面向复杂显示表面的多投影校正技术研究
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摘要
随着投影显示技术的快速发展,利用多台投影仪来构建大尺寸高分辨率显示系统已经成为一个备受关注的研究热点。多投影显示技术被认为是缓解对超高分辨率显示屏幕不断增长的需求与单台显示设备分辨率有限性之间矛盾的重要手段。基于多投影显示墙的显示系统在科学可视化、协同工作、会议展示以及教育娱乐等方面取得了广泛的应用。
构建多投影显示系统,需对多投影的画面进行校正,在显示屏幕上实现无缝显示。对于多投影显示系统画面校正的研究工作主要分为几何校正和颜色校正。目前大多数的相关研究工作主要关注于如何在平面或简单曲面进行多投影的几何校正与颜色校正。对于如何在复杂显示表面,例如异型屏幕、大规模异型屏幕上面如何进行图像校正,相关的工作还比较少。
本文在总结前人对于多投影画面校正研究的基础上,对一些现有技术做了改进。本文给出了一种适合小型异型屏幕的校正技术,该技术使用投影仪作为光源,投射网格,通过网格变形技术构建了规整的全局网格,然后给每台投影仪分配一个显示网格。利用相机可以得到全局网格和显示网格在相机坐标系下的位置关系,从而计算了投射网格的顶点纹理坐标信息,该纹理坐标信息可以用来最终完成几何校正。同时,本文使用Bezier样条技术对边缘融合曲线做实时调整,确保多台投影仪的边缘区域过渡自然。该技术相对前人对屏幕物理贴标的方式更灵活,也避免了由于屏幕贴标对屏幕的损伤。
对于大规模异型显示屏幕,基于相机的方法也表露了部分局限性,本文改进了之前的方法,提出了全画布空间技术和交互式编辑技术巧妙的解决了多投影图像的分割以及画面校正等问题。同时,采用交互式遮罩编辑技术,可以将投影画面在异型屏幕以外的部分遮住。本文实现了该系统,并在上海世博会世博博物馆360度环绕屏幕中成功实施了系统。实验数据表明,全空间画布技术和交互式编辑技术在不损失校正精度的前提下,可以较快的完成大规模异型显示屏幕的校正工作,取得了良好的视觉效果。
With the rapid development of projection technology, building large-format multi-projector display systems has become a great concern in the research area. Multi-projector display technology has been considered to be an important means to easy the conflicts between the growing demands of high-resolution display screen and the limited resolution of a single display. Large-format multi-projector displays have made wide applications in the areas of scientific visualization, collaborative working, conference system, education and entertainment.
During constructing multi-projector display system, we need first to calibrate the projector's output image to achieve seamless image on the screen. For the calibration work, we can classify it to geometry calibration and photometric calibration. Currently, most research group focus on how to calibrate the multi-projector display precisely on planar screen or simple cylinder screen. However, there is less method on how to solve the calibration on large complex screen.
We summarize recent popular methods on the geometry calibration and photometric calibration. Then we make our efforts to give our solutions on how to do the calibration work on complex irregular screen. We first give a method that is suitable for relatively small complex screen. This method is based on camera. We use projectors as the light source to project the global mesh. By proper mesh deformation, we can get a rigid global mesh on the screen. We then give each projector a display mesh. We use camera to capture the display mesh and global mesh, then the texture coordinates of the vertices can be evaluated. We also employ Bezier spline curve to interactive edit the edge blending curve. Comparing with the traditional method that pasting some features onto the screen, this method is more flexible and practicable.
For large complex screen, the method that based on camera is a bit limited. We improve the original method and make it suitable for large complex screen. We use Full Space Canvas technique and interactive editing method properly solved the large image splitting and multi-projector calibration problems. Then, we use interactive mask editing method to mask the image that is outside of the screen. We implemented our system and deployed the system in the World Exposition Museum of Shanghai 2010 Expo.The result shows that our Full Space Canvas technique and interactive editing method can properly solve the calibration work without much loss in the accuracy. The calibration work can be finished quickly and precisely. Our system gets a very brilliant visual experience.
构建多投影显示系统,需对多投影的画面进行校正,在显示屏幕上实现无缝显示。对于多投影显示系统画面校正的研究工作主要分为几何校正和颜色校正。目前大多数的相关研究工作主要关注于如何在平面或简单曲面进行多投影的几何校正与颜色校正。对于如何在复杂显示表面,例如异型屏幕、大规模异型屏幕上面如何进行图像校正,相关的工作还比较少。
本文在总结前人对于多投影画面校正研究的基础上,对一些现有技术做了改进。本文给出了一种适合小型异型屏幕的校正技术,该技术使用投影仪作为光源,投射网格,通过网格变形技术构建了规整的全局网格,然后给每台投影仪分配一个显示网格。利用相机可以得到全局网格和显示网格在相机坐标系下的位置关系,从而计算了投射网格的顶点纹理坐标信息,该纹理坐标信息可以用来最终完成几何校正。同时,本文使用Bezier样条技术对边缘融合曲线做实时调整,确保多台投影仪的边缘区域过渡自然。该技术相对前人对屏幕物理贴标的方式更灵活,也避免了由于屏幕贴标对屏幕的损伤。
对于大规模异型显示屏幕,基于相机的方法也表露了部分局限性,本文改进了之前的方法,提出了全画布空间技术和交互式编辑技术巧妙的解决了多投影图像的分割以及画面校正等问题。同时,采用交互式遮罩编辑技术,可以将投影画面在异型屏幕以外的部分遮住。本文实现了该系统,并在上海世博会世博博物馆360度环绕屏幕中成功实施了系统。实验数据表明,全空间画布技术和交互式编辑技术在不损失校正精度的前提下,可以较快的完成大规模异型显示屏幕的校正工作,取得了良好的视觉效果。
With the rapid development of projection technology, building large-format multi-projector display systems has become a great concern in the research area. Multi-projector display technology has been considered to be an important means to easy the conflicts between the growing demands of high-resolution display screen and the limited resolution of a single display. Large-format multi-projector displays have made wide applications in the areas of scientific visualization, collaborative working, conference system, education and entertainment.
During constructing multi-projector display system, we need first to calibrate the projector's output image to achieve seamless image on the screen. For the calibration work, we can classify it to geometry calibration and photometric calibration. Currently, most research group focus on how to calibrate the multi-projector display precisely on planar screen or simple cylinder screen. However, there is less method on how to solve the calibration on large complex screen.
We summarize recent popular methods on the geometry calibration and photometric calibration. Then we make our efforts to give our solutions on how to do the calibration work on complex irregular screen. We first give a method that is suitable for relatively small complex screen. This method is based on camera. We use projectors as the light source to project the global mesh. By proper mesh deformation, we can get a rigid global mesh on the screen. We then give each projector a display mesh. We use camera to capture the display mesh and global mesh, then the texture coordinates of the vertices can be evaluated. We also employ Bezier spline curve to interactive edit the edge blending curve. Comparing with the traditional method that pasting some features onto the screen, this method is more flexible and practicable.
For large complex screen, the method that based on camera is a bit limited. We improve the original method and make it suitable for large complex screen. We use Full Space Canvas technique and interactive editing method properly solved the large image splitting and multi-projector calibration problems. Then, we use interactive mask editing method to mask the image that is outside of the screen. We implemented our system and deployed the system in the World Exposition Museum of Shanghai 2010 Expo.The result shows that our Full Space Canvas technique and interactive editing method can properly solve the calibration work without much loss in the accuracy. The calibration work can be finished quickly and precisely. Our system gets a very brilliant visual experience.
引文
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[Chen02]H. Chen, R. Sukthankar, G.Wallace, K. Li.Scalable Alignment of Large-Format Multi-Projector Displays Using Camera Homography Trees[C].Proc. IEEE Visualization,339-346,2002.
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[Hereld00]M. Hereld, I. Judson, R. Stevens. Introduction to building projection-based tiled display systems[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,vol.20,2000:22-28.
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[Kurtenbach05]G. Kurtenbach, and G. Fitzmaurice.Guest Editors'Introduction: Applications of Large Displays[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.25(4):22-23,July-August 2005.
[Kim05]KIM JaeYoun, KIM JongWon. Decomposable decoding and display structure for scalable media visualization over advanced collaborative environments[C].Proc. SPIE ITCOM'2005: Multimedia Systems and Applications Ⅷ, vol.6195,458-466,2005.
[Li05a]K. Li, M.Hibbs, G. Wallace, et al.Dynamic scalable visualization for collaborative scientific applications[C].Proc. The 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, Apr. 2005.
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[Majumder02] A. Majumder, and R. Stevens. LAM:luminance attenuation map for photometric uniformity in projection based displays[C].Proc. ACM Virtual Reality Software Technology 2002,147-154,2002.
[Majumder04] A. Majumder, and R. Stevens. Color Nonuniformity in Projection-Based Displays:Analysis and Solutions[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,10(2): 177-188,2004.
[Majumder05]A. Majumder, and R. Stevens. Perceptual Photometric Seamlessness in Tiled Projection Based Displays[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,24(1):118-139,2005.
[Ni06]T. Ni, G. Schmidt, O.Staadt, et al.A survey of large high-resolution display technologies, techniques, and applications[C].Proc. IEEE Virtual Reality,223-236, Mar.2006.
[PowerWall] http://www.lcse.umn.edu/research/powerwall/powerwall.html. [R/OL]
[ProjInfo]Projector Introduction. http://baike.baidu.com/view/13898.htm [R/OL].
[Raij03]A. Raij,G. Gill, A. Majumder, H.Towles, and H. Fuchs. PixelFlex2: A Comprehensive, Automatic, Casually-Aligned Multi-Projector Display[C].Proc. IEEE International Workshop on Projector-Camera Systems,203-211,2003.
[Raskar99]R. Raskar, M.S.Brown, R. Yang, W. Chen, G. Welch, H. Towles, B. Seales, and H.Fuchs.Multi-projector displays using camera-based registration[C].Proc. IEEE visualization,161-168, Oct 1999.
[Raskar03]R. Raskar, J.Baar, P. Beardsley, T. Willwacher, S.Rao, and C. Forlines. iLamps:Geometrically Aware and Self-Configuring Projectors[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,22(3):809-818,July 2003.
[Raskar04]R. Raskar, J. Baar, T. Willwacher, and S.Rao. Quadric Transfer for Immersive Curved Screen Displays[J].Computer Graphics Forum, 23(3):451-460,2004.
[Sederberg86] Thomas W. Sederberg,Scott R. Parry, Free-form deformation of solid geometric models[J],ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, v.20 n.4,p.151-160, Aug.1986.
[SiO2]H. Si, TetGen. A 3D Delaunay tetrahedral mesh generator[R].v.1.2 Users manual, WIAS Technical Report No.4,2002.
[Sony08]Sony SXRD Projector. http://www.sony.com/[R/OL].Last accessed on March 10,2008.
[Stone01]M. Stone. Color and Brightness Appearance Issues in Tiled Displays[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,21(5): 58-66,2001.
[Standford01] Interactive Workspace. http://iwork.stanford.edu/[R/OL].Last accessed on June 17,2008.
[Wallace03] G. Wallace, H. Chen, K. Li.Color gamut matching for tiled display walls[C].Proc. Immersive Projection Technology Symposium 2003, 293-302,2003.
[Wallace05]G. Wallace, O.Anshus, P. Bi, et al.Tools and applications for large-scale display walls[J].IEEE computer Graphics and Applications, vol.25,no.4,2005:24-33.
[Yang01]R.Yang, D.Gotz, J.Hensley, H.Towles, and M.Brown. PixelFlex:A Reconfigurable Multi-Projector Display System. In Proceddings of IEEE Visualization.2001.
[王01]王国瑾,汪国昭,郑建民.计算机辅助几何设计.高等教育出版社,2001.
[石02]石教英.虚拟现实基础及实用算法.科学出版社,2002.
[何07]何跃明.多投影大屏幕系统的自动构建方法[D].杭州：浙江大学,2007.
[林03]林柏伟.PC架构的多投影面沉浸式虚拟环境及其应用[D].杭州：浙江大学,2003.
[孙04]孙即祥.图像处理[M].科学出版社.
[宋07]宋荆州,施法中,孙汉旭等.多投影面沉浸式虚拟环境系统的颜色校正[J].计算机工程,33(2)：177-179,2007.1.
[陶08]陶俊仪.面向多通道输出系统的远程交互显示技术[D].上海：复旦大学,2008.
[张09]张磊.基于视频捕获卡的多投影显示系统[D].上海：复旦大学,2009.
[王07]王修晖,华炜,林海等.面向多投影显示墙的画面校正技术[J].软件学报,18(11)：2955-2964,2007.
[Brown05]M. Brown, A. Majumder, and R. Yang. Camera-Based Calibration Techniques for Seamless Multiprojector Displays[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 11(2):193-206, March-April 2005.
[Chen00]Y.Chen, D.Clark, A.Finkelstein, T.Housel, and K.Li. Automatic Alignment of High-Resolution Multi-Projector Display Using an Uncalibrated Camera[C].In Proceddings of IEEE Visulization,2000.
[Chen01a]H. Chen, Y Chen, A. Finkelstein, et al.Data distribution strategies for high resolution display systems[C].Proc. IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid,2001.
[Chen01b]H. Chen, D.Clark, Z. Liu, et al.Software environments for cluster-based display systems[C].Proc. IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid,2001.
[Chen02]H. Chen, R. Sukthankar, G.Wallace, K. Li.Scalable Alignment of Large-Format Multi-Projector Displays Using Camera Homography Trees[C].Proc. IEEE Visualization,339-346,2002.
[DBox]http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/TechFocus/Deployment/DBox/overview. html.[R/OL]
[Debevec97] P. Debevec, J. Malik. Recovering high dynamic range radiance maps from photographs [C].Proc. SIGGRAPH,369-378,1997.
[Damera-Venkata07b] N. Damera-Venkata, N.L.Chang, and Jeffrey M.DiCarlo. A Unified Paradigm for Scalable Multi-Projector Displays[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,13(6): 1360-1367,2007.
[Hereld00]M. Hereld, I. Judson, R. Stevens. Introduction to building projection-based tiled display systems[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,vol.20,2000:22-28.
[HLSL]High Level Shader Language,http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us /library/bb509561(VS.85).aspx[R/OL].Last accessed on May,2009.
[Hung06]Y.P. Tsai, S.C. Liao, Z.C. Shih, and Y.P. Hung. Two-phase photometric calibration for multi-projector displays[C].Proc.The Third Taiwanese-French Conference on Information Technology, 2006.
[Jeong07]B.Jeong. Collaborative Visualization Architecture in Scalable Adaptive Graphics Environment[C].Proc.IBM Visualization and Graphics Student Symposium, TJ Watson Research-Hawthorne and Yorktown, New York,2007.
[Jiang07a]Z. Jiang, X. Luo, Y. Mao,et al.Interactive browsing of large images on multi-projector display wall system[C].Proc. The 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. LNCS, vol.4551,2007:827-836.
[Jiang07b]Z. Jiang, Y. Mao, B.Qin, et al.A multi-projector display wall system for windows desktop applications[J].Journal of Computational Information System.2007.
[Jiang07c]Z. Jiang, Y. Mao, B.Qin, et al.A high resolution video display system by seamlessly tiling multiple projectors[C].Proc. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo,2070-2073, 2007.
[Jiang07d]Z. Jiang, N. Jiang, Y. Mao, et al.A multi-projector display wall system driven by chromium framework on PC cluster[C].Proc.The 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 2007.
[Kurtenbach05]G. Kurtenbach, and G. Fitzmaurice.Guest Editors'Introduction: Applications of Large Displays[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.25(4):22-23,July-August 2005.
[Kim05]KIM JaeYoun, KIM JongWon. Decomposable decoding and display structure for scalable media visualization over advanced collaborative environments[C].Proc. SPIE ITCOM'2005: Multimedia Systems and Applications Ⅷ, vol.6195,458-466,2005.
[Li05a]K. Li, M.Hibbs, G. Wallace, et al.Dynamic scalable visualization for collaborative scientific applications[C].Proc. The 19th IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, Apr. 2005.
[Li05b]C. Li, H. Lin, and J. Shi. Multi-Projector Tiled Display Wall Calibration with a Camera[C].Proc. The 17th IS&T/SPIE Symposium on Electronic Imaging 2005,2005.
[Luc04]R.Luc, R.Arun, SINGH, Rajvikram, BYUNGIL, Jeong, KRISHNAPASAD, Naveen, VISHWANATH, Venkatram, C.Vaidya, S.Nicholas, SPALE, Allan, Z.Charles, G.Gideon, LEIGH, Jason, JOHNSON,Andrew. SAGE:the Scalable Adaptive Graphics Environment[C].Proceddings of WACE.2004.
[Majumder00] A. Majumder, Z. He, H. Towles, and G.Welch. Achieving Color Uniformity Across Multi-Projector Displays[C].Proc. IEEE Visualization 2000,117-124,2000.
[Majumder02] A. Majumder, and R. Stevens. LAM:luminance attenuation map for photometric uniformity in projection based displays[C].Proc. ACM Virtual Reality Software Technology 2002,147-154,2002.
[Majumder04] A. Majumder, and R. Stevens. Color Nonuniformity in Projection-Based Displays:Analysis and Solutions[J].IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics,10(2): 177-188,2004.
[Majumder05]A. Majumder, and R. Stevens. Perceptual Photometric Seamlessness in Tiled Projection Based Displays[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,24(1):118-139,2005.
[Ni06]T. Ni, G. Schmidt, O.Staadt, et al.A survey of large high-resolution display technologies, techniques, and applications[C].Proc. IEEE Virtual Reality,223-236, Mar.2006.
[PowerWall] http://www.lcse.umn.edu/research/powerwall/powerwall.html. [R/OL]
[ProjInfo]Projector Introduction. http://baike.baidu.com/view/13898.htm [R/OL].
[Raij03]A. Raij,G. Gill, A. Majumder, H.Towles, and H. Fuchs. PixelFlex2: A Comprehensive, Automatic, Casually-Aligned Multi-Projector Display[C].Proc. IEEE International Workshop on Projector-Camera Systems,203-211,2003.
[Raskar99]R. Raskar, M.S.Brown, R. Yang, W. Chen, G. Welch, H. Towles, B. Seales, and H.Fuchs.Multi-projector displays using camera-based registration[C].Proc. IEEE visualization,161-168, Oct 1999.
[Raskar03]R. Raskar, J.Baar, P. Beardsley, T. Willwacher, S.Rao, and C. Forlines. iLamps:Geometrically Aware and Self-Configuring Projectors[J].ACM Transactions on Graphics,22(3):809-818,July 2003.
[Raskar04]R. Raskar, J. Baar, T. Willwacher, and S.Rao. Quadric Transfer for Immersive Curved Screen Displays[J].Computer Graphics Forum, 23(3):451-460,2004.
[Sederberg86] Thomas W. Sederberg,Scott R. Parry, Free-form deformation of solid geometric models[J],ACM SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics, v.20 n.4,p.151-160, Aug.1986.
[SiO2]H. Si, TetGen. A 3D Delaunay tetrahedral mesh generator[R].v.1.2 Users manual, WIAS Technical Report No.4,2002.
[Sony08]Sony SXRD Projector. http://www.sony.com/[R/OL].Last accessed on March 10,2008.
[Stone01]M. Stone. Color and Brightness Appearance Issues in Tiled Displays[J].IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,21(5): 58-66,2001.
[Standford01] Interactive Workspace. http://iwork.stanford.edu/[R/OL].Last accessed on June 17,2008.
[Wallace03] G. Wallace, H. Chen, K. Li.Color gamut matching for tiled display walls[C].Proc. Immersive Projection Technology Symposium 2003, 293-302,2003.
[Wallace05]G. Wallace, O.Anshus, P. Bi, et al.Tools and applications for large-scale display walls[J].IEEE computer Graphics and Applications, vol.25,no.4,2005:24-33.
[Yang01]R.Yang, D.Gotz, J.Hensley, H.Towles, and M.Brown. PixelFlex:A Reconfigurable Multi-Projector Display System. In Proceddings of IEEE Visualization.2001.
[王01]王国瑾,汪国昭,郑建民.计算机辅助几何设计.高等教育出版社,2001.
[石02]石教英.虚拟现实基础及实用算法.科学出版社,2002.
[何07]何跃明.多投影大屏幕系统的自动构建方法[D].杭州：浙江大学,2007.
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