室内空气多态模拟及对流反演
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摘要
基于建筑通风、室内气态污染物传播、建筑围护结构热湿传递、室内工作区空气环境控制、恐怖毒气和火灾监测等实际工程需要,本文从室内空气多态对流行为、室内空气对流反演、室内空气对流谐振、室内空气双扩散对流行为等方面开展相应的基础研究工作。
首先,在相同物理边界和不同初始条件的约束下,室内将呈现多组不同的空气、热和污染物输运结构,即室内空气多态对流行为。在工程实践中,可以通过施加不同的初始条件实现人们所期望的空气流动和热质传递模式,如营造有利的工作区空气环境、抑制有害物扩散、以更小的风量获取更大的工作区空气置换能力等。本文采用CFD数值模拟和PIV水洞模型实验等方法,探讨了双扩散自然对流、建筑通风等过程出现的室内空气多态对流行为,并完成了如下有特色的工作:数值探讨了离散热源及污染源联合驱动的室内空气双扩散自然对流过程及其多态行为,并详细模拟和分析了浮升力比、热质源间距和热源强度对室内空气双扩散对流过程及其多态行为的影响;模拟结果表明,采用不同的初始条件和控制参数,可以实现各类工程所需的室内空气、热与污染物的对流传输模式;
数值模拟了具有三组通风口的真实建筑室内空气多态对流行为,分别探讨了入流风速、房间宽度和送风口离地高度对通风室内空气多态对流行为的影响;研究表明,室内通风多态行为与具体建筑高宽比和送风口高度有关;并且以较少的送风量能获得更高的室内工作区空气置换量;
采用PIV粒子图像测速系统非接触式地测量了真实建筑通风水洞实验模型室内流场,研究和验证了由送风速度变化所形成的通风室内空气多态对流行为。
其次,通常的CFD数值模拟过程都是依据边界条件、初始条件等确定室内空气流场分布。然而,实际工程实践往往需要根据室内部分监测或给定温度(浓度)值反演确定热源或污染源,即室内空气对流反演。对流反演研究为打击恐怖毒气袭击、预防火灾、按人员需求设计室内空气环境等提供了直接的理论依据。本文从共轭梯度方法出发,分别开展了室内空气自然对流反演、各向异性介质内空气自然对流反演和室内空气混合对流反演等多项创新研究工作,具体概述如下,
提出了室内空气自然对流反演问题,统一描述和求解任意区域内自然对流正问题、灵敏度问题以及伴随问题,并分别探讨了未知边界热流分布特性、温度传感器位置和数量、测量误差等对室内空气自然对流反演精度和效率的影响;
提出和研究各向异性介质内空气自然对流反演问题,分别探讨了室内固块导热系数、固块尺寸、传感器位置、未知热流分布特性和测量误差等对室内空气耦合对流反演精度和效率的影响;
提出和研究受外部通风和室内热浮升力联合作用的室内空气混合对流反演问题,分别探讨了外部通风强度、室内热源强度、热源分布特性等对室内混合对流空气和热输运过程的影响,并分析了流场控制参数、监测点位置和测量误差等因素对混合对流反演计算效率和精度的影响。
再次,相对受迫对流过程而言,室内空气自然对流过程具有零能耗、零噪音等优势,但热质输运能力太弱。然而,当室内空气自然对流系统受热脉冲作用,并且脉冲频率与系统本征频率接近,自然对流过程将出现谐振传热行为,系统换热系数和能力被显著地激励。建筑、太阳能集热器、电子设备等经常受周期性热脉冲作用,通过改变相关设置(如家具、内饰、集热器倾斜角度、器件布置等),营造或避免自然对流热谐振过程,为建筑隔热、太阳能采集、电子设备自然冷却等提供更高效的工作模式。基于此,本文开展了如下有特色的研究工作,
数值模拟和尺度解析了多组离散热源引起的室内空气自然对流谐振传热行为,并详细分析了室内空气流动及对流传热过程;数值模拟了室内空气耦合自然对流热谐振行为,分析了室内固体材料容积和导热性能对耦合自然对流谐振频率和生长过程的影响。
最后,室内空气双扩散对流行为广泛发生在建筑墙体热湿传递、食品加工和谷物储藏、空气过滤净化等过程中。本文提出了局部热源污染源联合驱动的多孔介质内空气双扩散自然对流问题,并运用尺度分析和数值模拟方法分析了局部源位置和尺寸对热浮力驱动流、质浮力协同流、质浮力对抗流等不同阶段的多孔介质内热质输运结构和性能的影响;研究结果为抑制建筑墙体热湿传递、优化设计空气过滤设备等提供了理论依据和指导。
Several fundamental studies, including multiple stable flows, inverse air convection, resonant heat transfer and double diffusive convection in porous media have been conducted in this dissertation, to satisfy the realistic requirements from building ventilation, airborne pollutant transport, migration of heat and moisture through envelop, control of indoor air environment, prediction of biological warfare agent release from a terrorist attack and hostile air environment.
Firstly, obeying unique boundary and operating conditions, multiple stable flows, i.e., two or more stable steady flow solutions could be obtained when different initial conditions are used. In practice, the expected airflow and heat and mass transport structures could be achieved upon imposing different initial conditions, which is used to create advantageous air environment in work zone, inhibit the diffusion of pollutants, and enhance the replacement ventilation. In this dissertation, the multiple steady solutions of natural convection and building ventilation are numerically and experimentally investigated.
A detailed numerical study has been conducted to investigate the steady double diffusive natural convection in a rectangular enclosure with the simultaneous presence of discrete heat and moisture sources. Numerical results are particularly presented to illustrate the effects of the buoyancy ratio, strip pitch and thermal Rayleigh number on the multiple steady flow patterns and the associated heat and mass transfer, for both destabilizing and stabilizing solutal buoyancy forces. Numerical results demonstrate that the expected fluid flow, heat and mass transport structures could be obtained upon imposing the corresponding initial conditions and parameters.
Three-dimensional nonlinear aerodynamic structures of airflow in a slot-ventilated compartment with three ports are revealed using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Numerical results are particularly presented to illustrate the effects of the inlet airflow velocity, enclosure width, and supplying ports elevation on the multiple flow patterns and the associated ventilation flow rates. It is shown that the room airflow rate can be promoted or inhibited, depending strongly on the jet velocity, enclosure width and elevation of supplying ports.
Three-dimensional nonlinear aerodynamic structures of airflow in a slot-ventilated compartment with three ports are observed using Particle image velocimetry (PIV) and water tunnel model. Particle image velocimetry (PIV), which is normally used for measuring velocities in liquids and gases, was adopted to measure velocities in flows and validate numerical simulation. Effect of inlet water velocities on the multiple fluid flows was also experimentally analyzed.
Secondly, the fluid flow field is usually calculated by CFD with the known boundary and initial conditions. However, unknown characteristics of heat and pollutant sources should be determined from the knowledge of the temperature or concentration measurements taken inside the flow through analyzing and calculating the inverse problem of indoor air convection. Numerical solution of inverse convection problem would directly contribute to enhancement of indoor air environment, refrainment from terrorist attack, and examination of hostile environment. In this dissertation, inverse natural convection in isotropic and anisotrpic medium and inverse mixed convection have been numerically conducted, where the unknown profiles of heat flux along a vertical wall are determined with the known boundary conditions and the measured temperatures inside the domain.
An iterative Fletcher-Reeves conjugate gradient method is firstly adopted to estimate the boundary heat fluxes in a fluid-saturated enclosure, where the fluid flow is dynamically coupled with the heat convection of Ra≤107. The sets of direct, sensitivity and adjoint equations required for the solution of the inverse problem are formulated in terms of an arbitrary domain in two dimensions. The pressure-correction method is utilized to solve the continuum direct, sensitivity and adjoint problems by enforcing global mass and energy conservations. The effects of position and number of temperature sensors, heat flux profiles and noise data on the solution of inverse convection problem are also addressed.
A numerical implementation of estimating boundary heat fluxes in an enclosure saturated with anisotropic medium is subsequently proposed. Particularly, the flow field is dynamically coupled with the heat convection in the fluid and the heat conduction in the solid domain. The accuracy of the heat flux profile estimations is shown to depend strongly on the body size and relative thermal conductivity of the solid material. Effects of functional form of the unknowns, sensors number and position, and measurement errors on the accuracy of estimation are also highlighted.
An inverse mixed convection problem, combing with internal buoyancy flow and external forced flow, is solved using the Fletcher-Reeves conjugate gradient method to estimate the unknown boundary heat flux in a ventilated room. The interactions between forced and free convections are studied with plots of vectors, streamlines, isotherms and heatlines. The accuracy of the heat flux profile estimations is shown to depend strongly on the external flow intensity, thermal source strength, heat flux profile, sensor position, and measurement errors.
Thirdly, natural convection affords a means of thermal control, which eliminates the fan or pumps for forced convection and provides a noise- and vibration-free environment. However, natural convection is not an effective mode of heat transfer, and compared to forced convection or boiling, associated thermal resistances are large. Fortunately, resonance is the best way to improve the heat transfer performance of natural convection. Resonance is a phenomenon associated with the eigenmodes of a system, which is essentially independent of the kind of external forcing imposed. If the system is exposed to an external forcing with the correct natural frequency, resonance takes place in which the eigenmodes are excited and amplified. The increasing interest of natural convection in an enclosure with time-periodic boundary conditions is attributable to the relevance of such transient processes in many technological applications, including the electronic apparatus design problem, the fluid motion in rooms and solar collectors heated periodically by the daily solar radiation.
In this dissertation, two-dimensional calculation and theoretical analysis have been firstly performed for laminar natural convection induced by two discrete heating elements flush-mounted to one vertical wall of a square enclosure. Scale analysis predicts the resonance frequency and points out that geometry and property of fluid could affect the resonance frequency markedly. Mechanical details of fluid flow and average heat transfer characteristics across heaters and centerline of the enclosure are scrutinized. Apart from these, conjugate natural convection heat transfer in an enclosure subject to periodic temperature boundary conditions is also investigated. A close inspection is concentrated on the effects of the body size and thermal conductivity ratio on the resonant frequencies for unsteady state. The results are presented in terms of amplitude of cycle averaged Nusselt number, fluctuating velocity and temperature contours and its intensity.
Finally, double diffusive natural convection in porous medium is numerically and analytically studied, whose flows resulting from the combined action of both temperature and concentration has surged in view of its fundamental importance in various engineering problems. Prominent among these are the migration of moisture through air contained in fibrous insulation, contaminant transport in saturated soils, grain storage, food processing and storage, to name just a few. This dissertation reports a numerical and analytical study of natural convective heat and mass transfer through a vertical porous layer subjected to localized heating and salting from one side, which has received considerable attention for porous insulation, grain storage and food processing. Streamlines, heatlines and masslines in the system are produced to elucidate the flow structure transition from solutal-dominated opposing to thermal dominated and solutal-dominated aiding flows, respectively. At the same time, the scale analysis sorts out successfully many effects that influence the outcome of discrete numerical experiments. This study is significant for optimizing the building heat transfer, designing filters and solar collectors.
首先,在相同物理边界和不同初始条件的约束下,室内将呈现多组不同的空气、热和污染物输运结构,即室内空气多态对流行为。在工程实践中,可以通过施加不同的初始条件实现人们所期望的空气流动和热质传递模式,如营造有利的工作区空气环境、抑制有害物扩散、以更小的风量获取更大的工作区空气置换能力等。本文采用CFD数值模拟和PIV水洞模型实验等方法,探讨了双扩散自然对流、建筑通风等过程出现的室内空气多态对流行为,并完成了如下有特色的工作:数值探讨了离散热源及污染源联合驱动的室内空气双扩散自然对流过程及其多态行为,并详细模拟和分析了浮升力比、热质源间距和热源强度对室内空气双扩散对流过程及其多态行为的影响;模拟结果表明,采用不同的初始条件和控制参数,可以实现各类工程所需的室内空气、热与污染物的对流传输模式;
数值模拟了具有三组通风口的真实建筑室内空气多态对流行为,分别探讨了入流风速、房间宽度和送风口离地高度对通风室内空气多态对流行为的影响;研究表明,室内通风多态行为与具体建筑高宽比和送风口高度有关;并且以较少的送风量能获得更高的室内工作区空气置换量;
采用PIV粒子图像测速系统非接触式地测量了真实建筑通风水洞实验模型室内流场,研究和验证了由送风速度变化所形成的通风室内空气多态对流行为。
其次,通常的CFD数值模拟过程都是依据边界条件、初始条件等确定室内空气流场分布。然而,实际工程实践往往需要根据室内部分监测或给定温度(浓度)值反演确定热源或污染源,即室内空气对流反演。对流反演研究为打击恐怖毒气袭击、预防火灾、按人员需求设计室内空气环境等提供了直接的理论依据。本文从共轭梯度方法出发,分别开展了室内空气自然对流反演、各向异性介质内空气自然对流反演和室内空气混合对流反演等多项创新研究工作,具体概述如下,
提出了室内空气自然对流反演问题,统一描述和求解任意区域内自然对流正问题、灵敏度问题以及伴随问题,并分别探讨了未知边界热流分布特性、温度传感器位置和数量、测量误差等对室内空气自然对流反演精度和效率的影响;
提出和研究各向异性介质内空气自然对流反演问题,分别探讨了室内固块导热系数、固块尺寸、传感器位置、未知热流分布特性和测量误差等对室内空气耦合对流反演精度和效率的影响;
提出和研究受外部通风和室内热浮升力联合作用的室内空气混合对流反演问题,分别探讨了外部通风强度、室内热源强度、热源分布特性等对室内混合对流空气和热输运过程的影响,并分析了流场控制参数、监测点位置和测量误差等因素对混合对流反演计算效率和精度的影响。
再次,相对受迫对流过程而言,室内空气自然对流过程具有零能耗、零噪音等优势,但热质输运能力太弱。然而,当室内空气自然对流系统受热脉冲作用,并且脉冲频率与系统本征频率接近,自然对流过程将出现谐振传热行为,系统换热系数和能力被显著地激励。建筑、太阳能集热器、电子设备等经常受周期性热脉冲作用,通过改变相关设置(如家具、内饰、集热器倾斜角度、器件布置等),营造或避免自然对流热谐振过程,为建筑隔热、太阳能采集、电子设备自然冷却等提供更高效的工作模式。基于此,本文开展了如下有特色的研究工作,
数值模拟和尺度解析了多组离散热源引起的室内空气自然对流谐振传热行为,并详细分析了室内空气流动及对流传热过程;数值模拟了室内空气耦合自然对流热谐振行为,分析了室内固体材料容积和导热性能对耦合自然对流谐振频率和生长过程的影响。
最后,室内空气双扩散对流行为广泛发生在建筑墙体热湿传递、食品加工和谷物储藏、空气过滤净化等过程中。本文提出了局部热源污染源联合驱动的多孔介质内空气双扩散自然对流问题,并运用尺度分析和数值模拟方法分析了局部源位置和尺寸对热浮力驱动流、质浮力协同流、质浮力对抗流等不同阶段的多孔介质内热质输运结构和性能的影响;研究结果为抑制建筑墙体热湿传递、优化设计空气过滤设备等提供了理论依据和指导。
Several fundamental studies, including multiple stable flows, inverse air convection, resonant heat transfer and double diffusive convection in porous media have been conducted in this dissertation, to satisfy the realistic requirements from building ventilation, airborne pollutant transport, migration of heat and moisture through envelop, control of indoor air environment, prediction of biological warfare agent release from a terrorist attack and hostile air environment.
Firstly, obeying unique boundary and operating conditions, multiple stable flows, i.e., two or more stable steady flow solutions could be obtained when different initial conditions are used. In practice, the expected airflow and heat and mass transport structures could be achieved upon imposing different initial conditions, which is used to create advantageous air environment in work zone, inhibit the diffusion of pollutants, and enhance the replacement ventilation. In this dissertation, the multiple steady solutions of natural convection and building ventilation are numerically and experimentally investigated.
A detailed numerical study has been conducted to investigate the steady double diffusive natural convection in a rectangular enclosure with the simultaneous presence of discrete heat and moisture sources. Numerical results are particularly presented to illustrate the effects of the buoyancy ratio, strip pitch and thermal Rayleigh number on the multiple steady flow patterns and the associated heat and mass transfer, for both destabilizing and stabilizing solutal buoyancy forces. Numerical results demonstrate that the expected fluid flow, heat and mass transport structures could be obtained upon imposing the corresponding initial conditions and parameters.
Three-dimensional nonlinear aerodynamic structures of airflow in a slot-ventilated compartment with three ports are revealed using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Numerical results are particularly presented to illustrate the effects of the inlet airflow velocity, enclosure width, and supplying ports elevation on the multiple flow patterns and the associated ventilation flow rates. It is shown that the room airflow rate can be promoted or inhibited, depending strongly on the jet velocity, enclosure width and elevation of supplying ports.
Three-dimensional nonlinear aerodynamic structures of airflow in a slot-ventilated compartment with three ports are observed using Particle image velocimetry (PIV) and water tunnel model. Particle image velocimetry (PIV), which is normally used for measuring velocities in liquids and gases, was adopted to measure velocities in flows and validate numerical simulation. Effect of inlet water velocities on the multiple fluid flows was also experimentally analyzed.
Secondly, the fluid flow field is usually calculated by CFD with the known boundary and initial conditions. However, unknown characteristics of heat and pollutant sources should be determined from the knowledge of the temperature or concentration measurements taken inside the flow through analyzing and calculating the inverse problem of indoor air convection. Numerical solution of inverse convection problem would directly contribute to enhancement of indoor air environment, refrainment from terrorist attack, and examination of hostile environment. In this dissertation, inverse natural convection in isotropic and anisotrpic medium and inverse mixed convection have been numerically conducted, where the unknown profiles of heat flux along a vertical wall are determined with the known boundary conditions and the measured temperatures inside the domain.
An iterative Fletcher-Reeves conjugate gradient method is firstly adopted to estimate the boundary heat fluxes in a fluid-saturated enclosure, where the fluid flow is dynamically coupled with the heat convection of Ra≤107. The sets of direct, sensitivity and adjoint equations required for the solution of the inverse problem are formulated in terms of an arbitrary domain in two dimensions. The pressure-correction method is utilized to solve the continuum direct, sensitivity and adjoint problems by enforcing global mass and energy conservations. The effects of position and number of temperature sensors, heat flux profiles and noise data on the solution of inverse convection problem are also addressed.
A numerical implementation of estimating boundary heat fluxes in an enclosure saturated with anisotropic medium is subsequently proposed. Particularly, the flow field is dynamically coupled with the heat convection in the fluid and the heat conduction in the solid domain. The accuracy of the heat flux profile estimations is shown to depend strongly on the body size and relative thermal conductivity of the solid material. Effects of functional form of the unknowns, sensors number and position, and measurement errors on the accuracy of estimation are also highlighted.
An inverse mixed convection problem, combing with internal buoyancy flow and external forced flow, is solved using the Fletcher-Reeves conjugate gradient method to estimate the unknown boundary heat flux in a ventilated room. The interactions between forced and free convections are studied with plots of vectors, streamlines, isotherms and heatlines. The accuracy of the heat flux profile estimations is shown to depend strongly on the external flow intensity, thermal source strength, heat flux profile, sensor position, and measurement errors.
Thirdly, natural convection affords a means of thermal control, which eliminates the fan or pumps for forced convection and provides a noise- and vibration-free environment. However, natural convection is not an effective mode of heat transfer, and compared to forced convection or boiling, associated thermal resistances are large. Fortunately, resonance is the best way to improve the heat transfer performance of natural convection. Resonance is a phenomenon associated with the eigenmodes of a system, which is essentially independent of the kind of external forcing imposed. If the system is exposed to an external forcing with the correct natural frequency, resonance takes place in which the eigenmodes are excited and amplified. The increasing interest of natural convection in an enclosure with time-periodic boundary conditions is attributable to the relevance of such transient processes in many technological applications, including the electronic apparatus design problem, the fluid motion in rooms and solar collectors heated periodically by the daily solar radiation.
In this dissertation, two-dimensional calculation and theoretical analysis have been firstly performed for laminar natural convection induced by two discrete heating elements flush-mounted to one vertical wall of a square enclosure. Scale analysis predicts the resonance frequency and points out that geometry and property of fluid could affect the resonance frequency markedly. Mechanical details of fluid flow and average heat transfer characteristics across heaters and centerline of the enclosure are scrutinized. Apart from these, conjugate natural convection heat transfer in an enclosure subject to periodic temperature boundary conditions is also investigated. A close inspection is concentrated on the effects of the body size and thermal conductivity ratio on the resonant frequencies for unsteady state. The results are presented in terms of amplitude of cycle averaged Nusselt number, fluctuating velocity and temperature contours and its intensity.
Finally, double diffusive natural convection in porous medium is numerically and analytically studied, whose flows resulting from the combined action of both temperature and concentration has surged in view of its fundamental importance in various engineering problems. Prominent among these are the migration of moisture through air contained in fibrous insulation, contaminant transport in saturated soils, grain storage, food processing and storage, to name just a few. This dissertation reports a numerical and analytical study of natural convective heat and mass transfer through a vertical porous layer subjected to localized heating and salting from one side, which has received considerable attention for porous insulation, grain storage and food processing. Streamlines, heatlines and masslines in the system are produced to elucidate the flow structure transition from solutal-dominated opposing to thermal dominated and solutal-dominated aiding flows, respectively. At the same time, the scale analysis sorts out successfully many effects that influence the outcome of discrete numerical experiments. This study is significant for optimizing the building heat transfer, designing filters and solar collectors.
引文
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