发动机二级系统总体方案设计及性能仿真分析
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摘要
随着海拔高度的增加,大气压力降低,空气密度下降,这将对发动机的动力性和经济性产生很大的影响。目前,增压技术已成为高海拔环境下发动机功率恢复最为有效的技术手段之一。由于小型航空活塞式汽油发动机飞行高度日益提高的需要,单级增压系统已经不能满足要求,因此有必要对二级增压系统进行深入的研究。
本文在对发动机二级增压系统现有技术方案及其应用情况进行分析的基础上,提出了适合本课题研究的发动机特点和要求的三种二级增压系统总体方案,即可调二级增压系统方案、带旁通阀的可调二级增压系统方案及二级相继增压系统方案,并对提出的二级增压系统总体方案进行了比较与分析。建立了航空汽油发动机与原机单级增压系统匹配的仿真模型,利用该模型进行了原机性能及其与单级增压系统匹配的仿真计算与分析；建立了发动机与三种二级增压系统匹配的仿真模型,在此基础上对不同增压系统方案下的发动机性能、增压器工作情况、放气阀及旁通阀的放气规律等进行了仿真计算与分析。
计算结果表明,在单级增压系统的基础上,采用二级增压系统能够获得更大的压比输出,但同时发动机的进气温度也急剧上升,采用两台中冷器分别布置在高低压级压气机之后对进气进行分级冷却可以达到较好的进气冷却效果,从而有效提升发动机在起飞工况和最大续航工况下的压比临界海拔高度,在可调二级增压系统中低压级涡轮首先达到了其最大流量,限制了压比的继续提升；带旁通阀的可调二级增压系统通过在低压级涡轮上增设旁通阀,可以使增压系统获得更大的压比输出,其临界海拔高度得到进一步提升；采用二级相继增压系统,当发动机在较低海拔运行时可以有效提高压气机效率,同时排气管路更为简化,发动机油耗更低,经济性得以提升。
As the altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, air density decreases, which will have a huge impact on the power and economy of the aeroengine. At present, the supercharger technology has become the most effective means of the high-altitude environment engine to restore its power. As the UAV altitude increasing needs, the single stage turbocharging system can not meet it, so it is essential to do some deep research on the two-stage turbocharging system.
Based on the research of the existing two-stage turbocharging system on the engine and its application,this paper proposed three kinds of two-stage turbocharging system according to the characteristics and requirements of the specific engine, that is the regulated two-stage turbocharging system, the regulated two-stage turbocharging system with bypass valve and the sequential two-stage turbocharging system, then did some comparison on them. Using the software simulation method, firstly set up the matching simulation model of the aviation gasoline engine with original single-stage turbocharging system. On the model, the performance of the original engine and its matching characteristics with the single-stage turbocharging system was calculated; then build the matching simulation model of engine with the two-stage turbocharging system, and the engine performance, supercharger going, release valve and bypass valve discharge gas discipline, etc under different programs had been calculated.
The results show that on the basis of a single-stage turbocharging system, using two-stage turbocharing system it could provide a bigger pressure ratio, but the engine inlet temperature rised sharply. So two coolers were arranged after the compressors in the high and the low grade to achieve a better cooling effect, so as to effectively improve the engine altitude during take-off condition and the maximum endurance condition. As to the adjustable two-stage turbocharging system, the turbine of first stage firstly reached its maximum flow rate, which limited the pressure ratio improving.As to the adjustable two-stage turbocharging system with bypass valve, it can make a further bigger pressure ratio so as to a further higher altitude of the engine. Using two-stage sequential turbocharging system, when the engine runs at a lower altitude, it can greatly improve compressor efficiency and with a more simplified exhaust system, the engine fuel consumption can get even lower, economical efficiency can be improved.
本文在对发动机二级增压系统现有技术方案及其应用情况进行分析的基础上,提出了适合本课题研究的发动机特点和要求的三种二级增压系统总体方案,即可调二级增压系统方案、带旁通阀的可调二级增压系统方案及二级相继增压系统方案,并对提出的二级增压系统总体方案进行了比较与分析。建立了航空汽油发动机与原机单级增压系统匹配的仿真模型,利用该模型进行了原机性能及其与单级增压系统匹配的仿真计算与分析；建立了发动机与三种二级增压系统匹配的仿真模型,在此基础上对不同增压系统方案下的发动机性能、增压器工作情况、放气阀及旁通阀的放气规律等进行了仿真计算与分析。
计算结果表明,在单级增压系统的基础上,采用二级增压系统能够获得更大的压比输出,但同时发动机的进气温度也急剧上升,采用两台中冷器分别布置在高低压级压气机之后对进气进行分级冷却可以达到较好的进气冷却效果,从而有效提升发动机在起飞工况和最大续航工况下的压比临界海拔高度,在可调二级增压系统中低压级涡轮首先达到了其最大流量,限制了压比的继续提升；带旁通阀的可调二级增压系统通过在低压级涡轮上增设旁通阀,可以使增压系统获得更大的压比输出,其临界海拔高度得到进一步提升；采用二级相继增压系统,当发动机在较低海拔运行时可以有效提高压气机效率,同时排气管路更为简化,发动机油耗更低,经济性得以提升。
As the altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, air density decreases, which will have a huge impact on the power and economy of the aeroengine. At present, the supercharger technology has become the most effective means of the high-altitude environment engine to restore its power. As the UAV altitude increasing needs, the single stage turbocharging system can not meet it, so it is essential to do some deep research on the two-stage turbocharging system.
Based on the research of the existing two-stage turbocharging system on the engine and its application,this paper proposed three kinds of two-stage turbocharging system according to the characteristics and requirements of the specific engine, that is the regulated two-stage turbocharging system, the regulated two-stage turbocharging system with bypass valve and the sequential two-stage turbocharging system, then did some comparison on them. Using the software simulation method, firstly set up the matching simulation model of the aviation gasoline engine with original single-stage turbocharging system. On the model, the performance of the original engine and its matching characteristics with the single-stage turbocharging system was calculated; then build the matching simulation model of engine with the two-stage turbocharging system, and the engine performance, supercharger going, release valve and bypass valve discharge gas discipline, etc under different programs had been calculated.
The results show that on the basis of a single-stage turbocharging system, using two-stage turbocharing system it could provide a bigger pressure ratio, but the engine inlet temperature rised sharply. So two coolers were arranged after the compressors in the high and the low grade to achieve a better cooling effect, so as to effectively improve the engine altitude during take-off condition and the maximum endurance condition. As to the adjustable two-stage turbocharging system, the turbine of first stage firstly reached its maximum flow rate, which limited the pressure ratio improving.As to the adjustable two-stage turbocharging system with bypass valve, it can make a further bigger pressure ratio so as to a further higher altitude of the engine. Using two-stage sequential turbocharging system, when the engine runs at a lower altitude, it can greatly improve compressor efficiency and with a more simplified exhaust system, the engine fuel consumption can get even lower, economical efficiency can be improved.
引文
[1]刘艳华,孙颖,孙智孝.活塞发动机与无人机性能匹配分析[J].飞机设计,2007,27(4)：10-30.
[2]秦博,王蕾.小型航空活塞式汽油发动机发展综述[J].情报交流,2002(8)：4-10.
[3]Von Woifgang Rudeert und Gerd-Michael Wolters. Baureihe 596 Die neue Motoreneration Von MTU-Teill. MTZ Motortchische Zeitschrft 52.1996,6.
[4]Von Woifgang Rudeert und Gerd-Michael Wolters. Baureihe 596 Die neue Motoreneration Von MTU-Teil2. MTZ Motortchische Zeitschrft 52.1992,11.
[5]H.Dinger等.MTU956、1163系列柴油机的进一步发展.CIMAC,1987,14:3-7.
[6]Herring P. Sequential turbocharging of the MTU1163 Engine [J]. Trans. I. Mar. E, 1998,1:145-156.
[7]任自中,冯明志,李江等.高增压系统相继增压技术的试验研究[J].柴油机,2001，23(6)：18-23.
[8]王银燕,高维成,赵建平等.应用MPC-相继增压系统改善船用柴油机低负荷性能的研究[J].内燃机学报,1994,17(1)：13-17.
[9]魏名山,季凯,马朝臣.车用柴油机的二级增压[J].·设计·计算·研究,2005(1)：25-28.
[10]BMW AG BMW Innovation Revolutionising Deisel Technology. www. Germancarfans. com /news. efm/newsid/2040218.001.
[11]Borila Y G Optimisation of the Sequentially Turbocharged Highly-Rated Truck Diesel Engine with Turbochargers of Unequal Size and a Pulse Converter,IMechE, C105/86,1986.
[12]Tashima S1. Development of Sequential Twin Turbo System for Rotary Engine, SAE 910624.
[13]陈炳贻.利用涡轮增压技术提高航空发动机性能[J].航空科学技术,1998(3)：13-15.
[14]陈晓梅.PA6柴油机相继增压控制系统的研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学,2000.
[151王贺春.TBD234V12柴油机相继增压技术研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学,2004.
[16]胡宗杰.机车柴油机相继增压系统研究[D].大连铁道学院,2002.
[17]王俊平.内燃机车柴油机相继增压系统研究[D].南京理工大学,2004.
[18]赵鹏.二级涡轮增压器与无人机发动机的匹配研究[D].北京航空航天大学,2007.
[19]Zhang Zhe; Wang Xi-Bo; Deng Kang-Yao. Experimental investigation on performance of vehicle diesel engine with sequential turbocharging system. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology (English Edition),2006,15(SUPPL):46-52.
[20]Wang He-Chun; Wang Yin-Yan; Liu Pi-Ren, et al.. Experimental research on the marine V type high-speed diesel engine using sequential turbocharging system. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology (English Edition),2006,15(SUPPL):59-64.
[21]Wang He-Chun; Nie Zhi-Bin; Liu Pi-Ren, et al.. Experimental research on low load performance of a diesel using a sequential turbocharging system. Harbin Gongcheng Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Harbin Engineering University,2007,28(8):870-874.
[22]Galindo Jose; Climent Hector; Guardiola, Carlos, et al.. Assessment of a sequentially turbocharged diesel engine on real-life driving cycles. International Journal of Vehicle Design, 2009,49(3):214-234.
[23]Chesse Pascal; Hetet Jean-Francois; Tauzia Xavier, et al.. Performance simulation of sequentially turbocharged marine diesel engines with applications to compressor surge. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Internal Combustion Engine Division (Publication) ICE,1998,30(2):31-40.
[24]Wang Wei-Cai; Wang Yin-Yan; Zhang Peng-Qi, et al.. Calculation and analysis of the sequentially turbocharged diesel engine with intake and exhaust by-pass system. Neiranji Gongcheng/Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2007,28(2):72-75.
[25]Wang Wei-Cai; Wang Yin-Yan; Wang He-Chun. Study on waste gate of turbocharged diesel engine under high load condition based on MATLAB. Neiranji Gongcheng/Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2007,28(5):59-62..
[26]Chen Yu-Tao; Zeng Fan-Ming; Wu Jia-Ming, et al.. Optimization of control strategy for a CODAD propulsion plant with sequential turbo-charged diesel engine. Neiranji Gongcheng/Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2007,28(5):52-55.
[27]Wang Yin-Yan; Du Jian-Wei; Wang He-Chun, et al.. Simulation of engine and control system based on GT-power and simulink. Xitong Fangzhen Xuebao/Journal of System Simulation, 2008,20(16):4379-4386.
[28]Shu Yong; Van Nieuwstadt Michiel. Two-stage turbocharger modeling for engine control and estimation. ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,2007(16): 243-252.
[29]Arnold S D; Slupski Kevin; Groskreutz Mark. Advanced turbocharging technologies for heavy-duty diesel engines[C]. SAE Paper,2001-01-3260,2001.
[30]Sylvain Saulnier; Stephane Guilain. Computation study of diesel engine downsizing using two-stage turbocharging[C]. SAE Paper,2004-01-0929,2004.
[31]Cantemir Codrin-Gruie. Twin turbo strategy operation[C]. SAE Paper,2001-01-0666,2001.
[32]fluger Frank. Regulated two-stage turbocharging-KKK's new charging system for commercial diesel engines[C].6th International Conference on Turbocharging and Air, London,1998.
[33]Kech JM,Klotz H. Model-based sequential turbocharging optimization for series 8000 M70/M90 engines[C]. SAE Paper,2002-01-0378,2002.
[34]Ren Z; Campbell T; Yang J. Investigation on a computer-controlled sequential turbocharging system for medium-speed diesel engines[C]. SAE Paper,1998-01-1480,1998.
[35]Mazuran Mario. Some problems of sequential turbocharging of diesel engines for racing boat[C]. SAE Paper,2000-01-0528,2000.
[36]Czerny L; Klotz H; Ruck J, et al.. Advanced turbo-chargers for high-performance supercharging systems[C]. CMAC, Hamburg,2000.
[37]Bens on R S, Svetnicka F V. Two-stage turbocharging of dieselengines:a matching procedure and an experimental investigation[R]. SAE Technical Papers,1974-01-0740,1974.
[38]张哲,王希波,邓康耀.相继涡轮增压系统对D6114型柴油机性能的影响[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(5)：30-35.
[39]任自中.柴油机相继增压系统的理论与试验研究[J].内燃机工程,2001，23(1)：32-37.
[40]王希波,张哲,邓康耀.相继增压柴油机切换过程瞬态特性实验系统[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(7)：46-48.
[41]黄锦星.MTU20V8000M71型高速柴油机研发介绍[J].柴油机,2009,31(2)：5-12.
[42]张海波,刘新田,邓康耀.柴油机两级相继涡轮增压系统研究[J].小型内燃机与摩托车,2009,38(1)：21-50.
[43]冯志明,吴珊,任自中等.柴油机相继增压控制阀及其电控系统的研制[J].柴油机,2002(1)：22-49.
[44]杨世友,顾宏中,郭中朝.大功率16缸柴油机采用相继涡轮增压系统的模拟计算及研究[J].中高造船,2002,43(1)：81-87.
[45]王银燕,李晓波,王东旭.带有旁通补燃的相继增压柴油机的计算分析[J].哈尔滨工程大学学报,1999,20(1)：36-40.
[46]王伟才,王银燕,王贺春.相继增压柴油机进排气系统建模与增压器切换点计算分析[J].应用科技,2005,32(5)：46-48.
[47]朱大鑫.涡轮增压与涡轮增压器[M].北京：机械工业出版社,1992.
[2]秦博,王蕾.小型航空活塞式汽油发动机发展综述[J].情报交流,2002(8)：4-10.
[3]Von Woifgang Rudeert und Gerd-Michael Wolters. Baureihe 596 Die neue Motoreneration Von MTU-Teill. MTZ Motortchische Zeitschrft 52.1996,6.
[4]Von Woifgang Rudeert und Gerd-Michael Wolters. Baureihe 596 Die neue Motoreneration Von MTU-Teil2. MTZ Motortchische Zeitschrft 52.1992,11.
[5]H.Dinger等.MTU956、1163系列柴油机的进一步发展.CIMAC,1987,14:3-7.
[6]Herring P. Sequential turbocharging of the MTU1163 Engine [J]. Trans. I. Mar. E, 1998,1:145-156.
[7]任自中,冯明志,李江等.高增压系统相继增压技术的试验研究[J].柴油机,2001，23(6)：18-23.
[8]王银燕,高维成,赵建平等.应用MPC-相继增压系统改善船用柴油机低负荷性能的研究[J].内燃机学报,1994,17(1)：13-17.
[9]魏名山,季凯,马朝臣.车用柴油机的二级增压[J].·设计·计算·研究,2005(1)：25-28.
[10]BMW AG BMW Innovation Revolutionising Deisel Technology. www. Germancarfans. com /news. efm/newsid/2040218.001.
[11]Borila Y G Optimisation of the Sequentially Turbocharged Highly-Rated Truck Diesel Engine with Turbochargers of Unequal Size and a Pulse Converter,IMechE, C105/86,1986.
[12]Tashima S1. Development of Sequential Twin Turbo System for Rotary Engine, SAE 910624.
[13]陈炳贻.利用涡轮增压技术提高航空发动机性能[J].航空科学技术,1998(3)：13-15.
[14]陈晓梅.PA6柴油机相继增压控制系统的研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学,2000.
[151王贺春.TBD234V12柴油机相继增压技术研究[D].哈尔滨工程大学,2004.
[16]胡宗杰.机车柴油机相继增压系统研究[D].大连铁道学院,2002.
[17]王俊平.内燃机车柴油机相继增压系统研究[D].南京理工大学,2004.
[18]赵鹏.二级涡轮增压器与无人机发动机的匹配研究[D].北京航空航天大学,2007.
[19]Zhang Zhe; Wang Xi-Bo; Deng Kang-Yao. Experimental investigation on performance of vehicle diesel engine with sequential turbocharging system. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology (English Edition),2006,15(SUPPL):46-52.
[20]Wang He-Chun; Wang Yin-Yan; Liu Pi-Ren, et al.. Experimental research on the marine V type high-speed diesel engine using sequential turbocharging system. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology (English Edition),2006,15(SUPPL):59-64.
[21]Wang He-Chun; Nie Zhi-Bin; Liu Pi-Ren, et al.. Experimental research on low load performance of a diesel using a sequential turbocharging system. Harbin Gongcheng Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Harbin Engineering University,2007,28(8):870-874.
[22]Galindo Jose; Climent Hector; Guardiola, Carlos, et al.. Assessment of a sequentially turbocharged diesel engine on real-life driving cycles. International Journal of Vehicle Design, 2009,49(3):214-234.
[23]Chesse Pascal; Hetet Jean-Francois; Tauzia Xavier, et al.. Performance simulation of sequentially turbocharged marine diesel engines with applications to compressor surge. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Internal Combustion Engine Division (Publication) ICE,1998,30(2):31-40.
[24]Wang Wei-Cai; Wang Yin-Yan; Zhang Peng-Qi, et al.. Calculation and analysis of the sequentially turbocharged diesel engine with intake and exhaust by-pass system. Neiranji Gongcheng/Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2007,28(2):72-75.
[25]Wang Wei-Cai; Wang Yin-Yan; Wang He-Chun. Study on waste gate of turbocharged diesel engine under high load condition based on MATLAB. Neiranji Gongcheng/Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2007,28(5):59-62..
[26]Chen Yu-Tao; Zeng Fan-Ming; Wu Jia-Ming, et al.. Optimization of control strategy for a CODAD propulsion plant with sequential turbo-charged diesel engine. Neiranji Gongcheng/Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2007,28(5):52-55.
[27]Wang Yin-Yan; Du Jian-Wei; Wang He-Chun, et al.. Simulation of engine and control system based on GT-power and simulink. Xitong Fangzhen Xuebao/Journal of System Simulation, 2008,20(16):4379-4386.
[28]Shu Yong; Van Nieuwstadt Michiel. Two-stage turbocharger modeling for engine control and estimation. ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,2007(16): 243-252.
[29]Arnold S D; Slupski Kevin; Groskreutz Mark. Advanced turbocharging technologies for heavy-duty diesel engines[C]. SAE Paper,2001-01-3260,2001.
[30]Sylvain Saulnier; Stephane Guilain. Computation study of diesel engine downsizing using two-stage turbocharging[C]. SAE Paper,2004-01-0929,2004.
[31]Cantemir Codrin-Gruie. Twin turbo strategy operation[C]. SAE Paper,2001-01-0666,2001.
[32]fluger Frank. Regulated two-stage turbocharging-KKK's new charging system for commercial diesel engines[C].6th International Conference on Turbocharging and Air, London,1998.
[33]Kech JM,Klotz H. Model-based sequential turbocharging optimization for series 8000 M70/M90 engines[C]. SAE Paper,2002-01-0378,2002.
[34]Ren Z; Campbell T; Yang J. Investigation on a computer-controlled sequential turbocharging system for medium-speed diesel engines[C]. SAE Paper,1998-01-1480,1998.
[35]Mazuran Mario. Some problems of sequential turbocharging of diesel engines for racing boat[C]. SAE Paper,2000-01-0528,2000.
[36]Czerny L; Klotz H; Ruck J, et al.. Advanced turbo-chargers for high-performance supercharging systems[C]. CMAC, Hamburg,2000.
[37]Bens on R S, Svetnicka F V. Two-stage turbocharging of dieselengines:a matching procedure and an experimental investigation[R]. SAE Technical Papers,1974-01-0740,1974.
[38]张哲,王希波,邓康耀.相继涡轮增压系统对D6114型柴油机性能的影响[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(5)：30-35.
[39]任自中.柴油机相继增压系统的理论与试验研究[J].内燃机工程,2001，23(1)：32-37.
[40]王希波,张哲,邓康耀.相继增压柴油机切换过程瞬态特性实验系统[J].农业机械学报,2007,38(7)：46-48.
[41]黄锦星.MTU20V8000M71型高速柴油机研发介绍[J].柴油机,2009,31(2)：5-12.
[42]张海波,刘新田,邓康耀.柴油机两级相继涡轮增压系统研究[J].小型内燃机与摩托车,2009,38(1)：21-50.
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