天山中部天然云杉森林生态系统水文效应研究
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摘要
以天山森林生态系统定位研究站为依托,以天山中部250hm2流域范围内天然云杉森林生态系统为研究对象,分别对月水文过程(包括：降雨量、林冠截留、地表径流、地下径流、土壤蒸发、树木蒸腾、蓄水功能)和降雨转化过程中各环节(包括大气降雨、穿透雨、地表径流、地下渗水)的水质变化规律及其生态效应,进行系统、全面、客观的研究,结果表明：
(1)降雨在森林生态系统各层次的分配规律为：树木蒸腾>土壤蓄水>林冠截留>土壤蒸发>地表径流>地下径流,分别占月总降雨量的43.93%、27.73%、16.86%、7.68%、2.75%和1.05%；该月净增蓄水量为49344.35m3。
(2)林内降雨分配受降雨强度的影响最大,其次是降雨量,土壤含水量最小；土壤蒸发主要受气象因子的影响,林龄越大,受气象因子的影响力越小；树木的日蒸腾量与边材面积呈乘幂相关关系；气象因子对树木蒸腾的影响大小规律为：气温>空气湿度>太阳辐射；由不同层次水量与外界影响因子构建的多元回归模型,预测精度较高,模型代表性较强。
(3)立足于SCS模型、高桥浩一郎陆面蒸散公式、两参数月水量平衡模型和SWAT模型的基础上,初步构建了天山云杉森林生态系统的月水量平衡模型。
(4)大气降雨透过林冠层后,穿透雨的pH值和溶解氧含量降低,COD、BOD、氨氮、总磷、钾、氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、碳酸盐、钙离子、镁离子浓度均呈上升趋势；穿透雨转化为地表径流,溶解氧进一步降低,氨氮浓度降低,COD、BOD、总磷、钾、氯化物、碳酸盐、钙、镁、总硬度的含量升高；经过土壤层后,各项水质指标的变化表现为：溶解氧上升,COD、BOD、氨氮、总磷、钾浓度降低,而碳酸盐、氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、总硬度等指标监测值有所增加。
(5)天山云杉林生态系统对降雨的水质影响,随郁闭度和林龄增加而增强。在林龄相同的条件下,不同郁闭度森林对水质的影响大小为：0.2<0.4<0.6<0.8；在郁闭度为0.8的条件下,不同林龄的水质影响效应则为：幼龄林<中龄林<近熟林<成熟林。
(6)利用主成分(PAC)方法对各集水区域水质指标进行定量化综合影响效应评价,以及对部分污染指标进行净化功能评价,结果表明：①在降雨过程中,地被层对水质的影响最大,林冠层最小,土壤层介于林冠层和地被层之间。②大气降雨进入森林生态系统后,水质不断发生恶化,而且郁闭度越高,林龄越大,水质越差。水质等级的排序为：总地下渗水>大气降雨>穿透雨>地表径流。
(7)通过构建多元线性回归模型、灰色系统模型和神经网络模型对不同层次间的水质进行了模拟和验证,结果表明：三种模型均有较强的代表性,可用于天山森林生态系统不同层次的水质预测上来。对比而言,多元回归模型由于样本信息较少的原因,尚待做进一步检验；而GM(1,1)模型完全适合利用大气降雨的水质预测穿透雨和地表径流的水质；BP神经网络模型在预测总地下渗水方面,具有更方便、快捷的特点。
(8)天然云杉森林生态系统月产生的生态价值总计为41.40万元。其中,月净水源涵养量的经济价值为3.30万元；月水质净化效益为37.78万元；森林生态系统对降雨过程中营养物质的滞留价值为3240.59元。
In this study, the 250hm2 natural Picea schrenkiana var.tianschanica natural forest was taken as the object at Tianshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station in the middle Tianshan mountains. The hydrological transformation process were investigated on rain fall, canopy interception, surface runoff and underground runoff, soil evapotranspiration, tree transpiration, water conservation. The water quality changes during rainfall transformation process were investigated on rain fall, through fall, surface runoff and underground seepage water. The water samples were analyzed chemically to determine the effects of different ecosystem components on water quality. The economic value of water conservation function in different aspect was assessed objective, the water quality purification function and the nutrients conversion by "the substitution project & shadow price method". The results showed that:
(1) The orderliness of rainfall distribution different levels in forest was:trees transpiration> soil water storage> canopy interception> soil evapotranspiration> surface runoff> underground runoff, the percents one by one was:43.93%,27.73%,16.86%,7.68%,2.75% and 1.05% of the rainfall; The month net water conversion source is 49344.35 m3.
(2) During rain fall process in forest, the affection on water distribution of external factors investigated on rainfall intensity> rainfall amount> soil moisture content; The soil evapotranspiration was influenced meteorological factors. The influence turn to smaller with the forest-age increasing; the tree transpiration one day and the alburnum area presented Power correlation relationship; the sequence of the influence on trees transpiration was:the temperature> the air humidity> the solar radiation; the multi-factors regression models which constructed by the different level water volume and the external factors have higher precision and stronger representation.
(3) Bases on simulated of SCS model, Tsuzikawa Takahashi formula, two parameter month water balance model and SWAT model, a month water balance model about Tianshan spruce forest ecosystem was created.
(4) When the rainfall entered into forest canopy, the nutrient content in water was significantly increased as pH, DO decreased and COD, BOD, NH4N, TP, K, Cl, SO42-, NO3-, CO32-, Ca2-, as well as increased; Quality of the surface water which transformed from throughfall was mainly affected by surface vegetation, litter and soil. The concentration of DO in water further declined, along with COD, BOD, TP, K, Cl-, CO32-, NO3-, Ca2-, Mg2- and CaCO3 content increased. Meanwhile the ammonia nitrogen concentration remarkably decreased; after the soil layer, the changing of different indictor content performance:DO raised; COD, BOD, NH4N, TP, K reduced; Cl-, CO32-, NO3-, Ca2-, Mg2- and CaCO3 increased.
(5) The influence of the Tianshan spruce forest ecosystem on water quality of rainfall was enhanced as the canopy density and forest age increased. In same forest age, the sequence of this influence on water quality was canopy density of 0.2<0.4<0.6<0.8. under the canopy density was same 0.8, the sequence of forest influence on water quality was young forest (6) By principal component analysis (PAC) method carried the quantitative synthesis influence effect appraisal on water quality in different catchment area target and estimated of purify function on the part of contamination indexes. The results indicated:①the water quality was biggest influence by the surface layer, forest canopy was smallest. The influence of soil layer was interspace of surface and canopy; ②when the rain water enters the forest ecosystem, the water quality worsening increasingly. And the shade density was higher, the age of forest was bigger, the water quality is worse. The sequence of water quality rank was:underground seepage water> the rainfall> through fall> the surface runoff.
(7) A series of models about water quality changes among different layers were established, including multi-element linear regression model, the gray system model and neural network model. The results of simulation and verification showed:the three kinds of models had stronger representation and can use well forecasting water quality in the Tianshan forest ecosystem. By comparison, the multi-element regression model awaited to do further examination for the few sample information reasons; But GM(1,1) model suited perfectly to forecast the water quality of through fall and surface runoff from rainfall water quality; The BP neural network model had convenient, fast characteristics and can use to forecast the water quality of underground seepage,
(8) The total economic value of the ecology hydrology which natural spruce forest ecosystem month produced is RMB 41.40×104. including:the month net water conservation function was RMB 3.30×104; The month water quality purification benefit was RMB 37.78×104; The value was RMB 3240.59 which forest ecosystem hold up nutrients of the rainfall.
(1)降雨在森林生态系统各层次的分配规律为：树木蒸腾>土壤蓄水>林冠截留>土壤蒸发>地表径流>地下径流,分别占月总降雨量的43.93%、27.73%、16.86%、7.68%、2.75%和1.05%；该月净增蓄水量为49344.35m3。
(2)林内降雨分配受降雨强度的影响最大,其次是降雨量,土壤含水量最小；土壤蒸发主要受气象因子的影响,林龄越大,受气象因子的影响力越小；树木的日蒸腾量与边材面积呈乘幂相关关系；气象因子对树木蒸腾的影响大小规律为：气温>空气湿度>太阳辐射；由不同层次水量与外界影响因子构建的多元回归模型,预测精度较高,模型代表性较强。
(3)立足于SCS模型、高桥浩一郎陆面蒸散公式、两参数月水量平衡模型和SWAT模型的基础上,初步构建了天山云杉森林生态系统的月水量平衡模型。
(4)大气降雨透过林冠层后,穿透雨的pH值和溶解氧含量降低,COD、BOD、氨氮、总磷、钾、氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、碳酸盐、钙离子、镁离子浓度均呈上升趋势；穿透雨转化为地表径流,溶解氧进一步降低,氨氮浓度降低,COD、BOD、总磷、钾、氯化物、碳酸盐、钙、镁、总硬度的含量升高；经过土壤层后,各项水质指标的变化表现为：溶解氧上升,COD、BOD、氨氮、总磷、钾浓度降低,而碳酸盐、氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、总硬度等指标监测值有所增加。
(5)天山云杉林生态系统对降雨的水质影响,随郁闭度和林龄增加而增强。在林龄相同的条件下,不同郁闭度森林对水质的影响大小为：0.2<0.4<0.6<0.8；在郁闭度为0.8的条件下,不同林龄的水质影响效应则为：幼龄林<中龄林<近熟林<成熟林。
(6)利用主成分(PAC)方法对各集水区域水质指标进行定量化综合影响效应评价,以及对部分污染指标进行净化功能评价,结果表明：①在降雨过程中,地被层对水质的影响最大,林冠层最小,土壤层介于林冠层和地被层之间。②大气降雨进入森林生态系统后,水质不断发生恶化,而且郁闭度越高,林龄越大,水质越差。水质等级的排序为：总地下渗水>大气降雨>穿透雨>地表径流。
(7)通过构建多元线性回归模型、灰色系统模型和神经网络模型对不同层次间的水质进行了模拟和验证,结果表明：三种模型均有较强的代表性,可用于天山森林生态系统不同层次的水质预测上来。对比而言,多元回归模型由于样本信息较少的原因,尚待做进一步检验；而GM(1,1)模型完全适合利用大气降雨的水质预测穿透雨和地表径流的水质；BP神经网络模型在预测总地下渗水方面,具有更方便、快捷的特点。
(8)天然云杉森林生态系统月产生的生态价值总计为41.40万元。其中,月净水源涵养量的经济价值为3.30万元；月水质净化效益为37.78万元；森林生态系统对降雨过程中营养物质的滞留价值为3240.59元。
In this study, the 250hm2 natural Picea schrenkiana var.tianschanica natural forest was taken as the object at Tianshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station in the middle Tianshan mountains. The hydrological transformation process were investigated on rain fall, canopy interception, surface runoff and underground runoff, soil evapotranspiration, tree transpiration, water conservation. The water quality changes during rainfall transformation process were investigated on rain fall, through fall, surface runoff and underground seepage water. The water samples were analyzed chemically to determine the effects of different ecosystem components on water quality. The economic value of water conservation function in different aspect was assessed objective, the water quality purification function and the nutrients conversion by "the substitution project & shadow price method". The results showed that:
(1) The orderliness of rainfall distribution different levels in forest was:trees transpiration> soil water storage> canopy interception> soil evapotranspiration> surface runoff> underground runoff, the percents one by one was:43.93%,27.73%,16.86%,7.68%,2.75% and 1.05% of the rainfall; The month net water conversion source is 49344.35 m3.
(2) During rain fall process in forest, the affection on water distribution of external factors investigated on rainfall intensity> rainfall amount> soil moisture content; The soil evapotranspiration was influenced meteorological factors. The influence turn to smaller with the forest-age increasing; the tree transpiration one day and the alburnum area presented Power correlation relationship; the sequence of the influence on trees transpiration was:the temperature> the air humidity> the solar radiation; the multi-factors regression models which constructed by the different level water volume and the external factors have higher precision and stronger representation.
(3) Bases on simulated of SCS model, Tsuzikawa Takahashi formula, two parameter month water balance model and SWAT model, a month water balance model about Tianshan spruce forest ecosystem was created.
(4) When the rainfall entered into forest canopy, the nutrient content in water was significantly increased as pH, DO decreased and COD, BOD, NH4N, TP, K, Cl, SO42-, NO3-, CO32-, Ca2-, as well as increased; Quality of the surface water which transformed from throughfall was mainly affected by surface vegetation, litter and soil. The concentration of DO in water further declined, along with COD, BOD, TP, K, Cl-, CO32-, NO3-, Ca2-, Mg2- and CaCO3 content increased. Meanwhile the ammonia nitrogen concentration remarkably decreased; after the soil layer, the changing of different indictor content performance:DO raised; COD, BOD, NH4N, TP, K reduced; Cl-, CO32-, NO3-, Ca2-, Mg2- and CaCO3 increased.
(5) The influence of the Tianshan spruce forest ecosystem on water quality of rainfall was enhanced as the canopy density and forest age increased. In same forest age, the sequence of this influence on water quality was canopy density of 0.2<0.4<0.6<0.8. under the canopy density was same 0.8, the sequence of forest influence on water quality was young forest
(7) A series of models about water quality changes among different layers were established, including multi-element linear regression model, the gray system model and neural network model. The results of simulation and verification showed:the three kinds of models had stronger representation and can use well forecasting water quality in the Tianshan forest ecosystem. By comparison, the multi-element regression model awaited to do further examination for the few sample information reasons; But GM(1,1) model suited perfectly to forecast the water quality of through fall and surface runoff from rainfall water quality; The BP neural network model had convenient, fast characteristics and can use to forecast the water quality of underground seepage,
(8) The total economic value of the ecology hydrology which natural spruce forest ecosystem month produced is RMB 41.40×104. including:the month net water conservation function was RMB 3.30×104; The month water quality purification benefit was RMB 37.78×104; The value was RMB 3240.59 which forest ecosystem hold up nutrients of the rainfall.
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