河北省近百年海岸线演变研究
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摘要
海岸带是海洋与陆地交接的特殊地带,是人类赖以生存和发展的重要场所,是现代经济文化发展的前沿地带。海岸线的变化,往往对海岸带地区生态环境造成严重危害,带来巨大经济损失,备受世界各国关注。因此,加强海岸线演变研究对于沿海地区生态安全及可持续发展具有十分重要的现实意义。
河北省海岸线绵长,类型多样,自北向南分布有基岩海岸、沙质海岸、淤泥质海岸;且利用类型丰富,开发程度高。通过分析河北省近百年来海岸线演变过程,探讨海岸线演变特征,分析岸线演变对周边岸滩影响及产生的环境效应,并对自然沙质海岸演变进行预测研究,对于海岸线整体利用规划具有一定的理论指导意义,对全省海岸保护、开发及港口码头等大型人工海上建筑的布局规划有一定的实际参考价值。
本文以多期地形图、海图,多时相航空影像图、卫星遥感数据,多年实测数据为主要数据源,运用“3S”(GIS、RS、GPS)技术,系统分析了河北省近百年(1916年~2006年)海岸线演变过程、动因及规律,运用一线模型、海洋动力学等理论、方法探讨了海岸线演变预测及对周边岸滩的影响和环境效应。
研究结果表明:
(1)河北省海岸线演变整体特征表现为:岸线由弯曲趋于平直,长度先增后减再增,1916年~1956年长度增加236.24km,1956年~1979年缩减187.45km,1979年~2006年增加249.75km;海向推进速度不断加快,1979年之前,增长速度为1.2m/a,1979年~2006年,变化速度达28m/a;岸滩面积于1979年前呈减少之势,至2006年,面积增加265.43km2;岸线变化原因由1979年前的自然因素为主演变为1979年之后人为因素占绝对优势;人工岸线演变类型不断变化,包括海挡、盐田、养殖池塘、港口码头等。
(2)基岩岸线演变特征表现为:港口码头建设等人为开发活动不断侵占原自然岸线,已成为影响岸线演变的主导因素;岸线变化明显的区域主要位于原港口地区,如汤河口——沙河口一带,占全部人工建筑的90%以上。而其他地区,受人类干预较少,岸线变化不明显。
(3)沙质岸线演变特征表现为:南部养殖池塘建设使岸线不断海向推进,至2006年,局部前缘已达离岸沙坝,北部自然岸线受蚀后退;变化动因多样,1984年以海挡岸线为主,之后养殖池塘修建在海挡之外,成为影响岸线变化的主要因素。20世纪90年代初期,京唐港的建设标志着港口码头岸线成为影响岸线演变的决定因素;滦河三角洲岸线陆向退缩与海向推进交替进行,其原因由60年代前后的纯自然演变,转变为1979年之后人为因素影响占主导作用。
(4)淤泥质岸线演变特征表现为:变化原因由1956年之前自然演化为主,转变为1991年之后人类影响占主导地位;变化类型由以盐田发展为主演变为盐田、养殖池塘并重,继而以养殖池塘岸线变化为主体,黄骅港、曹妃甸港的兴建,标志着港口岸线对淤泥质岸线的变化起主要影响作用;发展热点区域因时间不同而有所差异,唐山市重点开发区域不断西移,沧州市重点发展区域逐渐南移。
(5)人工干预下基岩岸线的演变对周边岸滩产生较大影响,表现为改变局部流场,促进周边岸滩的发育,形成基岩海岸地区自然岸线整体侵蚀背景下的局部淤积现象,其演化特征为:海滩渐宽,年淤积量0.14m~2.71m。淤积速度减慢,0.04m/a~0.7m/a不等。坡度变缓,仅秦皇岛煤一期突码头至人工填筑地海滩坡度即降低3.8(°1985年~2006年);岸线弧度减小,年均变化0.083°~0.415°,湾顶位置逐年W、WWS向移动;海滩组成物细化,海滩砂中值粒径年均变化0.016 mm~0.035mm。
(6)人工干预下淤泥质岸线演变对周边产生的环境效应。其中,黄骅港岸线变化对周边产生的环境效应表现为:改变沿岸流流向,并在航道外形成沿堤流及环流;改变滩面相对平衡状态,航道以北重塑均衡剖面;改变局部流场,形成口门处横流及近岸壅水,使近岸区高浓度泥沙沿防波堤两侧向外运动;改变岸滩沉积物类型,北滩粉沙层的规模和粒径均小于南滩。曹妃甸港岸线变化对周边产生的环境效应主要表现如下:阻断东西向的浅滩潮流,连岛公路东、西两侧逐渐淤积,并对曹妃甸外缘潮流系统造成影响;南堡西侧海滩处于曹妃甸港连岛公路及南堡嘴双重波影区,海洋动力微弱,海滩不断淤积;对附近海岛、沙坝的影响明显,已出现不同程度的淤积。
(7)位于戴河至塔子沟一线自然状态沙质海岸,2006年~2026年岸线整体蚀退速率不断减小,但各部分岸段变化速率不一致:洋河——大蒲河段岸线共受蚀后退9m,前10年后退速度为0.6m/a,后10年为0.3m/a,前后相比,侵蚀速度降低50%;大蒲河——塔子沟段岸线,前、后10年侵蚀速率降低62%;戴河——洋河段岸线前、后10年降幅达75%,为侵蚀变化速度最大的地区。冲刷重点范围逐渐南移,大蒲河——塔子沟段岸线将成为新的侵蚀中心地区。
Coastal zone, the special region between the sea and the land, is the important place to live and product for human beings, and it is also the front region of the economic and civilization in modern society. The shoreline changes, which threaten the ecological environment and economic in coastal zone, are drawn attention by many countries in the world. Therefore, it is very practical to the ecological security and sustainable development of the study on shoreline evolvement in coastal area.
There are many types of the coastline, such as the bedrock seacoast, the sandy seacoast and the muddy coast from north to south in Hebei Province. With the development of the society and economic in coastal areas, it plays an important role in the shoreline evolvement and the affections of the surrounding environments. The research paper concluded the characters of the shoreline evolvement after analyzing the progress of the shoreline evolvement about 100 years in Hebei Province. And it analyzed the affections caused by the evolvement of the shoreline. Moreover, it forecasted the nature sandy coast. This research played an important part in planning and using of the coastline in Hebei Province. It was also important to protect and develop the coastal zone, and the result of this paper could offer the science reference in management and programming the large artificial constructions such as ports, wharfs and so on.
The data of this research paper was mainly from relief maps, charts, remote sensing imagines and the field data of different years and areas in Hebei Province from 1916 to 2006. Combined with the“3S”technology, the condition of shoreline evolvement and had been concluded after comparing above materials. It also forecasted the shoreline erosion by using the one-line model, and researched the affection of the surrounding beach and environment which caused by the shoreline evolvement by using the theory and method of the ocean dynamics.
The major content was following:
The first was the character of the whole shoreline evolvement. The length of the shoreline increased 236.24km from 1916 to 1956, and reduced 187.45km from 1956 to 1979, and increased 249.75km from 1979 to 2006. The speed of the evolvement was 1.2m/a before 1979 while it increased to 28m/a between 1979 and 2006. Moreover, the beach area reduced gradually before 1979 and increased 265.43km2 by 2006. The reason for this evolvement was changed from the natural factors before 1979 to the artificial factor after that. And the types of the artificial shoreline, including sea walls, salines, breed aquatics ponds and ports, changed gradually.
The second was the character of the bedrock coast. It was that the natural shoreline, replaced by the artificial activities gradually, became the main factors affecting the shoreline evolvement. Another character was that the changing areas mainly lied in the regions where the ports were, such as the region from Tanghe to Shahe which was affected little by the human beings.
The third was the character of the sandy coast. It was the construction of the breed aquatics ponds that made the shoreline evolve towards to sea in the south of the sandy coast. By 2006 the forward of the shoreline had got to the offshore bars, while it suffered erosion in the north of the sandy coast, especially on the beach between the rivers. And there were many reasons for the evolvement. For example, it was mainly the construction of the sea walls before 1984, and the breed aquatics ponds which built in the outside of the sea walls after 1984. It was the shoreline of ports, symbol as the construction of the Jingtang Port, that became the determine reason in the early 1990s. Meanwhile, the shoreline of the Luan River delta had changed several times for the different reasons.
The fourth was the character of the muddy coast. The reason of the evolvement had changed from the natural factors before 1956 to the artificial factors after 1991. And the type was different from times, which included the salt fields, breed aquatics ponds, ports and so on. The region of the most important development had also changed from the different time. It moved towards to the west in Tangshan City while towards to the south in Cangzhou City.
The fifth was the affection analysis of the surrounding beach caused by the coastline evolution. Shoreline evolvement had changed the local circulation and the development of surrounding beach. The phenomenon of partial deposition was formed with the whole erosion condition. The evolvement characters as followed: For one thing, the beach became more and more width with the speed of 0.14 m/a~2.71m/a. The sedimentation got more and more faintness with the the speed of 0.04 m/a~0.7m/a. Moreover, slope of the beach became slower and slower. For example, it had slowed down by 3.8°nearby the beach from the first coal port of Qinhuangdao to the filling area between 1985 and 2006. For another, the radian of the coastline was reduces about 0.083°~0.415°per year, and the top position of the bay moved towards to W and WWS year by year. The third, the component of beach was thinner and thinner with the speed of 0.016 mm/a~0.035mm/a.
The sixth was the analysis of the environment affections caused by the shoreline evolvement. The change of the shoreline in Huanghua Port caused by the many environmental factors, such as modifying the direction of the long-shore sediment, the balance condition of the beach, the type of the sediment on the beach and so on. Meanwhile, the change of the shoreline in Caofeidian Port interdicted tide on the riffle, which caused the beach to fill up nearby the road to the Caofeidian Island and the west of the Nanpu. Except that, it also affected the evolvement of the other islands and the offshore bars.
The seventh was the establishment of the modal about coastal erosion and forecasting. The result of the study showed that the whole erosion speed would reduce from 2006 to 2026, while the change of the speed was different from one region to another. For example, it slowed down about 62% between Dapu River and Tazigou from the former decade to the later. Meanwhile, it also reduced about 75% between Dai river and Yang River in the same time where the erosion speed was the highest than the other regions. Moreover, the result also showed that the erosion scope would move towards to the south, and the region from Dapu River to Tazigou would become the center area of erosion by 2026.
河北省海岸线绵长,类型多样,自北向南分布有基岩海岸、沙质海岸、淤泥质海岸;且利用类型丰富,开发程度高。通过分析河北省近百年来海岸线演变过程,探讨海岸线演变特征,分析岸线演变对周边岸滩影响及产生的环境效应,并对自然沙质海岸演变进行预测研究,对于海岸线整体利用规划具有一定的理论指导意义,对全省海岸保护、开发及港口码头等大型人工海上建筑的布局规划有一定的实际参考价值。
本文以多期地形图、海图,多时相航空影像图、卫星遥感数据,多年实测数据为主要数据源,运用“3S”(GIS、RS、GPS)技术,系统分析了河北省近百年(1916年~2006年)海岸线演变过程、动因及规律,运用一线模型、海洋动力学等理论、方法探讨了海岸线演变预测及对周边岸滩的影响和环境效应。
研究结果表明:
(1)河北省海岸线演变整体特征表现为:岸线由弯曲趋于平直,长度先增后减再增,1916年~1956年长度增加236.24km,1956年~1979年缩减187.45km,1979年~2006年增加249.75km;海向推进速度不断加快,1979年之前,增长速度为1.2m/a,1979年~2006年,变化速度达28m/a;岸滩面积于1979年前呈减少之势,至2006年,面积增加265.43km2;岸线变化原因由1979年前的自然因素为主演变为1979年之后人为因素占绝对优势;人工岸线演变类型不断变化,包括海挡、盐田、养殖池塘、港口码头等。
(2)基岩岸线演变特征表现为:港口码头建设等人为开发活动不断侵占原自然岸线,已成为影响岸线演变的主导因素;岸线变化明显的区域主要位于原港口地区,如汤河口——沙河口一带,占全部人工建筑的90%以上。而其他地区,受人类干预较少,岸线变化不明显。
(3)沙质岸线演变特征表现为:南部养殖池塘建设使岸线不断海向推进,至2006年,局部前缘已达离岸沙坝,北部自然岸线受蚀后退;变化动因多样,1984年以海挡岸线为主,之后养殖池塘修建在海挡之外,成为影响岸线变化的主要因素。20世纪90年代初期,京唐港的建设标志着港口码头岸线成为影响岸线演变的决定因素;滦河三角洲岸线陆向退缩与海向推进交替进行,其原因由60年代前后的纯自然演变,转变为1979年之后人为因素影响占主导作用。
(4)淤泥质岸线演变特征表现为:变化原因由1956年之前自然演化为主,转变为1991年之后人类影响占主导地位;变化类型由以盐田发展为主演变为盐田、养殖池塘并重,继而以养殖池塘岸线变化为主体,黄骅港、曹妃甸港的兴建,标志着港口岸线对淤泥质岸线的变化起主要影响作用;发展热点区域因时间不同而有所差异,唐山市重点开发区域不断西移,沧州市重点发展区域逐渐南移。
(5)人工干预下基岩岸线的演变对周边岸滩产生较大影响,表现为改变局部流场,促进周边岸滩的发育,形成基岩海岸地区自然岸线整体侵蚀背景下的局部淤积现象,其演化特征为:海滩渐宽,年淤积量0.14m~2.71m。淤积速度减慢,0.04m/a~0.7m/a不等。坡度变缓,仅秦皇岛煤一期突码头至人工填筑地海滩坡度即降低3.8(°1985年~2006年);岸线弧度减小,年均变化0.083°~0.415°,湾顶位置逐年W、WWS向移动;海滩组成物细化,海滩砂中值粒径年均变化0.016 mm~0.035mm。
(6)人工干预下淤泥质岸线演变对周边产生的环境效应。其中,黄骅港岸线变化对周边产生的环境效应表现为:改变沿岸流流向,并在航道外形成沿堤流及环流;改变滩面相对平衡状态,航道以北重塑均衡剖面;改变局部流场,形成口门处横流及近岸壅水,使近岸区高浓度泥沙沿防波堤两侧向外运动;改变岸滩沉积物类型,北滩粉沙层的规模和粒径均小于南滩。曹妃甸港岸线变化对周边产生的环境效应主要表现如下:阻断东西向的浅滩潮流,连岛公路东、西两侧逐渐淤积,并对曹妃甸外缘潮流系统造成影响;南堡西侧海滩处于曹妃甸港连岛公路及南堡嘴双重波影区,海洋动力微弱,海滩不断淤积;对附近海岛、沙坝的影响明显,已出现不同程度的淤积。
(7)位于戴河至塔子沟一线自然状态沙质海岸,2006年~2026年岸线整体蚀退速率不断减小,但各部分岸段变化速率不一致:洋河——大蒲河段岸线共受蚀后退9m,前10年后退速度为0.6m/a,后10年为0.3m/a,前后相比,侵蚀速度降低50%;大蒲河——塔子沟段岸线,前、后10年侵蚀速率降低62%;戴河——洋河段岸线前、后10年降幅达75%,为侵蚀变化速度最大的地区。冲刷重点范围逐渐南移,大蒲河——塔子沟段岸线将成为新的侵蚀中心地区。
Coastal zone, the special region between the sea and the land, is the important place to live and product for human beings, and it is also the front region of the economic and civilization in modern society. The shoreline changes, which threaten the ecological environment and economic in coastal zone, are drawn attention by many countries in the world. Therefore, it is very practical to the ecological security and sustainable development of the study on shoreline evolvement in coastal area.
There are many types of the coastline, such as the bedrock seacoast, the sandy seacoast and the muddy coast from north to south in Hebei Province. With the development of the society and economic in coastal areas, it plays an important role in the shoreline evolvement and the affections of the surrounding environments. The research paper concluded the characters of the shoreline evolvement after analyzing the progress of the shoreline evolvement about 100 years in Hebei Province. And it analyzed the affections caused by the evolvement of the shoreline. Moreover, it forecasted the nature sandy coast. This research played an important part in planning and using of the coastline in Hebei Province. It was also important to protect and develop the coastal zone, and the result of this paper could offer the science reference in management and programming the large artificial constructions such as ports, wharfs and so on.
The data of this research paper was mainly from relief maps, charts, remote sensing imagines and the field data of different years and areas in Hebei Province from 1916 to 2006. Combined with the“3S”technology, the condition of shoreline evolvement and had been concluded after comparing above materials. It also forecasted the shoreline erosion by using the one-line model, and researched the affection of the surrounding beach and environment which caused by the shoreline evolvement by using the theory and method of the ocean dynamics.
The major content was following:
The first was the character of the whole shoreline evolvement. The length of the shoreline increased 236.24km from 1916 to 1956, and reduced 187.45km from 1956 to 1979, and increased 249.75km from 1979 to 2006. The speed of the evolvement was 1.2m/a before 1979 while it increased to 28m/a between 1979 and 2006. Moreover, the beach area reduced gradually before 1979 and increased 265.43km2 by 2006. The reason for this evolvement was changed from the natural factors before 1979 to the artificial factor after that. And the types of the artificial shoreline, including sea walls, salines, breed aquatics ponds and ports, changed gradually.
The second was the character of the bedrock coast. It was that the natural shoreline, replaced by the artificial activities gradually, became the main factors affecting the shoreline evolvement. Another character was that the changing areas mainly lied in the regions where the ports were, such as the region from Tanghe to Shahe which was affected little by the human beings.
The third was the character of the sandy coast. It was the construction of the breed aquatics ponds that made the shoreline evolve towards to sea in the south of the sandy coast. By 2006 the forward of the shoreline had got to the offshore bars, while it suffered erosion in the north of the sandy coast, especially on the beach between the rivers. And there were many reasons for the evolvement. For example, it was mainly the construction of the sea walls before 1984, and the breed aquatics ponds which built in the outside of the sea walls after 1984. It was the shoreline of ports, symbol as the construction of the Jingtang Port, that became the determine reason in the early 1990s. Meanwhile, the shoreline of the Luan River delta had changed several times for the different reasons.
The fourth was the character of the muddy coast. The reason of the evolvement had changed from the natural factors before 1956 to the artificial factors after 1991. And the type was different from times, which included the salt fields, breed aquatics ponds, ports and so on. The region of the most important development had also changed from the different time. It moved towards to the west in Tangshan City while towards to the south in Cangzhou City.
The fifth was the affection analysis of the surrounding beach caused by the coastline evolution. Shoreline evolvement had changed the local circulation and the development of surrounding beach. The phenomenon of partial deposition was formed with the whole erosion condition. The evolvement characters as followed: For one thing, the beach became more and more width with the speed of 0.14 m/a~2.71m/a. The sedimentation got more and more faintness with the the speed of 0.04 m/a~0.7m/a. Moreover, slope of the beach became slower and slower. For example, it had slowed down by 3.8°nearby the beach from the first coal port of Qinhuangdao to the filling area between 1985 and 2006. For another, the radian of the coastline was reduces about 0.083°~0.415°per year, and the top position of the bay moved towards to W and WWS year by year. The third, the component of beach was thinner and thinner with the speed of 0.016 mm/a~0.035mm/a.
The sixth was the analysis of the environment affections caused by the shoreline evolvement. The change of the shoreline in Huanghua Port caused by the many environmental factors, such as modifying the direction of the long-shore sediment, the balance condition of the beach, the type of the sediment on the beach and so on. Meanwhile, the change of the shoreline in Caofeidian Port interdicted tide on the riffle, which caused the beach to fill up nearby the road to the Caofeidian Island and the west of the Nanpu. Except that, it also affected the evolvement of the other islands and the offshore bars.
The seventh was the establishment of the modal about coastal erosion and forecasting. The result of the study showed that the whole erosion speed would reduce from 2006 to 2026, while the change of the speed was different from one region to another. For example, it slowed down about 62% between Dapu River and Tazigou from the former decade to the later. Meanwhile, it also reduced about 75% between Dai river and Yang River in the same time where the erosion speed was the highest than the other regions. Moreover, the result also showed that the erosion scope would move towards to the south, and the region from Dapu River to Tazigou would become the center area of erosion by 2026.
引文
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