基于脑电信号分析的突发公共事件信息框架效应研究
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摘要
人类社会已经进入了风险社会的发展阶段。各类突发公共事件的频繁爆发是这个阶段的一个重要特征。这些事件严重威胁着人们的生命、财产安全。在此背景下,突发公共事件及其应急管理近年来逐渐成为政府和相关科研机构关注的热点领域。在突发公共事件的应急救援中,除了需要决策者审时度势、快速做出救援决策之外,事件当事人的行为也同样对应急救援能否成功开展具有重要的影响。众多当事人既可以是一盘“散沙”,在求生本能的驱使下各自为政,相互拥挤、踩踏、抢夺,也可以是积极响应各种救援指令、行动一致甚至共同参与救援行动的积极力量。许多因素可能影响突发事件当事人的行为,其中一个重要的因素就是,当事人对之前救援工作效果的感知、评价以及由之产生的对救援主体的信任。
行为决策研究表明个体的判断决策会受到许多认知偏差的影响,进而导致许多非理性的决策。框架效应便是其中一种典型的认知偏差。以“牛肉产品问题”为代表的属性框架效应研究表明,个体对事物或事件结果的评价会受到事物或事件结果关键属性呈现框架的影响,即使相关事物或事件在本质上是等价的。那么,在突发公共事件的问题背景下,信息的属性框架效应是否也会发生?其背后的神经加工机制又如何?这些都是本研究关注的核心问题,也是当前急需回答的突发公共事件应急管理中的重要基础科学问题之一。从管理实践的角度来讲,本研究的实施也有助于回答“在突发公共事件中,为了更好的实施救援,政府、施救者应如何有针对性的选取相关信息的发布框架?”的问题。
本文以著名的“亚洲疾病问题”为背景,基于属性框架的框架控制(即,依然以“亚洲疾病问题”为背景,但将其中的风险决策问题修改为对相关突发公共事件的结果的评估问题),设计了三个紧密联系、层层深入的研究,结合传统的问卷调查和神经认知科学研究的工具与方法,从行为到神经加工层面对信息的属性框架效应(以下均简称“信息框架效应”)及其发生机制做了深入的分析。研究发现在突发公共事件情境下,个体对事件的评价显著地受到信息属性框架的影响：与负性框架信息相比,正性框架呈现的信息更容易激发个体对事件的正性评价。此外,信息框架对个体判断决策的影响不会受事件规模、决策者性别、实验设计因素的影响,表现出了非常稳健的特征。重要的是,这种影响不仅体现在个体的行为层面,也体现在大脑神经加工层面：研究观察到了显著的框架的反馈相关负波(Feedback-related Negativity, FRN)效应。FRN是决策神经科学研究领域被大量关注的一个ERP成分,被认为反映了位于大脑前扣带回皮质(Anterior Cingulate Cortex, ACC)的一个行为监控、评估系统的活动。FRN发生在刺激呈现250ms左右,是一个非常快速的活动,可能代表了一个自动加工过程。根据FRN的情感激活理论,FRN体现了大脑对相关结果或事件的情感意义的评估。从这个角度来讲,本研究进一步从神经层面支持了属性框架效应的联想理论,即信息框架所激发的自动情感反应是信息框架效应发生的根本原因。在考虑了情绪因素的研究中,我们则进一步发现信息框架的FRN效应只在负性情绪条件下发生。结合突发公共事件中个体的情绪体验是以负性情绪(如害怕、悲伤等)为主的事实,以上结果进一步表明本研究所具有的重要现实意义。综合而言,我们认为在突发公共事件应急管理的信息发布中应尽量选用正性框架,避免负性框架的出现。这样,可以尽可能的激发事件当事人对事件结果的正性评价进而产生对救援主体的信任并积极配合救援工作的开展。
本研究的创新点主要包括以下几个方面：
(1)本研究将属性框架效应研究引入到突发公共事件的问题中,不仅具有重要现实意义,对更好的认识“框架如何影响个体的判断决策”的问题也有着重要的理论意义。与已有以突发公共事件为背景的研究大多采用风险框架的框架控制(即个体被要求在具有不同风险水平的采取不同框架呈现的决策选项中做出选择)不同,本研究采用了属性框架的框架控制。属性框架控制被认为是一种最简单的框架控制,仅仅涉及框架因素的控制而排除了其他因素(如风险框架效应中的风险因素)的干扰,对于我们更好的认识“框架如何影响个体的决策判断”有着重要意义。同时,从属性框架效应研究的角度来讲,已有的研究大多涉及对特定商品或其他事物的评价问题,很少以生命问题为背景展开。本研究的实施则是对已有研究不足的很好的补充和扩展。
(2)基于神经认知科学研究的工具和方法(即ERP技术),采用属性框架的框架控制,本研究从大脑神经加工层面揭示了框架效应背后的神经机制。关于框架效应的已有研究大多属于行为决策的研究范畴。这些立足于行为观察的框架效应研究确实很好的推动了相关领域的发展,也取得了大量有启发性的研究成果。但同时,这些研究也得到了一些不一致甚至相互矛盾的结论,并产生了多种不同的、相互竞争的框架效应解释理论。这实际上是行为研究的一些先天缺陷所致。采用神经认知科学的研究工具和方法,从大脑神经加工层面进行的研究则可以在一定程度上避免这些不足,帮助我们打开大脑“黑盒”,让我们更深入、客观地认识框架效应现象。
(3)从决策研究的角度来讲,本研究基于框架效应现象研究了决策结果评估的神经机制。在已有的决策研究中,相关研究大多基于简单赌博任务的问题背景展开,这些研究发现代表损失的负性结果与代表得到的正性结果有着不同的神经加工机制,具体体现在脑电成分FRN的活动上。需要说明的是,这些研究中的正性和负性结果不仅有着不同的效价(框架),对个体效用而言也有着完全相反的影响。然而,在框架效应现象中,不同框架(效价)的结果或事件的表述实质上是等价的。从这个层面来讲,本研究则很好的延伸了已有的研究,进一步揭示了大脑对决策结果评估具有的情景依赖性和主观性。
Human society is entering a developing period of risky society which is characterised to be a society in which paroxyrmal public events occur frequently. These events may cause severe damage to human lives and their properties. As a result, more and more study concern have been posed to the paroxyrmal public events and the associated rescue operations. Except for the decision-maker's quick and proper decision making, the behavior of peoples in the event could also have significant impact on the effectiveness of the rescue operation. They could be many singal ones that push and squeeze with each other and rob things out of their born ability. On the other hand, they could also be ones that actively follow the rules in emergency and show their hands in the rescue operation. There are many factors that could affect people's behavior in the events and one of these factors is their perception of the effectiveness of the previous rescue results.
Study of behavioral decision-making have shown that there are many cognitive bais that could significantly affect people's judgement and decision-making and drive them make some irrational decisons. One of these cognitive bias is framing effects. Studies of attribute framing effects have shown that evaluations of outcome or events depend crucially on whether the outcome or events are framed positively or negatively. In specific, events would be evaluated more favorably when they were presented in positive terms than when they were presented in negative terms. The question is whether the attribute framing effects will also occur in the problem context of paroxyrmal public events and what is the associated underlying neural mechanisms. These questions are the core of the present study and also the basic scientific questions in emergency management of the paroxyrmal public events that require a quick answer.
Based on the famous "Asian Disease Problems", we designed three studies to investigate the information attribute framing effects in paroxyrmal public events and its associated underlying neural mechanisms. Our result that people's evaluations were significantly affected by the frames outcomes were presents are consistent with previous studies. Besides, the effect appeared to be rather robust and unaffected by factors such as gender, group size and experimental design. Most importantly, the frame did not only have significant impact on subject's behavior, but also on the ERP component, the FRN, which is called the feedback-related negativity. In studies of neural decision-making, it has been suggested that the FRN reflects the activity of a monitoring system located in the ACC which is responsible for evaluation of outcome of events along a good-bad dimension. In the third study of the present paper, we found that, when the factor of affective was considered, the framing effect on the FRN amplitude was significant only in the condition when the subjects received stimulus of negative affect. Considering the fact that negative affect is the main affective experience, this result further demonstates that the present study is of great practical significance. In conclusion, our results indicate that, in order to ensure that the rescue operation is taken effectively, the associated information in paroxyrmal public events should be presented in positive terms instead of negative terms.
The main innovations of the present study might be concluded as follows:
(1) In terms of the framing effects classification, the present study was actually an example of attribute framing effects. In contrast, most previous studies which were conducted under the context of paroxyrmal public events (i.e., Asian disease problems) were examples of risky framing effects. The key difference between the two kinds of framing manipulation is that attribute framing does not involve a mubipulation of riskiness while the risky choice framing does. From this viewpoint, attribute framing was considered to represents the simplest case of framing which is expecially useful for gaining a basic understanding of how outcome frame influences information processing.
(2) By using the ERP technique and the attribute framing manipulation, the present study investigated the underlying mechanisms associated with framing effects. Previously, framing effects study were conducted mainly on the level of behavior and many different theories that compete with each other were developed. By using brain imaging techniques widely used in cognitive neural science, the "black box" of our brain is gradually opened which enable us to understand the mechanisms underlying framing effects deeply and objectively.
(3) In terms of the decision-making study, the present study investigated the neural mechanisms of outcome evaluation based on the problem context of framing effects. In most previous studies, researchers have used simple gambling games and found that, when compared with positive outcomes indicating gains, negative outcomes indicating losses elicited different neural processing. Importantly, these outcomes did not only different from each other in frames, but also affected subjects' utility in completely opposite directions. In comtrast, outcomes in different frames are actually equivalent in framing effects.
行为决策研究表明个体的判断决策会受到许多认知偏差的影响,进而导致许多非理性的决策。框架效应便是其中一种典型的认知偏差。以“牛肉产品问题”为代表的属性框架效应研究表明,个体对事物或事件结果的评价会受到事物或事件结果关键属性呈现框架的影响,即使相关事物或事件在本质上是等价的。那么,在突发公共事件的问题背景下,信息的属性框架效应是否也会发生?其背后的神经加工机制又如何?这些都是本研究关注的核心问题,也是当前急需回答的突发公共事件应急管理中的重要基础科学问题之一。从管理实践的角度来讲,本研究的实施也有助于回答“在突发公共事件中,为了更好的实施救援,政府、施救者应如何有针对性的选取相关信息的发布框架?”的问题。
本文以著名的“亚洲疾病问题”为背景,基于属性框架的框架控制(即,依然以“亚洲疾病问题”为背景,但将其中的风险决策问题修改为对相关突发公共事件的结果的评估问题),设计了三个紧密联系、层层深入的研究,结合传统的问卷调查和神经认知科学研究的工具与方法,从行为到神经加工层面对信息的属性框架效应(以下均简称“信息框架效应”)及其发生机制做了深入的分析。研究发现在突发公共事件情境下,个体对事件的评价显著地受到信息属性框架的影响：与负性框架信息相比,正性框架呈现的信息更容易激发个体对事件的正性评价。此外,信息框架对个体判断决策的影响不会受事件规模、决策者性别、实验设计因素的影响,表现出了非常稳健的特征。重要的是,这种影响不仅体现在个体的行为层面,也体现在大脑神经加工层面：研究观察到了显著的框架的反馈相关负波(Feedback-related Negativity, FRN)效应。FRN是决策神经科学研究领域被大量关注的一个ERP成分,被认为反映了位于大脑前扣带回皮质(Anterior Cingulate Cortex, ACC)的一个行为监控、评估系统的活动。FRN发生在刺激呈现250ms左右,是一个非常快速的活动,可能代表了一个自动加工过程。根据FRN的情感激活理论,FRN体现了大脑对相关结果或事件的情感意义的评估。从这个角度来讲,本研究进一步从神经层面支持了属性框架效应的联想理论,即信息框架所激发的自动情感反应是信息框架效应发生的根本原因。在考虑了情绪因素的研究中,我们则进一步发现信息框架的FRN效应只在负性情绪条件下发生。结合突发公共事件中个体的情绪体验是以负性情绪(如害怕、悲伤等)为主的事实,以上结果进一步表明本研究所具有的重要现实意义。综合而言,我们认为在突发公共事件应急管理的信息发布中应尽量选用正性框架,避免负性框架的出现。这样,可以尽可能的激发事件当事人对事件结果的正性评价进而产生对救援主体的信任并积极配合救援工作的开展。
本研究的创新点主要包括以下几个方面：
(1)本研究将属性框架效应研究引入到突发公共事件的问题中,不仅具有重要现实意义,对更好的认识“框架如何影响个体的判断决策”的问题也有着重要的理论意义。与已有以突发公共事件为背景的研究大多采用风险框架的框架控制(即个体被要求在具有不同风险水平的采取不同框架呈现的决策选项中做出选择)不同,本研究采用了属性框架的框架控制。属性框架控制被认为是一种最简单的框架控制,仅仅涉及框架因素的控制而排除了其他因素(如风险框架效应中的风险因素)的干扰,对于我们更好的认识“框架如何影响个体的决策判断”有着重要意义。同时,从属性框架效应研究的角度来讲,已有的研究大多涉及对特定商品或其他事物的评价问题,很少以生命问题为背景展开。本研究的实施则是对已有研究不足的很好的补充和扩展。
(2)基于神经认知科学研究的工具和方法(即ERP技术),采用属性框架的框架控制,本研究从大脑神经加工层面揭示了框架效应背后的神经机制。关于框架效应的已有研究大多属于行为决策的研究范畴。这些立足于行为观察的框架效应研究确实很好的推动了相关领域的发展,也取得了大量有启发性的研究成果。但同时,这些研究也得到了一些不一致甚至相互矛盾的结论,并产生了多种不同的、相互竞争的框架效应解释理论。这实际上是行为研究的一些先天缺陷所致。采用神经认知科学的研究工具和方法,从大脑神经加工层面进行的研究则可以在一定程度上避免这些不足,帮助我们打开大脑“黑盒”,让我们更深入、客观地认识框架效应现象。
(3)从决策研究的角度来讲,本研究基于框架效应现象研究了决策结果评估的神经机制。在已有的决策研究中,相关研究大多基于简单赌博任务的问题背景展开,这些研究发现代表损失的负性结果与代表得到的正性结果有着不同的神经加工机制,具体体现在脑电成分FRN的活动上。需要说明的是,这些研究中的正性和负性结果不仅有着不同的效价(框架),对个体效用而言也有着完全相反的影响。然而,在框架效应现象中,不同框架(效价)的结果或事件的表述实质上是等价的。从这个层面来讲,本研究则很好的延伸了已有的研究,进一步揭示了大脑对决策结果评估具有的情景依赖性和主观性。
Human society is entering a developing period of risky society which is characterised to be a society in which paroxyrmal public events occur frequently. These events may cause severe damage to human lives and their properties. As a result, more and more study concern have been posed to the paroxyrmal public events and the associated rescue operations. Except for the decision-maker's quick and proper decision making, the behavior of peoples in the event could also have significant impact on the effectiveness of the rescue operation. They could be many singal ones that push and squeeze with each other and rob things out of their born ability. On the other hand, they could also be ones that actively follow the rules in emergency and show their hands in the rescue operation. There are many factors that could affect people's behavior in the events and one of these factors is their perception of the effectiveness of the previous rescue results.
Study of behavioral decision-making have shown that there are many cognitive bais that could significantly affect people's judgement and decision-making and drive them make some irrational decisons. One of these cognitive bias is framing effects. Studies of attribute framing effects have shown that evaluations of outcome or events depend crucially on whether the outcome or events are framed positively or negatively. In specific, events would be evaluated more favorably when they were presented in positive terms than when they were presented in negative terms. The question is whether the attribute framing effects will also occur in the problem context of paroxyrmal public events and what is the associated underlying neural mechanisms. These questions are the core of the present study and also the basic scientific questions in emergency management of the paroxyrmal public events that require a quick answer.
Based on the famous "Asian Disease Problems", we designed three studies to investigate the information attribute framing effects in paroxyrmal public events and its associated underlying neural mechanisms. Our result that people's evaluations were significantly affected by the frames outcomes were presents are consistent with previous studies. Besides, the effect appeared to be rather robust and unaffected by factors such as gender, group size and experimental design. Most importantly, the frame did not only have significant impact on subject's behavior, but also on the ERP component, the FRN, which is called the feedback-related negativity. In studies of neural decision-making, it has been suggested that the FRN reflects the activity of a monitoring system located in the ACC which is responsible for evaluation of outcome of events along a good-bad dimension. In the third study of the present paper, we found that, when the factor of affective was considered, the framing effect on the FRN amplitude was significant only in the condition when the subjects received stimulus of negative affect. Considering the fact that negative affect is the main affective experience, this result further demonstates that the present study is of great practical significance. In conclusion, our results indicate that, in order to ensure that the rescue operation is taken effectively, the associated information in paroxyrmal public events should be presented in positive terms instead of negative terms.
The main innovations of the present study might be concluded as follows:
(1) In terms of the framing effects classification, the present study was actually an example of attribute framing effects. In contrast, most previous studies which were conducted under the context of paroxyrmal public events (i.e., Asian disease problems) were examples of risky framing effects. The key difference between the two kinds of framing manipulation is that attribute framing does not involve a mubipulation of riskiness while the risky choice framing does. From this viewpoint, attribute framing was considered to represents the simplest case of framing which is expecially useful for gaining a basic understanding of how outcome frame influences information processing.
(2) By using the ERP technique and the attribute framing manipulation, the present study investigated the underlying mechanisms associated with framing effects. Previously, framing effects study were conducted mainly on the level of behavior and many different theories that compete with each other were developed. By using brain imaging techniques widely used in cognitive neural science, the "black box" of our brain is gradually opened which enable us to understand the mechanisms underlying framing effects deeply and objectively.
(3) In terms of the decision-making study, the present study investigated the neural mechanisms of outcome evaluation based on the problem context of framing effects. In most previous studies, researchers have used simple gambling games and found that, when compared with positive outcomes indicating gains, negative outcomes indicating losses elicited different neural processing. Importantly, these outcomes did not only different from each other in frames, but also affected subjects' utility in completely opposite directions. In comtrast, outcomes in different frames are actually equivalent in framing effects.
引文
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