生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用评价体系研究
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摘要
随着中国经济的快速发展,政府把发展小城镇作为带动农村经济和社会发展的重大战略,出台了一系列鼓励小城镇发展的政策和措施。在这个背景下,社会主义新农村建设不断推进,小城镇在数量和规模上都得到了飞速发展。
小城镇发展各具特色,生态旅游是其发展方向的重要组成部分之一。生态旅游小城镇是生态旅游、生态经济和小城镇的综合体。2009年国家旅游局将这一年度确定为“中国生态旅游年”,宣传的主题为“走进绿色旅游、感受生态文明”,以此为契机,各省市纷纷加大生态旅游发展力度。目前我国生态旅游小城镇的数量与规模难于统计,但毫无疑问是巨大的。
然而在生态旅游小城镇快速发展的同时,我们应该清醒地看到由于没有合理利用土地资源,使原本紧张的人地矛盾更是雪上加霜。一是耕地面积不断减少,土地后备力量不足；二是建设用地扩张严重,土地粗放利用不合理现象普遍存在：三是破坏了生态环境。生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用势在必行。
本文旨在建立生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用评价体系,填补这一国内研究空白。这一方面使我们的研究缺乏可以借鉴的系统性成果和资料,但另一方面也给我们的研究留下了广阔的发展空间。小城镇用地各具特点,不能一概而论,当前发展方向是向特色聚类的小城镇分别研究。系统而深入地研究具有中国特色的小城镇土地利用问题,丰富和完善土地利用理论,正是从事这项研究工作的学术价值所在。
本文以区域为单位进行综合研究,密切结合我国在快速城镇化发展时期生态旅游小城镇发展中建设用地利用所表现出的集约利用需要,从多学科的角度探索土地利用集约利用的影响因素,构建生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用评价体系,建立科学的量化标准,对土地集约化利用程度进行科学性的评判,为生态旅游小城镇建设用地利用模式的选择、建设用地潜力的挖掘、生态环境保护力度选择、政府相关土地政策的制定提供依据。
通过对生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用相关理探讨,例如可持续发展理论、生态经济学理论、土地系统学理论、经济学理论、城乡一体化理论,再结合生态旅游小城镇的实际情况与建设用地集约利用内涵,总结出影响建设用地集约利用的一系列因素,包含社会因素、经济发展水平等8个因素。然后根据我国生态旅游小城镇城镇建设的一般规律,结合其实际情况,以及指标数据的可获得性、易获取性,利用综合法选取经济指标、生态环境容量指标和土地利用程度3个子目标层共15个指标构成生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用水平综合评价的指标体系。经过对现有建设用地集约利用评价方法的分析比较,采用实用性较强、准确性较高的APH法构建生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用评价模型。
最后选用江西省芦溪县上埠镇作为案例分析。通过调查取得原始数据,套用生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用模型计算得出结果,其值比较客观的反映了上埠镇建设用地集约利用现状、生态环境与建设之间的关系、集约用地潜力。通过实例检验,本文提出的评价体系方便快捷、实用性较强,能比较客观公正地反映生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用度,并为后续建设用地利用提供科学的数值依据。
本研究有助于拓宽我国小城镇用地的理论研究视野,但并不能止步于此。生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用评价体系的指标体系与评价方法的理论基础需进一步分析、论证,确定最佳方案。我国的生态旅游小城镇地域广阔,生态、人文等因素千差万别,一种统一的建设用地集约利用评价方法还需尽量兼顾这些因素。生态旅游经济与建设用地集约利用之间的动态规律仍需继续探讨。
With China's rapid economic development, Chinese government is promoting development of small towns as a major economic and social development strategy, issued a series of policies and measures to encourage the development of small towns.Against this background, the construction of new socialist countryside is being continuously pushed forward. The number and size of small town have been developing fast.
Small-towns is developing with different features. Eco-tourism small-town is one important type of it. Eco-tourism Small town is a synthesis of the eco-tourism, eco-economy and small town. In 2009, the National Tourism Administration established this year as the "the year of eco-tourism in China", described the theme as "go into the green tourism, to feel the ecological civilization". So, many provinces or municipalities have increased eco-tourism development efforts. The number and scale of eco-tourism small towns in China is currently hardly counted, but it sure is huge.
However, with the rapid development of eco-tourism small towns, we should clearly realize that the contradiction between human being and land resources is aggravated because the lack of rational use of land resources. Firstly, the cultivated land area is ceaseless decreasing and the reserve resources of cultivated land are seriously insufficient; secondly, with the seriously expansion of construction land, the unreasonable land use is still prevalent; thirdly, ecological environment has been damaged seriously. The intensive utilization of construction land in eco-tourism small town is imperative.
This paper aims to establish construction land intensive utilization evaluation system in eco-tourism small-town, and to fill the blank of domestic research in this area. On the one hand, this make us lack of systematic research results and material, but on the other hand it also left us with wide development space in this research. The characteristics of the land use in small towns cannot be treated as the same. The developing direction of new research in this are is to study on every kinds of small town respectively. The academic value is based on researching systematically in land use of eco-tourism small towns in China and enriching the theory of land use.
In this period of rapid urbanization in China, a comprehensive study on a regional units and contacted with the need of construction land intensive use in eco-tourism small-town is necessary. In a view of multidisciplinary, author studied on influencing factors in intensive land-use, aimed to construct eco-tourism small-town construction land intensive utilization evaluation system, established a scientific and quantitative criterion. A scientific evaluation on eco-tourism small-town construction land intensive utilization could provide the basis for choosing the use pattern of construction land; for digging the potential of land for construction; for selecting the efforts to protect ecological environment; for local government to make land policies.
Through the studying on theories which related with eco-tourism small town construction land intensive utilization, such as sustainable development theory, ecological economics, land systems theory, economics, urban-rural integration theory, and combined with practical conditions in eco-tourism small town and connotations of construction land intensive utilization, author concluded a series of factors in construction land intensive utilization which include eight factors such as social factors, the level of economic development, etc. Then according to the general rule in developing of eco-tourism small-town, combined with the actual circumstances and the measurability of the indexes and the attainability of the data, author selected economic indicators, ecological environment capacity indicators, land utilization level 3 target layer 15 indicators to construct the comprehensive evaluation index system in eco-tourism small-town construction land intensive utilization. Through analyzing existing assessment methods of intensive construction land-use, author chose the Analytic Hierarchy Process method which means strong practicability and high accuracy to establish construction land intensive utilization evaluation model in eco-tourism small-town.
Finally author chooses ShangPu town LuXi county JiangXi province as a case analysis. With the survey data, author used the Model to calculate intensive degree of construction land in LuXi town. The results objectively reflect the intensive construction land-use status in LuXi town, the relationship between ecological environment and the construction land intensive use, the potential of construction land intensive use. Through the test, the evaluation system this paper presented shows convenient, practical and objectively reflect intensive degree of construction land-use in eco-tourism small-town, and could provide scientific basic data for the planning of construction land-use.
This research helps to improve the land-use theory in small town, but it isn't enough. The theory of evaluation index system of construction land intensive utilization and evaluation method need to be further analyzed, studied and proved. Because of the various ecological and humanity factors in eco-tourism small-town, a unified construction land evaluate system must take into account such factors, although it is difficult. Dynamic rule between ecological tourism economy and construction land intensive use need to continue to explore, in order to enrich the theory of construction land intensive use evaluation system in eco-tourism small-town.
小城镇发展各具特色,生态旅游是其发展方向的重要组成部分之一。生态旅游小城镇是生态旅游、生态经济和小城镇的综合体。2009年国家旅游局将这一年度确定为“中国生态旅游年”,宣传的主题为“走进绿色旅游、感受生态文明”,以此为契机,各省市纷纷加大生态旅游发展力度。目前我国生态旅游小城镇的数量与规模难于统计,但毫无疑问是巨大的。
然而在生态旅游小城镇快速发展的同时,我们应该清醒地看到由于没有合理利用土地资源,使原本紧张的人地矛盾更是雪上加霜。一是耕地面积不断减少,土地后备力量不足；二是建设用地扩张严重,土地粗放利用不合理现象普遍存在：三是破坏了生态环境。生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用势在必行。
本文旨在建立生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用评价体系,填补这一国内研究空白。这一方面使我们的研究缺乏可以借鉴的系统性成果和资料,但另一方面也给我们的研究留下了广阔的发展空间。小城镇用地各具特点,不能一概而论,当前发展方向是向特色聚类的小城镇分别研究。系统而深入地研究具有中国特色的小城镇土地利用问题,丰富和完善土地利用理论,正是从事这项研究工作的学术价值所在。
本文以区域为单位进行综合研究,密切结合我国在快速城镇化发展时期生态旅游小城镇发展中建设用地利用所表现出的集约利用需要,从多学科的角度探索土地利用集约利用的影响因素,构建生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用评价体系,建立科学的量化标准,对土地集约化利用程度进行科学性的评判,为生态旅游小城镇建设用地利用模式的选择、建设用地潜力的挖掘、生态环境保护力度选择、政府相关土地政策的制定提供依据。
通过对生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用相关理探讨,例如可持续发展理论、生态经济学理论、土地系统学理论、经济学理论、城乡一体化理论,再结合生态旅游小城镇的实际情况与建设用地集约利用内涵,总结出影响建设用地集约利用的一系列因素,包含社会因素、经济发展水平等8个因素。然后根据我国生态旅游小城镇城镇建设的一般规律,结合其实际情况,以及指标数据的可获得性、易获取性,利用综合法选取经济指标、生态环境容量指标和土地利用程度3个子目标层共15个指标构成生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用水平综合评价的指标体系。经过对现有建设用地集约利用评价方法的分析比较,采用实用性较强、准确性较高的APH法构建生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用评价模型。
最后选用江西省芦溪县上埠镇作为案例分析。通过调查取得原始数据,套用生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用模型计算得出结果,其值比较客观的反映了上埠镇建设用地集约利用现状、生态环境与建设之间的关系、集约用地潜力。通过实例检验,本文提出的评价体系方便快捷、实用性较强,能比较客观公正地反映生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用度,并为后续建设用地利用提供科学的数值依据。
本研究有助于拓宽我国小城镇用地的理论研究视野,但并不能止步于此。生态旅游小城镇建设用地集约利用评价体系的指标体系与评价方法的理论基础需进一步分析、论证,确定最佳方案。我国的生态旅游小城镇地域广阔,生态、人文等因素千差万别,一种统一的建设用地集约利用评价方法还需尽量兼顾这些因素。生态旅游经济与建设用地集约利用之间的动态规律仍需继续探讨。
With China's rapid economic development, Chinese government is promoting development of small towns as a major economic and social development strategy, issued a series of policies and measures to encourage the development of small towns.Against this background, the construction of new socialist countryside is being continuously pushed forward. The number and size of small town have been developing fast.
Small-towns is developing with different features. Eco-tourism small-town is one important type of it. Eco-tourism Small town is a synthesis of the eco-tourism, eco-economy and small town. In 2009, the National Tourism Administration established this year as the "the year of eco-tourism in China", described the theme as "go into the green tourism, to feel the ecological civilization". So, many provinces or municipalities have increased eco-tourism development efforts. The number and scale of eco-tourism small towns in China is currently hardly counted, but it sure is huge.
However, with the rapid development of eco-tourism small towns, we should clearly realize that the contradiction between human being and land resources is aggravated because the lack of rational use of land resources. Firstly, the cultivated land area is ceaseless decreasing and the reserve resources of cultivated land are seriously insufficient; secondly, with the seriously expansion of construction land, the unreasonable land use is still prevalent; thirdly, ecological environment has been damaged seriously. The intensive utilization of construction land in eco-tourism small town is imperative.
This paper aims to establish construction land intensive utilization evaluation system in eco-tourism small-town, and to fill the blank of domestic research in this area. On the one hand, this make us lack of systematic research results and material, but on the other hand it also left us with wide development space in this research. The characteristics of the land use in small towns cannot be treated as the same. The developing direction of new research in this are is to study on every kinds of small town respectively. The academic value is based on researching systematically in land use of eco-tourism small towns in China and enriching the theory of land use.
In this period of rapid urbanization in China, a comprehensive study on a regional units and contacted with the need of construction land intensive use in eco-tourism small-town is necessary. In a view of multidisciplinary, author studied on influencing factors in intensive land-use, aimed to construct eco-tourism small-town construction land intensive utilization evaluation system, established a scientific and quantitative criterion. A scientific evaluation on eco-tourism small-town construction land intensive utilization could provide the basis for choosing the use pattern of construction land; for digging the potential of land for construction; for selecting the efforts to protect ecological environment; for local government to make land policies.
Through the studying on theories which related with eco-tourism small town construction land intensive utilization, such as sustainable development theory, ecological economics, land systems theory, economics, urban-rural integration theory, and combined with practical conditions in eco-tourism small town and connotations of construction land intensive utilization, author concluded a series of factors in construction land intensive utilization which include eight factors such as social factors, the level of economic development, etc. Then according to the general rule in developing of eco-tourism small-town, combined with the actual circumstances and the measurability of the indexes and the attainability of the data, author selected economic indicators, ecological environment capacity indicators, land utilization level 3 target layer 15 indicators to construct the comprehensive evaluation index system in eco-tourism small-town construction land intensive utilization. Through analyzing existing assessment methods of intensive construction land-use, author chose the Analytic Hierarchy Process method which means strong practicability and high accuracy to establish construction land intensive utilization evaluation model in eco-tourism small-town.
Finally author chooses ShangPu town LuXi county JiangXi province as a case analysis. With the survey data, author used the Model to calculate intensive degree of construction land in LuXi town. The results objectively reflect the intensive construction land-use status in LuXi town, the relationship between ecological environment and the construction land intensive use, the potential of construction land intensive use. Through the test, the evaluation system this paper presented shows convenient, practical and objectively reflect intensive degree of construction land-use in eco-tourism small-town, and could provide scientific basic data for the planning of construction land-use.
This research helps to improve the land-use theory in small town, but it isn't enough. The theory of evaluation index system of construction land intensive utilization and evaluation method need to be further analyzed, studied and proved. Because of the various ecological and humanity factors in eco-tourism small-town, a unified construction land evaluate system must take into account such factors, although it is difficult. Dynamic rule between ecological tourism economy and construction land intensive use need to continue to explore, in order to enrich the theory of construction land intensive use evaluation system in eco-tourism small-town.
引文
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[1]李水华.我国小城镇发展进程中的若干问题探析[J].中国软科学,2001(9)：16-20.
[2]马勇,舒伯阳.区域旅游规划——理论、方法、案例[M].天津：南开大学出版社1995：53-64.
[3]郭来喜.中国生态旅游—可持续旅游的基石[J].地理科学进展.1997.16(4)：1-10.
[4]明庆忠,李宏,武友德.生态旅游的环境影响评价初步研究[J].云南师范大学学报.2001,2(1)：60-65.
[5]钟林生.生态旅游规划原理与方法[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2003：2-20.
[6]黄小芬.中国快速城镇化地区小城镇建设用地集约化利用的评价与规划支撑体系[M]：2005,25
[7]建设用地节约集约用地评价规程。中华人民共和国国土资源部。2008.12.1.
[8]赵丽,付梅臣,张建军等四人.乡镇建设用地集约利用评价及驱动因素分析.农业工程学报,2008(2)：89-90.
[9]朱天明,杨桂山,苏伟忠等四人.兴化市小城镇建设用地集约利用综合评价研究.长江流域资源与环境,2010(1)：24-26.
[10]曹蕾梁启学莫燕等四人.基于SOM的小城镇建设用地集约利用评价—以重庆市渝北区为例.河北农业科学[J],2008(12)：121.
[11]黄梅,李小兵,谭艺平.小城镇规划中的生态环境容量研究[J].经济地理,2005(7)：569-572.
[12]王丽洁.小城镇建设用地集约优化利用研究[D].天津大学,2008(5)：223
[13]曹蕾.城镇建设用地集约利用研究[D].重庆：西南师范大学,2005
[14]李霞,刘秀华.重庆市都市区城镇建设用地集约利用现状评价与分析[J].西南农业大学学报,社科版,2005,3(4)：9-12.
[15]许树辉.城镇建设用地集约利用研究[J].地域研究与开发,2001(3)：67-74.
[16]程久苗.试论小城镇规划及其用地原则[J].中等城市经济,2000(4)：25-27.
[17]董扬.论安徽省城镇土地可持续利用若干对策[J].地理学与国土研究,2000,16(3)：32-36.
[18]刘珊珊,张果.小城镇土地可持续利用与发展的探讨[J].技术与市场,2005(4)：60-61.
[19]苏为华.统计指标理论与方法研究.中国物价出版,1998年5月,19-21.
[20]牛然,李学东·我国生态旅游发展的现状、问题及对策：1999年至今国内生态旅游文献研究[J].首都师范大学学报：自然科学版.1999：12-15
[21]许伟.城市建设用地集约化利用及其评价研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2004：41
[22]芦冰丽.经济技术开发区建设用地集约利用评价问题研究—以武汉经济技术开发区为例.资源网.2009(10).
[23]王志成,陈银蓉.建设用地集约利用评价定量分析模型的改进[J].国土资源科技管理.2008(3)：84-88.
[24]朱红梅,王小伟,谭洁.长沙市城市建设用地集约利用评价[J].经济地理,2008(3)：442-444.
[25]胡琳.开发区建设用地集约利用及潜力评价研究[D].吉林大学,2007：31-37.
[26]祝小迁,程久苗,王娟.近十年我国城市建设用地集约利用评价-研究进展[J].现代城市研究,2007(7)：69-75.
[27]杨红梅,邱道持,张传华,基于因子分析的城市建设用地集约利用比较研究[J],四南师范大学学报,2006(1)：165-169.
[28]郑新奇,王攸明,王爱萍.城市宗地集约利用潜力评价方法研究——以济南市城区为例[J].资源科学,2005(6)：71-75.
[29]许尔君,袁凤香.加快小城镇建设的对策建议[J].村镇建设,2009(8)：51.
[30]刘新卫.我国土地资源集约利用概述[J].国土资源情报,2006(3)：7-13.
[31]李听.当前小城镇用地中存在的问题及对策[J].今日科苑,2009(7)：112.
[32]Zieffr;K.Ecotourism.The uneasy alliance[A].In:Conservational Intenrational[C]. Washington, DC:Ernst&Young, Working PaPerson Eeotourism,1989:1-36.
[33]Williams.P.W.A local frame work for ecotourism development[J]. Wester Wildlands,1992,18(3):14-19.
[34]Benites J R,Tschirley J B.Report of the Workshop on Land Quality Indicators for Sustainable ResourceManagement[M]. Rome:FAO,1996.
[35]Adriaanse A.Environmental Policy Performance Indicators.A Study on the Development of Indicatorsfor Environmental Policy in the Netherlands [J]. Uitgeverij, The Hague.1993.
[36]FAO.1993.FESLM:An International Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management,WorldSoil Resources Report 73.Rome.
[37]Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FESLM:An International Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management,World Soil Resources Report 73.1993.Resources Report 73.
[38]Davidson D A.A land evaluation project in Greece using GIS and based on Boolean and fuzzy setmethodologies,International Journal of GIS,1994,8 (4):369-384.
[39]Stephen M,Timothy B. The sustainable urban development reader [J].New York:Routledge,2004:6.
[40]John.Dutton.New American Urbanism Reforming the Suburban Metropolis[J], SkicaArchitecture Libraty,2000,34-35.
[41]Tesfaye T. Adugana L.Factors Affecting Entry and Intensity of LandRental Markets in Southern Ethiopian Highlands[J].Agricultural Economics,2004,30:117-128.
[42]Arthur M. Sullivan Land-use Controls and Zoning[J],Urban Ecomomics,1999,25.
[43]Johnson, M. Environmental Impacts of Urban Sprawl:A Survey of the Literature and Proposed Research Agenda [J]. Environment and Planning,2001,33:717-35.
[44]H.M.Jacobs.Planning the use of land for the 21th century[J],Siol and water conservation,1992,18-19.
[45]Roger W. Caves, Land Use Planning [M].The Ballot Box Revolution, SAGE Publications,1992.
①马勇,舒伯阳.区域旅游规划——理论、方法、案例[M].天津：南开大学出版社1995：53-64
②郭来喜.中国生态旅游—可持续旅游的基石[J].地理科学进展.1997.16(4)：1-10
③明庆忠,李宏,武友德.生态旅游的环境影响评价初步研究[J].云南师范大学学报.2001,2(1)：60-65
④Zieffr;K.Ecotourism.The uneasy alliance[A].In:Conservational Intenrational[C]. Washington, DC:Ernst & Young, Working PaPerson Eeotourism,1989:1-36
①Williams.P.W.A local frame work for ecotourism development[J].Wester Wildlands,1992,18(3):14-19
②钟林生.生态旅游规划原理与方法[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2003：2-20
① Benites J R,Tschirley J B.Report of the Workshop on Land Quality Indicators for Sustainable ResourceManagement[M]. Rome:FAO,1996
② FAO.1993.FESLM:An International Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management,WorldSoil Resources Report 73.Rome
1黄小芬.中国快速城镇化地区小城镇建设用地集约化利用的评价与规划支撑体系[M]：2005,25
2建设用地节约集约用地评价规程.中华人民共和国国土资源部.2008.12.1
1赵丽,付梅臣,张建军等四人.乡镇建设用地集约利用评价及驱动因素分析.农业工程学报,2008(2)：89-90
②朱天明,杨桂山,苏伟忠等四人.兴化市小城镇建设用地集约利用综合评价研究.长江流域资源与环境，2010(1)：24-26
③曹蕾梁启学莫燕等四人.基于SOM的小城镇建设用地集约利用评价—以重庆市渝北区为例.河北农业科学[J],2008(12)：121
①黄梅，李小兵,谭艺平.小城镇规划中的生态环境容量研究[J].经济地理,2005(7)：569-572
②王丽洁.小城镇建设用地集约优化利用研究[D].天津大学,2008(5)：223
①曹蕾.城镇建设用地集约利用研究[D].重庆：西南师范大学,2005
①Stephen M,Timothy B. The sustainable urban development reader[J].New York:Routledge,2004:6
①李霞,刘秀华.重庆市都市区城镇建设用地集约利用现状评价与分析[J].西南农业大学学报,社科版,2005,3(4)：9-12
②许树辉.城镇建设用地集约利用研究[J].地域研究与开发,2001(3)：67-74
③董扬.论安徽省城镇土地可持续利用若干对策[J].地理学与国土研究,2000,16(3)：32-36
④珊珊,张果.小城镇土地可持续利用与发展的探讨[J].技术与市场,2005(4)：60-61
①牛然,李学东·我国生态旅游发展的现状、问题及对策：1999年至今国内生态旅游文献研究[J]·首都师范大学学报：自然科学版.1999：12-15
②John.Dutton.New American Urbanism Reforming the Suburban Metropolis[J].SkicaArchitecture Libraty,2000,34-35
① Tesfaye T. Adugana L.Factors Affecting Entry and Intensity of LandRental Markets in Southern Ethiopian Highlands[J].Agricultural Economics,2004,30:117-128
②许伟.城市建设用地集约化利用及其评价研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2004：41
①Arthur M. Sullivan Land-use Controls and Zoning[J],Urban Ecomomics,1999,25
①Johnson, M. Environmental Impacts of Urban Sprawl:A Survey of the Literature and Proposed Research Agenda [J]. Environment and Planning,2001,33:717-35
②H.M.Jacobs.Planning the use of land for the 21th century[J],Siol and water conservation,1992,18-19
①芦冰丽.经济技术开发区建设用地集约利用评价问题研究—以武汉经济技术开发区为例.资源网.2009(10)
②苏为华.统计指标理论与方法研究.中国物价出版,1998年5月,19-21
①王志成,陈银蓉.建设用地集约利用评价定量分析模型的改进[J].国土资源科技管理,2008(3)：84-88
①胡琳.开发区建设用地集约利用及潜力评价研究[D].吉林大学,2007：31-37
①杨红梅,邱道持,张传华,基于因子分析的城市建设用地集约利用比较研究[J],四南师范大学学报,2006(1)：165-169
②郑新奇,王攸明,王爱萍.城市宗地集约利用潜力评价方法研究——以济南市城区为例[J].资源科学,2005(6)：71-75
① Roger W. Caves, Land Use Planning [M].The Ballot Box Revolution, SAGE Publications,1992
②许尔君袁凤香.加快小城镇建设的对策建议[J].村镇建设,2009(8)：51
③刘新卫.我国土地资源集约利用概述[J].国土资源情报,2006(3)：7-13
①李昕.当前小城镇用地中存在的问题及对策[J].今日科苑,2009(7)：112
[1]李水华.我国小城镇发展进程中的若干问题探析[J].中国软科学,2001(9)：16-20.
[2]马勇,舒伯阳.区域旅游规划——理论、方法、案例[M].天津：南开大学出版社1995：53-64.
[3]郭来喜.中国生态旅游—可持续旅游的基石[J].地理科学进展.1997.16(4)：1-10.
[4]明庆忠,李宏,武友德.生态旅游的环境影响评价初步研究[J].云南师范大学学报.2001,2(1)：60-65.
[5]钟林生.生态旅游规划原理与方法[M].北京：化学工业出版社.2003：2-20.
[6]黄小芬.中国快速城镇化地区小城镇建设用地集约化利用的评价与规划支撑体系[M]：2005,25
[7]建设用地节约集约用地评价规程。中华人民共和国国土资源部。2008.12.1.
[8]赵丽,付梅臣,张建军等四人.乡镇建设用地集约利用评价及驱动因素分析.农业工程学报,2008(2)：89-90.
[9]朱天明,杨桂山,苏伟忠等四人.兴化市小城镇建设用地集约利用综合评价研究.长江流域资源与环境,2010(1)：24-26.
[10]曹蕾梁启学莫燕等四人.基于SOM的小城镇建设用地集约利用评价—以重庆市渝北区为例.河北农业科学[J],2008(12)：121.
[11]黄梅,李小兵,谭艺平.小城镇规划中的生态环境容量研究[J].经济地理,2005(7)：569-572.
[12]王丽洁.小城镇建设用地集约优化利用研究[D].天津大学,2008(5)：223
[13]曹蕾.城镇建设用地集约利用研究[D].重庆：西南师范大学,2005
[14]李霞,刘秀华.重庆市都市区城镇建设用地集约利用现状评价与分析[J].西南农业大学学报,社科版,2005,3(4)：9-12.
[15]许树辉.城镇建设用地集约利用研究[J].地域研究与开发,2001(3)：67-74.
[16]程久苗.试论小城镇规划及其用地原则[J].中等城市经济,2000(4)：25-27.
[17]董扬.论安徽省城镇土地可持续利用若干对策[J].地理学与国土研究,2000,16(3)：32-36.
[18]刘珊珊,张果.小城镇土地可持续利用与发展的探讨[J].技术与市场,2005(4)：60-61.
[19]苏为华.统计指标理论与方法研究.中国物价出版,1998年5月,19-21.
[20]牛然,李学东·我国生态旅游发展的现状、问题及对策：1999年至今国内生态旅游文献研究[J].首都师范大学学报：自然科学版.1999：12-15
[21]许伟.城市建设用地集约化利用及其评价研究[D].重庆：重庆大学,2004：41
[22]芦冰丽.经济技术开发区建设用地集约利用评价问题研究—以武汉经济技术开发区为例.资源网.2009(10).
[23]王志成,陈银蓉.建设用地集约利用评价定量分析模型的改进[J].国土资源科技管理.2008(3)：84-88.
[24]朱红梅,王小伟,谭洁.长沙市城市建设用地集约利用评价[J].经济地理,2008(3)：442-444.
[25]胡琳.开发区建设用地集约利用及潜力评价研究[D].吉林大学,2007：31-37.
[26]祝小迁,程久苗,王娟.近十年我国城市建设用地集约利用评价-研究进展[J].现代城市研究,2007(7)：69-75.
[27]杨红梅,邱道持,张传华,基于因子分析的城市建设用地集约利用比较研究[J],四南师范大学学报,2006(1)：165-169.
[28]郑新奇,王攸明,王爱萍.城市宗地集约利用潜力评价方法研究——以济南市城区为例[J].资源科学,2005(6)：71-75.
[29]许尔君,袁凤香.加快小城镇建设的对策建议[J].村镇建设,2009(8)：51.
[30]刘新卫.我国土地资源集约利用概述[J].国土资源情报,2006(3)：7-13.
[31]李听.当前小城镇用地中存在的问题及对策[J].今日科苑,2009(7)：112.
[32]Zieffr;K.Ecotourism.The uneasy alliance[A].In:Conservational Intenrational[C]. Washington, DC:Ernst&Young, Working PaPerson Eeotourism,1989:1-36.
[33]Williams.P.W.A local frame work for ecotourism development[J]. Wester Wildlands,1992,18(3):14-19.
[34]Benites J R,Tschirley J B.Report of the Workshop on Land Quality Indicators for Sustainable ResourceManagement[M]. Rome:FAO,1996.
[35]Adriaanse A.Environmental Policy Performance Indicators.A Study on the Development of Indicatorsfor Environmental Policy in the Netherlands [J]. Uitgeverij, The Hague.1993.
[36]FAO.1993.FESLM:An International Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management,WorldSoil Resources Report 73.Rome.
[37]Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,FESLM:An International Framework for Evaluating Sustainable Land Management,World Soil Resources Report 73.1993.Resources Report 73.
[38]Davidson D A.A land evaluation project in Greece using GIS and based on Boolean and fuzzy setmethodologies,International Journal of GIS,1994,8 (4):369-384.
[39]Stephen M,Timothy B. The sustainable urban development reader [J].New York:Routledge,2004:6.
[40]John.Dutton.New American Urbanism Reforming the Suburban Metropolis[J], SkicaArchitecture Libraty,2000,34-35.
[41]Tesfaye T. Adugana L.Factors Affecting Entry and Intensity of LandRental Markets in Southern Ethiopian Highlands[J].Agricultural Economics,2004,30:117-128.
[42]Arthur M. Sullivan Land-use Controls and Zoning[J],Urban Ecomomics,1999,25.
[43]Johnson, M. Environmental Impacts of Urban Sprawl:A Survey of the Literature and Proposed Research Agenda [J]. Environment and Planning,2001,33:717-35.
[44]H.M.Jacobs.Planning the use of land for the 21th century[J],Siol and water conservation,1992,18-19.
[45]Roger W. Caves, Land Use Planning [M].The Ballot Box Revolution, SAGE Publications,1992.