砂壤土大于含砂量较小的,而且随着时间的增加两者的差值呈增大趋势;含砂量较大的砂壤土湿润体体积大于含砂量较小的,而含砂量较小的湿润体内高含水率区域的体积远大于砂壤土的,且呈不断增大的趋势;而含砂量较小的湿润体水平最大距离与垂直方向的相差不大,含砂量较大的砂壤土湿润体垂直最大距离大于水平距离。
(6)湿润峰运移距离、湿润体体积和湿润体内部高含水率区域体积均随土壤初始含水率的增加而增大;湿润峰运移距离与入渗时间拟合其系数的变化规律:滴头处水平方向的入渗系数随着土壤初始含水率的增大而减小,而交汇处的却相反;入渗指数除交汇处水平方向的随着土壤初始含水率的增大而减小,其他的均相反。
(7)应用土壤剖面含水率、湿润峰形状和总入渗量等指标对模拟值结果进行了试验验证,结果表明,模拟结果与实测值吻合较好,说明HYDRUS3D软件及相关模型能较准确地反映双点源滴灌入渗条件下粘壤土土壤水分运动规律。
Drip irrigation is one of the most mature and the most easily extension water-thrift irrigation technique. Size and shape of wetted volume and distribution of soil water content is foundation of drip irrigation system.The parameters can obtained by experiment,but it waste time and labor,besides,it may be produce large error during experiment. because of natural and artificial factors. Recent years,with the rapid development of computer science,appearing numerical simulation method of basing on the theory of unsaturated soil water dynamics, it have advantages of simple, rapid, and flexible.The research into clay loam, and sandy loam analyzed effects of dripper spacing, dripper discharge, soil texture and initial water content of soil on soil water infiltration of drip irrigation with two-point source, and test the model with field demonstration.The main conclusions are as follows:
(1)The relation between horizontal distance and vertical dimension of wetting front with infiltration time showing power function. The relation between horizontal transport velocity and vertical transport velocity of wetting front with infiltration time showing power function.
(2)To the drip irrigation of two-point source, intersection time of wetting front showing the increase of exponential function with the increase of dripper spacing.The effects of dripper spacing vertical to transport velocity of wetting front of the intersection place is significant,but transport velocity in place of emitter has little effect.
(3)With the increase of dripper spacing,shape of wetted volume Changing successively from an approximate hemispheroid to an approximate hemi anther sac, an approximate hemi peanut shell and two approximate hemispheroid. High moisture content region in wetted volume are becoming one from two. After drip irrigation(840 min),vertical dimension larger than horizontal distance.
(4) After drip irrigation,transport distance of wetting front decresed with the increase of dripper discharge,but the change law of high moisture content region is opposite.The change law of the fitting coefficients between transport distance of wetting front and infiltration time:infiltration index of vertical in place of emitter decresed with the increase of dripper discharge,but the change law of intersection is opposite. The change law of the fitting coefficients between transport velocity of wetting front and infiltration time: infiltration coefficients of level and vertical in place of emitter decresed with the decrease of dripper discharge,but the infiltration index is opposite.All others no obvious regular changes.
(5)Transport distance of wetting front in emitter and intersection,sandy loam soil higer than clay loam soil, and their difference increase with the increase of time. The wetting soil sandy loam soil higer than clay loam, but the volume of high moisture content region clay loam much higher than sandy loam soil. To clay loam, level and vertical distance of wetting front almost same. To sandy loam, vertical distance higer than level’s.
(6)Transport distance of wetting front,volume of wetting soil and volume of high moisture content region are increasing with the increase of initial water content of soil. The change law of the fitting coefficients between transport distance of wetting front and infiltration time: infiltration coefficient of level in place of emitter decresed with the increase of initial water content of soil, but intersection is opposite.Infiltration index of intersection decresed with the increase of initial water content of soil, all others are opposite.
(7) verified the model by the measurement of soil moisture content, migration distance of water front, and cumulative infiltration in laboratory test. The results showed that the simulation results agreed well with measurement values. It the software of HYDRUS3D and the three-dimensionalmodel of establishment can reflect the soil water movement of clay loam conditions under drip irrigation accurately.
(1)土壤湿润峰水平、垂直运移距离及水平、垂直运移速率均与入渗时间呈幂函数关系。
(2)对双点源滴灌,湿润峰交汇时间随着滴头间距的增大呈对数函数增大;交汇处湿润峰的运移速率受滴头间距的影响比较显著,而滴头处湿润峰的运移速率几乎不受滴头间距的影响。
(3)湿润体形状随着滴头间距的增加,依次从一个近似半球体、近似半药囊形、半花生壳形及两个分离的近似半球体转变,湿润体内高含水量区域也从2个逐渐转化为1个,滴灌结束时(840 min)垂直距离略大于水平距离。
(4)滴灌结束后,湿润峰运移距离随滴头流量的增加而呈减小趋势,高含水率区域的体积却相反;湿润峰运移距离与入渗时间拟合其系数的变化规律:滴头处垂直方向的入渗指数随滴头流量的增大而减小,而交汇处的却相反;湿润峰运移速率与入渗时间拟合其系数的变化规律:滴头处水平方向和垂直方向的入渗系数均随滴头流量的减小而减小,入渗指数却相反;其他的入渗系数和入渗指数均没有明显的变化趋势。
(5)滴头处和交汇面处的湿润峰运移距离,含砂量较大的砂壤土大于含砂量较小的,而且随着时间的增加两者的差值呈增大趋势;含砂量较大的砂壤土湿润体体积大于含砂量较小的,而含砂量较小的湿润体内高含水率区域的体积远大于砂壤土的,且呈不断增大的趋势;而含砂量较小的湿润体水平最大距离与垂直方向的相差不大,含砂量较大的砂壤土湿润体垂直最大距离大于水平距离。
(6)湿润峰运移距离、湿润体体积和湿润体内部高含水率区域体积均随土壤初始含水率的增加而增大;湿润峰运移距离与入渗时间拟合其系数的变化规律:滴头处水平方向的入渗系数随着土壤初始含水率的增大而减小,而交汇处的却相反;入渗指数除交汇处水平方向的随着土壤初始含水率的增大而减小,其他的均相反。
(7)应用土壤剖面含水率、湿润峰形状和总入渗量等指标对模拟值结果进行了试验验证,结果表明,模拟结果与实测值吻合较好,说明HYDRUS3D软件及相关模型能较准确地反映双点源滴灌入渗条件下粘壤土土壤水分运动规律。
Drip irrigation is one of the most mature and the most easily extension water-thrift irrigation technique. Size and shape of wetted volume and distribution of soil water content is foundation of drip irrigation system.The parameters can obtained by experiment,but it waste time and labor,besides,it may be produce large error during experiment. because of natural and artificial factors. Recent years,with the rapid development of computer science,appearing numerical simulation method of basing on the theory of unsaturated soil water dynamics, it have advantages of simple, rapid, and flexible.The research into clay loam, and sandy loam analyzed effects of dripper spacing, dripper discharge, soil texture and initial water content of soil on soil water infiltration of drip irrigation with two-point source, and test the model with field demonstration.The main conclusions are as follows:
(1)The relation between horizontal distance and vertical dimension of wetting front with infiltration time showing power function. The relation between horizontal transport velocity and vertical transport velocity of wetting front with infiltration time showing power function.
(2)To the drip irrigation of two-point source, intersection time of wetting front showing the increase of exponential function with the increase of dripper spacing.The effects of dripper spacing vertical to transport velocity of wetting front of the intersection place is significant,but transport velocity in place of emitter has little effect.
(3)With the increase of dripper spacing,shape of wetted volume Changing successively from an approximate hemispheroid to an approximate hemi anther sac, an approximate hemi peanut shell and two approximate hemispheroid. High moisture content region in wetted volume are becoming one from two. After drip irrigation(840 min),vertical dimension larger than horizontal distance.
(4) After drip irrigation,transport distance of wetting front decresed with the increase of dripper discharge,but the change law of high moisture content region is opposite.The change law of the fitting coefficients between transport distance of wetting front and infiltration time:infiltration index of vertical in place of emitter decresed with the increase of dripper discharge,but the change law of intersection is opposite. The change law of the fitting coefficients between transport velocity of wetting front and infiltration time: infiltration coefficients of level and vertical in place of emitter decresed with the decrease of dripper discharge,but the infiltration index is opposite.All others no obvious regular changes.
(5)Transport distance of wetting front in emitter and intersection,sandy loam soil higer than clay loam soil, and their difference increase with the increase of time. The wetting soil sandy loam soil higer than clay loam, but the volume of high moisture content region clay loam much higher than sandy loam soil. To clay loam, level and vertical distance of wetting front almost same. To sandy loam, vertical distance higer than level’s.
(6)Transport distance of wetting front,volume of wetting soil and volume of high moisture content region are increasing with the increase of initial water content of soil. The change law of the fitting coefficients between transport distance of wetting front and infiltration time: infiltration coefficient of level in place of emitter decresed with the increase of initial water content of soil, but intersection is opposite.Infiltration index of intersection decresed with the increase of initial water content of soil, all others are opposite.
(7) verified the model by the measurement of soil moisture content, migration distance of water front, and cumulative infiltration in laboratory test. The results showed that the simulation results agreed well with measurement values. It the software of HYDRUS3D and the three-dimensionalmodel of establishment can reflect the soil water movement of clay loam conditions under drip irrigation accurately.
引文
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Ben-Asher J,CharachC, ZemelA. 1986. Infiltration and water extraction from trickle irrigation source: the effective hemisphere model. Soil SciSocAm Proc,(50): 882-887.
Ben-Asher J,Lomen D O,Warrick A W. 1978. Linear and nonlinear models of infiltration from a point source .Soil Sci. Soc. Am, 42(1): 3-6.
Simunek J,van Genuchten , M. sejna.2007. The HYDRUS software package for simulating the two- and three-dimensional movement of water,heat,and multiple solutes in variably-saturated media(User Manual version 1.0).Calif: PC-Progress, Prague, Czech Republic: 43-44.
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Neuman S P. 1973.Saturated-unsaturated seepage by finite elements .Hydraulic Div ASCE, 99(12): 2233-2250.
T. H. Skaggs , T. J. Trout,J.Simunek ,and P. J. Shouse. 2004. Comparison of HYDRUS-2D Simulations of Drip Irrigation with Experimental Observations. Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering, 8(7): 304-310.
GardnerW R,MayhughM S. 1958. Solution and tests of the diffusion equation for themoremeat of water in soil. Soil Sci Amer. proc,(22): 197-201.