半旱地不同栽培模式下小麦—玉米轮作体系作物水肥利用特性研究
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摘要
肥和水是半旱地和旱地农业生产的两大限制因子。水资源总量不足,时空分布不均匀,是限制我国北方地区粮食产量提高的主要因素之一。高效利用水、肥资源是农业可持续发展的保证。因此,采取蓄水保墒栽培措施与有限灌溉相结合的半旱地农业栽培模式是北方夏玉米—冬小麦轮作地区农业发展的方向。为此,本研究以关中地区冬小麦—夏玉米轮作为研究对象,采用多年连续定位试验的方法研究了不同栽培模式下施用氮肥对夏玉米和冬小麦的籽粒产量和水分利用效率,作物收获后土壤硝态氮在土壤剖面累积和分布,以及冬小麦和夏玉米不同生长时期氮素的累积和转移,旨在为冬小麦和夏玉米轮作体系下作物高产及资源高效利用提供理论依据。取得的主要结果有:
1.通过6年平均产量来看,与常规模式相比,垄沟(垄上覆膜,沟内覆草)和覆草模式均显著增加了玉米籽粒产量,而对于小麦的增产未达显著水平,控水模式降低了玉米和小麦的产量。四种不同栽培模式对玉米-小麦6年总产量的贡献大小顺序为:垄沟>覆草>常规>控水,差异达显著水平。垄沟模式显著提高了玉米和小麦的水分利用效率;覆草和控水模式显著提高了玉米的水分利用效率,但对小麦水分利用效率的提高未达显著水平;不同栽培模式下玉米和小麦的总水分利用效率的大小顺序为:垄沟>覆草>控水>常规,差异达显著水平。与未施氮肥(N0)相比,施氮120 kg/hm2(N120)和240 kg/hm2(N240)显著提高了玉米、小麦的产量和水分利用效率,而两种施肥处理之间产量和水分利用效率差异不大。
2.经过5年的种植,不同栽培模式对土壤有机质和全氮含量的影响为:覆草>垄沟>常规>控水,其中覆草的增加幅度达显著水平;增施氮肥也不同程度提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量。经过12季玉米-小麦的轮作,不同栽培模式0~200 cm土壤剖面残留硝态氮数量的高低顺序为:垄沟>控水>覆草>常规,垄沟和控水比常规栽培硝态氮累积量增加达显著水平。随着种植年限和施氮量的增加,0~200 cm土壤中硝态氮累积量逐年增加;N240处理0~200 cm土壤硝态氮显著高于N120处理。不同施氮量下硝态氮在0~200 cm土壤剖面的分布趋势存在差异,与不施氮和N120处理相比,N240处理下各栽培模式在120 cm以下随深度的增加而显著增加。
3.通过对第十一季和十二季作物氮素的研究表明,除垄沟栽培模式显著增加了成熟期夏玉米的氮素累积量外,其余处理下成熟期夏玉米和冬小麦的氮素累积量差异未达显著水平。垄沟模式显著提高了玉米各个器官的氮素累积量;不同栽培模式下,小麦的各器官除叶片的氮素累积量差异达显著外,其余器官的氮素累积量均未达到显著水平。不同栽培模式下小麦各器官对籽粒氮素的贡献为:垄沟>常规>覆草>控水。与不施氮肥相比较,施氮处理(N120和N240)显著增加了作物氮素累积量;两个施氮肥水平相比,高氮处理显著提高了氮素累积量,但小麦花后营养器官氮素向籽粒转运和分配两个水平间无显著差异;随着氮肥用量的增加,氮肥利用效率和氮肥农学效率均呈现降低趋势。
Nutrient and water is two major limiting factors on semi-arid and arid farming. Water stress own to the lack of water resources and the uneven spatial and temporal distribution is one of the main limiting factors to increase food production in northern China. The key issue of sustainable agriculture is the efficient use of water and fertilizer. Therefore, combination of supplemental irrigation method on semi-dryland farming by different cultivation methods, is an option for the utilization of limited water resource in the summer maize/winter wheat rotation system in the northern China.
Therefore, a field continuous experiment was conducted in Guanzhong region of Shaanxi Province to study the effects of different cultivation methods and amount of N on grain yield of winter wheat and summer maize, water use efficiency, the accumulated amount and distribution of nitrate N in soil profiles after harvesting and nitrogen accumulation and transportation in the different growing seasons of summer maize and winter wheat. The experiment was aimed to provide a secientific theary basis for increasing grains yield and resource using effiency in the summer maize/winter wheat rotation system. The main conclusions included as follows:
1. The average yield of crop in the past 6-years showed the straw mulching and furrow planting cultivation patterns significantly increased the grain yields of summer maize, and had little effect on the yields of winter wheat compared to the conventional cultivation pattern. Water-controlled pattern decreased the yields of summer maize and winter wheat. The total grain yields of summer maize and winter wheat in the past 6-years decreased in the following order: furrow planting > straw mulching > conventional > water-controlled. Furrow planting pattern significantly increased water use efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize. Straw mulching and water-controlled patterns significantly increased the water use efficiency of summer maize, but had little effect on that of winter wheat. Total water use efficiency under winter wheat/summer maize rotation system decreased in the following order: furrow planting > straw mulching > water-controlled > conventional. Nitrogen rates at 120 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha significantly increased the yields and water use efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize compared to the no nitrogen fertilizer treatment, but the differences between nitrogen rates at 120 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha was not great.
2. After 5 years of planting, the organic matter and total nitrogen increased in the order: straw mulching > furrow planting > conventional > water-controlled, and straw mulching significantly increased the amount of organic matter and total nitrogen. The nitrogen application had significant impact on the organic matter and total nitrogen. After the 6 year of maize-wheat rotation cropping, the residual nitrate N in the 0~200 cm soil profiles increased as: furrow planting > water-controlled > straw mulching > conventional, and the accumulated nitrate N in the furrow planting and water-controlled treatment was higher than that in the conventional treatment. As the duration of the cultivation and the increases of nitrogen application, the accumulated nitrate N increased in the 0~200 cm soil profile; and the accumulated nitrate N in the N240 treatment was higher than that in the N120 treatment. The trend of nitrate N distribution was different in the different amount of nitrogen application. Contrary to the N120 and N0 treatment, the nitrate N content in the N240 treatment below 120 cm depth increased as the depth increased.
3. By the study of crop N on 11th and 12th season, the results showed that the furrow planting pattern significantly increased the N accumulation in summer-maize mature stage, whereas no effects of other treatments occurred on the N accumulation in the maize and winter wheat. At the same time, the N accumulation of different organs in maize was enhanced in the furrow planting treatment, and that of leaf section was significantly influenced by the different cultivation patterns. The N mobilization of different organs and their contributions to grain N increased in the order: furrow planting > conventional > straw mulching > water-controlled. Comparing with the control treatment, fertilizer applying (including 120 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha)raised the crop N accumulation. The N accumulation was significantly elevated in the higher fertilizer treatment in comparison with that of the lower fertilizer amount. However, no differences showed in the N contributions and partition processes between the two fertilizer treatments in the anthesis stage of winter wheat. The N use efficiency and N agronomic efficiency all appeared the fall- trend as the fertilizer amount increased.
1.通过6年平均产量来看,与常规模式相比,垄沟(垄上覆膜,沟内覆草)和覆草模式均显著增加了玉米籽粒产量,而对于小麦的增产未达显著水平,控水模式降低了玉米和小麦的产量。四种不同栽培模式对玉米-小麦6年总产量的贡献大小顺序为:垄沟>覆草>常规>控水,差异达显著水平。垄沟模式显著提高了玉米和小麦的水分利用效率;覆草和控水模式显著提高了玉米的水分利用效率,但对小麦水分利用效率的提高未达显著水平;不同栽培模式下玉米和小麦的总水分利用效率的大小顺序为:垄沟>覆草>控水>常规,差异达显著水平。与未施氮肥(N0)相比,施氮120 kg/hm2(N120)和240 kg/hm2(N240)显著提高了玉米、小麦的产量和水分利用效率,而两种施肥处理之间产量和水分利用效率差异不大。
2.经过5年的种植,不同栽培模式对土壤有机质和全氮含量的影响为:覆草>垄沟>常规>控水,其中覆草的增加幅度达显著水平;增施氮肥也不同程度提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量。经过12季玉米-小麦的轮作,不同栽培模式0~200 cm土壤剖面残留硝态氮数量的高低顺序为:垄沟>控水>覆草>常规,垄沟和控水比常规栽培硝态氮累积量增加达显著水平。随着种植年限和施氮量的增加,0~200 cm土壤中硝态氮累积量逐年增加;N240处理0~200 cm土壤硝态氮显著高于N120处理。不同施氮量下硝态氮在0~200 cm土壤剖面的分布趋势存在差异,与不施氮和N120处理相比,N240处理下各栽培模式在120 cm以下随深度的增加而显著增加。
3.通过对第十一季和十二季作物氮素的研究表明,除垄沟栽培模式显著增加了成熟期夏玉米的氮素累积量外,其余处理下成熟期夏玉米和冬小麦的氮素累积量差异未达显著水平。垄沟模式显著提高了玉米各个器官的氮素累积量;不同栽培模式下,小麦的各器官除叶片的氮素累积量差异达显著外,其余器官的氮素累积量均未达到显著水平。不同栽培模式下小麦各器官对籽粒氮素的贡献为:垄沟>常规>覆草>控水。与不施氮肥相比较,施氮处理(N120和N240)显著增加了作物氮素累积量;两个施氮肥水平相比,高氮处理显著提高了氮素累积量,但小麦花后营养器官氮素向籽粒转运和分配两个水平间无显著差异;随着氮肥用量的增加,氮肥利用效率和氮肥农学效率均呈现降低趋势。
Nutrient and water is two major limiting factors on semi-arid and arid farming. Water stress own to the lack of water resources and the uneven spatial and temporal distribution is one of the main limiting factors to increase food production in northern China. The key issue of sustainable agriculture is the efficient use of water and fertilizer. Therefore, combination of supplemental irrigation method on semi-dryland farming by different cultivation methods, is an option for the utilization of limited water resource in the summer maize/winter wheat rotation system in the northern China.
Therefore, a field continuous experiment was conducted in Guanzhong region of Shaanxi Province to study the effects of different cultivation methods and amount of N on grain yield of winter wheat and summer maize, water use efficiency, the accumulated amount and distribution of nitrate N in soil profiles after harvesting and nitrogen accumulation and transportation in the different growing seasons of summer maize and winter wheat. The experiment was aimed to provide a secientific theary basis for increasing grains yield and resource using effiency in the summer maize/winter wheat rotation system. The main conclusions included as follows:
1. The average yield of crop in the past 6-years showed the straw mulching and furrow planting cultivation patterns significantly increased the grain yields of summer maize, and had little effect on the yields of winter wheat compared to the conventional cultivation pattern. Water-controlled pattern decreased the yields of summer maize and winter wheat. The total grain yields of summer maize and winter wheat in the past 6-years decreased in the following order: furrow planting > straw mulching > conventional > water-controlled. Furrow planting pattern significantly increased water use efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize. Straw mulching and water-controlled patterns significantly increased the water use efficiency of summer maize, but had little effect on that of winter wheat. Total water use efficiency under winter wheat/summer maize rotation system decreased in the following order: furrow planting > straw mulching > water-controlled > conventional. Nitrogen rates at 120 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha significantly increased the yields and water use efficiency of winter wheat and summer maize compared to the no nitrogen fertilizer treatment, but the differences between nitrogen rates at 120 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha was not great.
2. After 5 years of planting, the organic matter and total nitrogen increased in the order: straw mulching > furrow planting > conventional > water-controlled, and straw mulching significantly increased the amount of organic matter and total nitrogen. The nitrogen application had significant impact on the organic matter and total nitrogen. After the 6 year of maize-wheat rotation cropping, the residual nitrate N in the 0~200 cm soil profiles increased as: furrow planting > water-controlled > straw mulching > conventional, and the accumulated nitrate N in the furrow planting and water-controlled treatment was higher than that in the conventional treatment. As the duration of the cultivation and the increases of nitrogen application, the accumulated nitrate N increased in the 0~200 cm soil profile; and the accumulated nitrate N in the N240 treatment was higher than that in the N120 treatment. The trend of nitrate N distribution was different in the different amount of nitrogen application. Contrary to the N120 and N0 treatment, the nitrate N content in the N240 treatment below 120 cm depth increased as the depth increased.
3. By the study of crop N on 11th and 12th season, the results showed that the furrow planting pattern significantly increased the N accumulation in summer-maize mature stage, whereas no effects of other treatments occurred on the N accumulation in the maize and winter wheat. At the same time, the N accumulation of different organs in maize was enhanced in the furrow planting treatment, and that of leaf section was significantly influenced by the different cultivation patterns. The N mobilization of different organs and their contributions to grain N increased in the order: furrow planting > conventional > straw mulching > water-controlled. Comparing with the control treatment, fertilizer applying (including 120 kg/ha and 240 kg/ha)raised the crop N accumulation. The N accumulation was significantly elevated in the higher fertilizer treatment in comparison with that of the lower fertilizer amount. However, no differences showed in the N contributions and partition processes between the two fertilizer treatments in the anthesis stage of winter wheat. The N use efficiency and N agronomic efficiency all appeared the fall- trend as the fertilizer amount increased.
引文
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