2-甲基-1，3-丙二醇的合成及其工程基础研究
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摘要
2-甲基-1，3-丙二醇(MPO)不仅具有良好的抗菌及生物降解特性，还具有一些独特的物性，因此在很多方面正在逐渐取代目前广泛使用的传统直链二元醇。但有关MPO的化学合成工艺，国内外文献报道较少，以异丁烯为主要原料合成MPO未见有报道。为此，作为河南省自然科学基金资助项目(No.511021100)，针对国民经济发展需求及我国精细化工行业实际，本文提出了以异丁烯作为基本原料，经异丁烯气相氯化、3-氯-2-氯甲基丙烯水解、2-亚甲基-1，3-丙二醇催化加氢三步合成MPO新的工艺路线，并对其合成MPO的相关工艺条件和应用基础进行了较为系统的研究，该研究具有重要的学术理论意义和工程应用前景。
根据异丁烯分子结构特点和精细有机合成理论，采用Benson基团贡献法、Joback法等对异丁烯氯化反应系统进行了热力学和动力学分析。在此基础上，设计制作了三层套管式连续流动反应器。应用自制反应器采用异丁烯气相连续氯化成功地合成了2-甲基-1，3-丙二醇的中间体3-氯-2-氯甲基丙烯(CCMP)，并用气-质联用仪(GC-MS)对CCMP的结构进行了鉴定。结果表明所设计的反应器很好解决了氯化反应的强放热问题，实现了温度的均布。同时通过大量实验还确定了异丁烯氯化的关键影响因素，得到氯化反应的最佳工艺条件为：n(Cl_2)：n(异丁烯)=2.03，温度50℃，流量0.26L／min。在最佳工艺条件下，二氯异丁烯收率可达65％以上，选择性达80％。
研究了CCMP的碱性水解制备中间体2-亚甲基-1，3-丙二醇(MEPO)的最佳工艺条件。根据CCMP在水中溶解度小、水解速率慢，甚至难以水解的特点，通过单因素试验筛选、并兼顾回收成本，最终选取DMF作为该系统的水解溶剂以起到相转移作用、有效提高水解率。优化出的的最佳水解工艺条件为：V(CCMP)／V(OH~-)=1：5；碱液浓度(wt)=10％；m_(DMF)／m_(CCMP)=0.20～0.25；温度92℃；时间6h，CCMP的水解率达95％。在此基础上探讨了CCMP(A)宏观水解动力学，得到CCMP水解反应的宏观动力学方程为(B—OH~-)：
其表观活化能Ea=33.45kJ·mol~(-1)。
采用Pd／γ-Al_2O_3作为加氢催化剂，常压下在自制的塔式加氢器中合成出了目的产物2-甲基-1，3-丙二醇(MPO)，采用IR、GC900气相色谱仪及QP-5000型气质联用仪等技术确证了本工艺合成的目的产物MPO。考察了反应液温度、时间、催化剂用量等因素对加氢反应的影响。较佳的工艺条件为：氢气流量为0.4L／min，温度60℃，反应时间6小时，催化剂用量9克，此时MPO收率可达90％以上。
常压下实验测定了纯液体MPO及不同浓度的MPO+水二元体系在298.15K～367.15K范围的密度和粘度，并进行了数据的关联。结果表明：纯液体MPO的密度与温度关系符合Francis模型ρ／g．cm~(-3)=1.032-6.90×10~(-4)t／℃；一定温度下MPO+水二元体系的密度随浓度变化大约在70％(MPO，wt)处出现了一极大值；纯液体MPO的粘度与温度关系符合Andrade方程1n(η／mPa．s)=-14.526+5854.9／T。根据实验数据获得了该二元体系的超额摩尔体积V~E和混合粘度变化Δη，并拟合得到Grunberg-Nissan模型lnη_(12)=x_1lnη_1+x_2lnη_2+x_1x_2ΔG_(12)中，MPO-水二元体系的交互参数ΔG_(12)。
实验测定了常压下纯液体MPO及不同浓度的MPO水溶液在298.15K～367.73K范围的界面张力。发现该系统的界面张力σ随温度升高呈线性减小；定温下σ随溶液浓度增加呈幂函数递减，表面层发生正吸附，与理论上低脂肪醇类界面性质符合；而且低浓度下的吸附等温线呈直线，与Gibbs吸附定律吻合较好。得到MPO稀水溶液的界面张力与组成关系的Szyszkowski模型：
本文通过对MPO及不同浓度MPO水溶液的密度、粘度及界面性质研究，不仅丰富了化工基础数据和化工热力学的研究内容，而且为进一步扩大MPO的应用领域提供了基础数据和信息。
2-Methyl-1, 3-propanediol(MPO), a successful commercial product, does not only bear an excellent antibacterial and biodegradation features, but also affords the products based on it more peculiar properties. So, the conventional diols which are being widely used now are gradually replaced by MPO in many aspects. However, There are a few overseas reports and even less domestic ones on the preparation of MPO and little information retrieved, concerning the synthesis of MPO based on 2-methyl-propene (i-C_4). Hence, as a project (No.511021100) funded by Henan Natural Science Foundation aiming at the demand of national economy development and the fact that the field of Fine Chemical Industry faces to, a new process using isobutene as main material to synthesize 2-methyl-1, 3-Propanediol (MPO) which contains i-C_4 gaseous continuous chlorination, hydrolysis of 3-chloro-2-chloromethyl-1-propene and hydrogenation of 2-methlylene-1, 3-propanediol was developed in the thesis. Also, the related synthesis conditions and application groundwork were studied systematically, which is very important technically and practically.
Firstly, on the basis of molecular structure of i-C_4 and the fine organic synthetic principle, thermodynamic and kinetic analysis were done according to the heat of 2-methylpropene chlorination estimated by means of Benson's and Joback's Group Contribution Method. A tubular flow chlorinator with three jacket tubes and bearing extra parts for enhancing mass and heat transfer was specially designed and manufactured. 3-Chloro-2-chloromethyl-1-propene (CCMP), an intermediate of MPO, was synthesized using the tubular reactor via gaseous continuous chlorination of 2-methylpropene and the structure of CCMP was determined by GC-MS. The results showed that the intensely exothermic problem was resolved in the tubular reactor and the even temperatures distribution came true. The key influence on the selectivity of chlorination and yield of CCMP was examined by numbers of experiments. It was showed that the chlorine and iso-C_4 ratio 2.03:1(mol), temperature 50℃and flow of fluid 0.26L.min~(-1) gave the yield of dichlorobutene over 65% and selectivity 80%.
Secondly, the preparation of 2-methylenel, 3-propanediol by alkaline hydrolysis of CCMP in presence of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent was studied. The influence of several variables on the hydrolysis reaction was examined by the Orthogonal and single factorial tests. The experimental results showed that at the reflux temperature of 92℃, V(CCMP)/V(OH)=1:5, 10%(w%) of alkali aqueous concentration, m(solvent)/m(CCMP)=20%～25% and the time 6h, the conversion of CCMP reached about 95%. Moreover, the macroscopic hydrolysis kinetics of CCMP under the optimum reaction conditions was also studied. The macroscopic kinetic equation was: Where A is CCMP and B OH. The average apparent activation energy E_αof the hydrolysis process in temperature range of 70℃～90℃was 33.45kJ.mol~(-1).
Thirdly, the final product MPO was synthesized in a self-designed bubble tower reactor under atmospheric pressure in presence of Pd/γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst. The structure of MPO prepared was verified by IR, QP-5000 GC-MS and GC900. Influences of several variables such as PH value of reactant solution, temperature, time, the amount of catalyst on the yield of product MPO were examined. The optimum hydrogenation conditions were: 60℃, 6h, catalyst 9g, hydrogen flow 0.4L/min and the yield of MPO was over 90%。
And more, the experimental densities, viscosities and interfacial tension data of MPO+H_2O binary system at 298.15K～367.15K were presented under atmospheric pressure, which Ostwald-Sprengel-type pycnometer used for determination of density, Ubbelohde capillary viscometer for viscosity and Maximum Bubble Method for surface tension. The experimental data were correlated.
The results showed that the relationship between MPO's densities and temperature t accord with Francis model: p/g.cm~(-3)=1.032-6.90x10~(-4)t/℃; There is a maximum value of densities in about 70%MPO (w_t) under given temperature. The viscosities of MPO accord with Andrade Equation: ln(η/mPa.s)=-14.526+5854.9/T. And, excess molar volumes V~E and viscosity deviation△ηwere obtained respectively from experimental data and both the values were negative, which shows that MPO+H_2O binary system bears negative deviations from ideal system. Also, the binary mutual parameters△G_(ij). from Grunberg-Nissan model were obtained by the regression from experimental data and vary as temperatures and concentrations of MPO aqueous solution.
The interfacial adsorption of MPO+H_2O was positive one and isothermal adsorption curveΓ～c (MPO) was fit for Gibbs formula. Also, Szyszkowski model for MPO+H_2O binary system were obtained by the regression from experimental data:
根据异丁烯分子结构特点和精细有机合成理论，采用Benson基团贡献法、Joback法等对异丁烯氯化反应系统进行了热力学和动力学分析。在此基础上，设计制作了三层套管式连续流动反应器。应用自制反应器采用异丁烯气相连续氯化成功地合成了2-甲基-1，3-丙二醇的中间体3-氯-2-氯甲基丙烯(CCMP)，并用气-质联用仪(GC-MS)对CCMP的结构进行了鉴定。结果表明所设计的反应器很好解决了氯化反应的强放热问题，实现了温度的均布。同时通过大量实验还确定了异丁烯氯化的关键影响因素，得到氯化反应的最佳工艺条件为：n(Cl_2)：n(异丁烯)=2.03，温度50℃，流量0.26L／min。在最佳工艺条件下，二氯异丁烯收率可达65％以上，选择性达80％。
研究了CCMP的碱性水解制备中间体2-亚甲基-1，3-丙二醇(MEPO)的最佳工艺条件。根据CCMP在水中溶解度小、水解速率慢，甚至难以水解的特点，通过单因素试验筛选、并兼顾回收成本，最终选取DMF作为该系统的水解溶剂以起到相转移作用、有效提高水解率。优化出的的最佳水解工艺条件为：V(CCMP)／V(OH~-)=1：5；碱液浓度(wt)=10％；m_(DMF)／m_(CCMP)=0.20～0.25；温度92℃；时间6h，CCMP的水解率达95％。在此基础上探讨了CCMP(A)宏观水解动力学，得到CCMP水解反应的宏观动力学方程为(B—OH~-)：
其表观活化能Ea=33.45kJ·mol~(-1)。
采用Pd／γ-Al_2O_3作为加氢催化剂，常压下在自制的塔式加氢器中合成出了目的产物2-甲基-1，3-丙二醇(MPO)，采用IR、GC900气相色谱仪及QP-5000型气质联用仪等技术确证了本工艺合成的目的产物MPO。考察了反应液温度、时间、催化剂用量等因素对加氢反应的影响。较佳的工艺条件为：氢气流量为0.4L／min，温度60℃，反应时间6小时，催化剂用量9克，此时MPO收率可达90％以上。
常压下实验测定了纯液体MPO及不同浓度的MPO+水二元体系在298.15K～367.15K范围的密度和粘度，并进行了数据的关联。结果表明：纯液体MPO的密度与温度关系符合Francis模型ρ／g．cm~(-3)=1.032-6.90×10~(-4)t／℃；一定温度下MPO+水二元体系的密度随浓度变化大约在70％(MPO，wt)处出现了一极大值；纯液体MPO的粘度与温度关系符合Andrade方程1n(η／mPa．s)=-14.526+5854.9／T。根据实验数据获得了该二元体系的超额摩尔体积V~E和混合粘度变化Δη，并拟合得到Grunberg-Nissan模型lnη_(12)=x_1lnη_1+x_2lnη_2+x_1x_2ΔG_(12)中，MPO-水二元体系的交互参数ΔG_(12)。
实验测定了常压下纯液体MPO及不同浓度的MPO水溶液在298.15K～367.73K范围的界面张力。发现该系统的界面张力σ随温度升高呈线性减小；定温下σ随溶液浓度增加呈幂函数递减，表面层发生正吸附，与理论上低脂肪醇类界面性质符合；而且低浓度下的吸附等温线呈直线，与Gibbs吸附定律吻合较好。得到MPO稀水溶液的界面张力与组成关系的Szyszkowski模型：
本文通过对MPO及不同浓度MPO水溶液的密度、粘度及界面性质研究，不仅丰富了化工基础数据和化工热力学的研究内容，而且为进一步扩大MPO的应用领域提供了基础数据和信息。
2-Methyl-1, 3-propanediol(MPO), a successful commercial product, does not only bear an excellent antibacterial and biodegradation features, but also affords the products based on it more peculiar properties. So, the conventional diols which are being widely used now are gradually replaced by MPO in many aspects. However, There are a few overseas reports and even less domestic ones on the preparation of MPO and little information retrieved, concerning the synthesis of MPO based on 2-methyl-propene (i-C_4). Hence, as a project (No.511021100) funded by Henan Natural Science Foundation aiming at the demand of national economy development and the fact that the field of Fine Chemical Industry faces to, a new process using isobutene as main material to synthesize 2-methyl-1, 3-Propanediol (MPO) which contains i-C_4 gaseous continuous chlorination, hydrolysis of 3-chloro-2-chloromethyl-1-propene and hydrogenation of 2-methlylene-1, 3-propanediol was developed in the thesis. Also, the related synthesis conditions and application groundwork were studied systematically, which is very important technically and practically.
Firstly, on the basis of molecular structure of i-C_4 and the fine organic synthetic principle, thermodynamic and kinetic analysis were done according to the heat of 2-methylpropene chlorination estimated by means of Benson's and Joback's Group Contribution Method. A tubular flow chlorinator with three jacket tubes and bearing extra parts for enhancing mass and heat transfer was specially designed and manufactured. 3-Chloro-2-chloromethyl-1-propene (CCMP), an intermediate of MPO, was synthesized using the tubular reactor via gaseous continuous chlorination of 2-methylpropene and the structure of CCMP was determined by GC-MS. The results showed that the intensely exothermic problem was resolved in the tubular reactor and the even temperatures distribution came true. The key influence on the selectivity of chlorination and yield of CCMP was examined by numbers of experiments. It was showed that the chlorine and iso-C_4 ratio 2.03:1(mol), temperature 50℃and flow of fluid 0.26L.min~(-1) gave the yield of dichlorobutene over 65% and selectivity 80%.
Secondly, the preparation of 2-methylenel, 3-propanediol by alkaline hydrolysis of CCMP in presence of N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent was studied. The influence of several variables on the hydrolysis reaction was examined by the Orthogonal and single factorial tests. The experimental results showed that at the reflux temperature of 92℃, V(CCMP)/V(OH)=1:5, 10%(w%) of alkali aqueous concentration, m(solvent)/m(CCMP)=20%～25% and the time 6h, the conversion of CCMP reached about 95%. Moreover, the macroscopic hydrolysis kinetics of CCMP under the optimum reaction conditions was also studied. The macroscopic kinetic equation was: Where A is CCMP and B OH. The average apparent activation energy E_αof the hydrolysis process in temperature range of 70℃～90℃was 33.45kJ.mol~(-1).
Thirdly, the final product MPO was synthesized in a self-designed bubble tower reactor under atmospheric pressure in presence of Pd/γ-Al_2O_3 catalyst. The structure of MPO prepared was verified by IR, QP-5000 GC-MS and GC900. Influences of several variables such as PH value of reactant solution, temperature, time, the amount of catalyst on the yield of product MPO were examined. The optimum hydrogenation conditions were: 60℃, 6h, catalyst 9g, hydrogen flow 0.4L/min and the yield of MPO was over 90%。
And more, the experimental densities, viscosities and interfacial tension data of MPO+H_2O binary system at 298.15K～367.15K were presented under atmospheric pressure, which Ostwald-Sprengel-type pycnometer used for determination of density, Ubbelohde capillary viscometer for viscosity and Maximum Bubble Method for surface tension. The experimental data were correlated.
The results showed that the relationship between MPO's densities and temperature t accord with Francis model: p/g.cm~(-3)=1.032-6.90x10~(-4)t/℃; There is a maximum value of densities in about 70%MPO (w_t) under given temperature. The viscosities of MPO accord with Andrade Equation: ln(η/mPa.s)=-14.526+5854.9/T. And, excess molar volumes V~E and viscosity deviation△ηwere obtained respectively from experimental data and both the values were negative, which shows that MPO+H_2O binary system bears negative deviations from ideal system. Also, the binary mutual parameters△G_(ij). from Grunberg-Nissan model were obtained by the regression from experimental data and vary as temperatures and concentrations of MPO aqueous solution.
The interfacial adsorption of MPO+H_2O was positive one and isothermal adsorption curveΓ～c (MPO) was fit for Gibbs formula. Also, Szyszkowski model for MPO+H_2O binary system were obtained by the regression from experimental data:
引文
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