黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域侵蚀产沙特征示踪研究
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摘要
本研究以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区典型小流域王茂沟流域为研究对象，运用土壤侵蚀理论、流域降雨径流泥沙理论、泥沙运动学理论和数理统计理论、~(137)Cs和~(210)Pb_(ex)示踪技术，采用实地观测及取样室内分析的方法，研究小流域各不同地貌部位、不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀状况及流域次降雨侵蚀泥沙的沉积过程。利用淤地坝的淤积信息反演了淤地坝分层淤积量与侵蚀性降雨的响应关系，分析了流域侵蚀产沙强度演变的特征，揭示了小流域土壤侵蚀产沙的时空分异规律；利用~(137)Cs示踪技术估算流域沟间地和沟谷地的相对来沙量，辨识了坝控流域次降雨产沙量与降雨特征之间的关系，建立小流域水土流失预报模型。本研究对评价流域生态环境恢复重建与综合治理效应，科学调整小流域综合治理规划设计方案、关键技术配置、措施优化布局等宏观决策，推动当地社会经济与生态环境建设协调发展具有重要的现实意义。
本研究取得的主要结果如下：
(1)证明了~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)主要被土壤中细颗粒所吸附，揭示了该流域侵蚀泥沙输移过程中无颗粒分选的特征，阐明了珀~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)示踪结果的可靠性。通过对不同粒径土壤颗粒中~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)的含量分析，对草地、梯田、坡耕地土壤及淤地坝沉积泥沙样品的颗粒组成研究，结果表明：~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)主要被土壤中的粘粒所吸附，随着土壤颗粒的变细，~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)含量显著增加；草地、梯田、坡耕地土壤及淤地坝沉积泥沙样品的颗粒组成无明显差异，土壤侵蚀输移过程无分选性，适宜使用~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)研究土壤侵蚀。
(2)分析了不同利用方式土地的土壤剖面中~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)的分布特征及含量变异，揭示了土壤剖面中~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)的含量与地形因素坡长、坡度、坡向及不同土地利用类型的关系。结果表明，在扰动土(农耕地)土壤剖面中~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)在耕层内基本呈均匀分布，耕层下部仅有少量的~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)在未扰动土壤剖面中，~(137)Cs在次表层(2～4cm)出现一个“富集层”，次表层以下随土壤深度的增加呈明显的指数下降趋势，~(210)Pb_(ex)含量也由地表向下呈指数递减。坡地土壤剖面中~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)的含量随坡长增加均呈波动变化趋势：在15°～26°范围内，与坡度呈指数负相关，随着坡度的增大，~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)含量显著减少；坡向差异对~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)含量的影响也很明显，~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)含量南坡＞北坡＞东坡＞西坡。不同土地利用方式土壤按照。~(37)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)含量的多少，依次是草地＞林地＞坡耕地。
(3)分析了地形对坡地土壤侵蚀强度的影响，阐明了不同土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀强度变化。研究表明，坡面土壤侵蚀强度沿坡面随坡长增加均呈波动变化趋势，坡上部和下部侵蚀量较大，中部次之；坡度与土壤侵蚀强度之间呈显著的指数正相关关系，在15°～26°范围内，随着坡度的增大，侵蚀强度显著增加；在该流域，坡向差异对土壤侵蚀强度的影响也很明显，不同坡向按照侵蚀强度的大小，依次是西坡＞东坡＞北坡＞南坡。不同土地利用方式按照侵蚀强度的大小，依次是坡耕地＞林地＞草地。按照侵蚀程度划分，坡耕地属于极强度侵蚀，林地、草地属于中度侵蚀。
(4)阐明了王茂沟小流域荒草覆盖、已退耕、还在耕种的峁顶和沟坡的土壤侵蚀强度变化特征。研究发现荒草覆盖的峁顶和沟坡的~(137)Cs流失量明显低于开垦农地但已退耕的峁顶、沟坡，更低于还在耕种的峁顶、沟坡；按土壤侵蚀模数的大小，依次是耕地＞退耕地＞荒草覆盖地。峁顶、沟坡开垦为农耕地后，侵蚀量急剧增加。
(5)应用~(210)Pb_(ex)示踪方法计算了坡耕地多年平均侵蚀模数，并与~(137)Cs估算结果进行了对比。根据测得的坡耕地土壤剖面中~(210)Pb_(ex)的含量，计算了黄土高原丘陵沟壑区王茂沟小流域坡耕地的多年平均侵蚀模数。用~(210)Pb_(ex)方法所得的侵蚀速率是过去110年的年平均值，而~(137)Cs方法计算的侵蚀速率是50多年来的平均值，前者大于后者，说明自有~(137)Cs沉降(1954年)以来，该流域土壤侵蚀程度有明显增加的趋势。这可能与解放后该流域人口增加、林草地开垦、耕地面积增加、人为活动加剧等有关。
(6)揭示了王茂沟流域关地沟3号、4号淤地坝坝地沉积旋迪各层淤积物的颗粒级配特征及~(137)Cs分布规律。通过分析试验得出：3号、4号淤地坝坝地淤积物的粒径主要分布在0.005mm～0.1mm之间，而且3号、4号淤地坝淤地坝的淤积物中土壤颗粒的级配不良，淤积物颗粒组成沿坝地剖面深度没有明显的变化：3号、4号淤地坝坝地沉积旋迴层淤积物中~(137)Cs含量在坝地淤积层剖面中有着极其相似的分布规律，说明了~(137)Cs技术记录特定环境历史事件的可行性。
(7)辨识了次暴雨的降雨特征与淤地坝沉积量的关系，建立了坝控小流域次降雨侵蚀产沙模型。利用断面测量方法实测的王茂沟流域关地沟3号、4号淤地坝的坝地面积，根据1987年水毁后的出露断面和两侧沟谷坡度修正的淤地坝下部掩埋层的坝地面积，结合1959年以来3号、4号淤地坝各次降雨沉积旋迴层的厚度，计算了关地沟3号、4号坝各沉积旋迴层的沉积泥沙量；通过研究王茂沟流域关地沟3号、4号淤地坝的修建、运行历史，沉积旋迴层~(137)Cs含量的变化及泥沙量，结合流域降雨资料的分析，利用~(137)Cs的计年作用，依据“大雨大沙”的水沙响应原则，破译了关地沟3号、4号淤地坝沉积赋存的流域产沙记录，确定了3号、4号淤地坝各坝控流域1959～1987年间次暴雨的产沙量。通过次降雨特征：降雨量、最大30min降雨强度、降雨侵蚀力和相应降雨沉积旋迴淤积的泥沙量(即坝控流域的土壤侵蚀量)的多元回归分析，发现坝控流域次降雨侵蚀产沙量和次降雨侵蚀力相关程度最高。基于此，建立了王茂沟流域关地沟3号、4号淤地坝各坝控流域次降雨侵蚀产沙的预报模型，通过检验，模型具有较高精度，可以对小流域次降雨侵蚀产沙进行模拟和预报。
(8)阐明了淤地坝坝控流域沟间地、沟谷地的相对产沙量。计算了王茂沟流域关地沟3号和4号淤地坝沉积泥沙、坝控流域沟间地梁峁坡农地耕作土的~(137)Cs的平均含量，沟谷地产出的泥沙基本不含~(137)Cs，利用配比公式计算了关地沟3号和4号淤地坝坝控流域沟间地、沟谷地的相对产沙量。结果表明：沟间地是泥沙的主要来源，关地沟3号淤地坝坝控流域，沟间地来沙70％；关地沟4号淤地坝坝控流域，沟间地来沙66％。淤地坝的建设对减轻流域沟蚀具有非常重要的作用。
(9)利用淤地坝沉积旋迴与降雨的对应关系，揭示了淤地坝运行的初建期、发展期、完善期流域沉积速率、侵蚀产沙强度的演变趋势。根据王茂沟流域关地沟3号、4号淤地坝沉积旋迴与降雨事件的对应，分析了淤地坝不同运行时期的沉积速率、淤地坝不同运行时期坝控流域侵蚀产沙强度。结果表明，淤地坝在建设初期，坝地泥沙沉积速率很大，为流域29年平均值的1.98～2.50倍，其后呈逐渐减少趋势，但是不同流域面积之间存在一定差异；淤地坝运行的初建期、发展期、完善期，流域侵蚀产沙强度呈明显降低趋势。
In this study, Wangmaogou watershed, one of the typical small catchments in Loess PlateauHilly and Gully Area was selected as the study object. With the theory of soil erosion, runoff—sediment relationship, sediment kinematical theory and mathematical statistical theory, ~(137)Csand ~(210)Pb_(ex) tracing technique, field observations and laboratory analysis, erosion status andsediment deposition under a certain storm of different physiognomy site and different land usepatterns were studied. Making use of deposition information in silt dam, the response process ofthe sediment in each sedimentary layer and erosive rainfall was inversed respectively, then theevolvement characteristics of erosion and sediment yield intensity in watershed was analyzed.Watershed soil erosion was quantitatively appraised from the point of causes of formation,process and development trends, as a result the variations of erosion and sediment yield inspatial and temporal scales were revealed. Utilizing ~(137)Cs tracer technique, the relative amountof sediment coming from inter-gully land and gully land was estimated. Researching on thesediment yield of single rainfall and rainfall characteristics in dam control basin, watershed soilerosion prediction model was established. The studies are of practical significance in evaluatingthe ecological environment restoration and comprehensive management effect, scientificallyadjusting macroeconomic policy, such as planning and designing programs, collocated keytechnique and optimizing the layout of father measurement, and promoting construction ofecological environment for further development.
The main results are as follows:
(1) The result that ~(137)Cs and ~(210)Pb_(ex) were mainly absorbed in fine soil particles were tested,the characteristics of no soil particle slectivity in the course eroded soil transmitting was openedout and the reliability of ~(137)Cs and ~(210)Pb_(ex) techniques was illuminated. With analying the ~(137)Cs,~(210)Pb_(ex) contens in different size soil particles and studying on the particles composes of grasssoil, terraces soil, sloping farmland soil and silt dam sediment, the researches showed that ~(137)Cs,~(210)Pb_(ex) were mainly adsorbed by clay particles of soil, with the soil particles growing fine, ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex) contents increased significantly; the particles composes of grass soil, terraces soil,sloping farmland soil and silt dam sediment had no significant difference, which indicated thaterosion sediment in transport process had no particle separation. This meant that the ~(137)Cs,~(210)Pb_(ex) tracer techniques were suitable for soil erosion research.
(2) ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex) distribution characteristics and concentration variations in the soil profileof different land use patterns were analyzed; the relationships between ~(137)CS, ~(210)Pb_(ex) content insoil profile of slope-land with terrain factors such as slope length, slope gradient and aspect,and landuse types were investigated.
Study results showed that ~(137)Cs,~(210)Pb_(ex) contents distributed uniform on the whole incultivated layer in disturbed soil (farming land) profile, and only a small number of ~(137)Cs,~(210)Pb_(ex) under cultivated layer. In undisturbed soil profile, ~(137)Cs had an "enrichment layer" in thesub-surface (2-4 cm), and decreased exponentially downward with the increasing ofsub-surface depth of the soil profile. ~(210)Pb_(ex) content exponentially decreased from the surfacedown, whose distribution depth was slightly bigger than that of the ~(137)Cs in undisturbed soilprofile. ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex) contents in slope soil profile increased volatility trends with the slopelength. Slope gradient was negatively correlated with ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex) contents, ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex)concentrations were significantly reduced with the increase in slope gradient within 15°～26°.The impact of sloping aspect on ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex) concentrations is very obvious, the orderfollowed by southern slope＞northern slope＞east slope＞west slope according to ~(137)Cs,~(210)Pb_(ex) contents of different slope aspect. The order was followed by grass＞woodland＞sloping farming land in accordance with ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex) contents of different land use patternsof soil.
(3) The effects of terrain of slope land on soil erosion intensity were analyzed and the soilerosion intensity variations in different landuse patterns were illuminated.
Researches showed that the soil erosion intensity increased fluctuatingly along the slope withthe slope length, which the upper and lower parts of the slope erosion larger, central smaller.Soil erosion intensity had a positive exponential correlation with slope gradient. Between 15°～26°, erosion intensity increased significantly with the slope gradient increasing. Slope gradientand soil erosion intensity of slope land was index relevant, meanwhile soil erosion fluctuatedalong the slope length, which meant that the impact of slope gradient on the soil erosion extentwas far greater than its length. In this basin, aspect impact on soil erosion intensity is veryobvious, which is that different aspect followed by western slope＞eastern slope＞northernslope＞the southern slope with respect to the erosion size. Different land use patterns accordingto the size of erosion were sloping farmland＞woodland＞tuff. If classified according to erosiondegree, sloping farmland belongs to extremely violent erosion; woodland and turf belong to moderate erosion.
(4) The characteristics of soil erosion intensity transformation in grassland coverage,uncultivated farming land and fanning land in hill top and valley slope were clarified inWangmaogou Small Watershed.
Researches found that the ~(137)Cs concentration loss in grass coverage land in hill top andvalley slope is lower than that in uncultivated farming land, and is significantly lower than thatin cultivated land. According to soil erosion modulus size, the order is followed by cultivatedland >uncultivated farming land＞grass coverage land. If hill top and valley slope werecultivated to farming land, the erosions would increase sharply.
(5) Applying ~(210)pb_(ex) tracer method, the average erosion modulus of slope fanning land wascalculated, and its results were contrasted with that of ~(137)Cs tracing method.
Based on ~(210)pb_(ex) content in sloping land soil profiles, the average soil erosion moduluswere calculated on slopes farmland in Wangmaogou small watershed in Loess Plateau Hillyand Gully Area, results of which were compared with that of Zhang Xinbao ~(137)Cs model. The~(210)pb_(ex) estimating results were the average erosion rate of the past 110 years, however, ~(137)Csmethod results were the average of the recent 50 years. The former is bigger than the latter,which indicated that there had been an increasing trend of soil erosion since the ~(137)Cs fell(1954). This might be caused by augmentation of the population, cultivation of forest andgrassland, the increasing of plow land, intensify of human activities after the Liberation, and soon.
(6)The distribution laws of grain composition and ~(137)Cs contents of sludge in each damsedimentary cycle layers in the 3rd and 4th check dam were opened out.
By analyzing test, the following results were drawn: the grain diameter of silt insedimentary cycle layers in the 3rd and 4th check dam were mainly distributed among the rangefrom 0.005 mm to 0.1 mm, sludge soil particles were distributed unevenly, and along the damto the deep profile there were no obvious changes. The ~(137)Cs contents of sludge in each damsedimentary cycle layers in the 3rd and 4th check dam profiles had very similar distributionwhich demonstrated that the 137Cs technique is feasible to note specific environmental historicalevents.
(7) The relationships between the single rainfall characteristic with sedimentary quantity in3rd and 4th check dam controlled basin were differentiated and analyzed;accordingly, thesediment yield forecasting model under single rainfall was established in respective silt damcontrol basin.
By the cross-section measurement of the 3rd and the 4th darn area, in Wangmaogou watershed,combining the rainfall cycle deposition layer thickness of the 3rd, the 4th silt dam since 1959, the sediment yield of each sedimentary cycle in the 3rd and the 4th check dam was calculatedaccording to the damaged section after 1987 and dam land area buried in the lower dam withslope gradient modified of both sides of the valley slope. Through studying the 3rd and the 4thsilt dam construction, operation history, mud amount of respective sedimentary cycles, inconjunction with analysis of rainfall data, using noting time function of ~(137)Cs technology, inconformity to the rainfall in response to sediment principle which is bigger rainfall produced alarger number of sand, the sediment record of the 3rd and the 4th were deciphered, thesediment yields of single rainfall in 3rd and 4th check dam control basin were identified from1959 to 1987, respectively. Through the multiple regression analysis of rainfall characteristicsresearch, such as rainfall, the biggest 30 min intensity of rainfall, rainfall erosivity andsedimentation cycles corresponding rainfall deposition of mud (that is soil erosion amount ofthe dam control basin), the results indicated that sediment yield had the best correlativity withrainfall erosivity within the dam control basin. Therefore, rainfall erosion and sediment yieldforecasting model was established for the 3rd and 4th dam control basin. Through testing, themodel had high precision, which could simulate and forecast rainfall erosion and sediment yieldin a small basin.
(8) Relative contribution of sediment yield for inter-gully land and gully land in silt damcontrolled basins in Wangmaogou watershed was illuminated, respectively.
The average ~(137)Cs contents in sediment of sedimentary layer and hilly slope farming land soilin Guandigou No.3, No.4 silt dam controlled basins were calculated, the sediment coming fromvalley didn't have ~(137)Cs, so relative contribution of sediment yield for inter-gully land and gullyland was worked out by proportion method, respectively. The studies showed that theinter-gully land was the main source of sediments in Guandigou No.3 and NOo4 check damcontrolled basins, and 70% of No.3 and 66% of No.4 of sediment comes from inter-gullyrespectively. It indicated that silt dam played very important role in reducing soil erosion andsediment yield.
(9) On basis of the corresponding of rainfall events and silt dam sedimentary cycle, theevolvement trend of sediment aggradation speed, erosion and sediment yield intensity indifferent operational period of the silt dam in Guandigou No.3 and No.4 check dam controlledbasins were opened out.
According to the corresponding of rainfall events and silt dam sedimentary cycle, thedeposition rate, erosion and sediment yield intensity in the silt dam in different operationalperiod in Guandigou No.3 and No.4 check dam controlled basins were analyzed. The resultsshowed that during the early stage of the construction of silt dam, dam sedimentation rate waslarge, which is 1.98～2.50 times of the average rate of 29 years. Later the trend was gradually reduced, but for different drainage areas there were certain differences, and during differentperiod of the silt dam operation, from the initial period, development period to stability,watershed erosion and sediment yield intensity was significantly reduced.
本研究取得的主要结果如下：
(1)证明了~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)主要被土壤中细颗粒所吸附，揭示了该流域侵蚀泥沙输移过程中无颗粒分选的特征，阐明了珀~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)示踪结果的可靠性。通过对不同粒径土壤颗粒中~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)的含量分析，对草地、梯田、坡耕地土壤及淤地坝沉积泥沙样品的颗粒组成研究，结果表明：~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)主要被土壤中的粘粒所吸附，随着土壤颗粒的变细，~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)含量显著增加；草地、梯田、坡耕地土壤及淤地坝沉积泥沙样品的颗粒组成无明显差异，土壤侵蚀输移过程无分选性，适宜使用~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)研究土壤侵蚀。
(2)分析了不同利用方式土地的土壤剖面中~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)的分布特征及含量变异，揭示了土壤剖面中~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)的含量与地形因素坡长、坡度、坡向及不同土地利用类型的关系。结果表明，在扰动土(农耕地)土壤剖面中~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)在耕层内基本呈均匀分布，耕层下部仅有少量的~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)在未扰动土壤剖面中，~(137)Cs在次表层(2～4cm)出现一个“富集层”，次表层以下随土壤深度的增加呈明显的指数下降趋势，~(210)Pb_(ex)含量也由地表向下呈指数递减。坡地土壤剖面中~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)的含量随坡长增加均呈波动变化趋势：在15°～26°范围内，与坡度呈指数负相关，随着坡度的增大，~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)含量显著减少；坡向差异对~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)含量的影响也很明显，~(137)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)含量南坡＞北坡＞东坡＞西坡。不同土地利用方式土壤按照。~(37)Cs、~(210)Pb_(ex)含量的多少，依次是草地＞林地＞坡耕地。
(3)分析了地形对坡地土壤侵蚀强度的影响，阐明了不同土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀强度变化。研究表明，坡面土壤侵蚀强度沿坡面随坡长增加均呈波动变化趋势，坡上部和下部侵蚀量较大，中部次之；坡度与土壤侵蚀强度之间呈显著的指数正相关关系，在15°～26°范围内，随着坡度的增大，侵蚀强度显著增加；在该流域，坡向差异对土壤侵蚀强度的影响也很明显，不同坡向按照侵蚀强度的大小，依次是西坡＞东坡＞北坡＞南坡。不同土地利用方式按照侵蚀强度的大小，依次是坡耕地＞林地＞草地。按照侵蚀程度划分，坡耕地属于极强度侵蚀，林地、草地属于中度侵蚀。
(4)阐明了王茂沟小流域荒草覆盖、已退耕、还在耕种的峁顶和沟坡的土壤侵蚀强度变化特征。研究发现荒草覆盖的峁顶和沟坡的~(137)Cs流失量明显低于开垦农地但已退耕的峁顶、沟坡，更低于还在耕种的峁顶、沟坡；按土壤侵蚀模数的大小，依次是耕地＞退耕地＞荒草覆盖地。峁顶、沟坡开垦为农耕地后，侵蚀量急剧增加。
(5)应用~(210)Pb_(ex)示踪方法计算了坡耕地多年平均侵蚀模数，并与~(137)Cs估算结果进行了对比。根据测得的坡耕地土壤剖面中~(210)Pb_(ex)的含量，计算了黄土高原丘陵沟壑区王茂沟小流域坡耕地的多年平均侵蚀模数。用~(210)Pb_(ex)方法所得的侵蚀速率是过去110年的年平均值，而~(137)Cs方法计算的侵蚀速率是50多年来的平均值，前者大于后者，说明自有~(137)Cs沉降(1954年)以来，该流域土壤侵蚀程度有明显增加的趋势。这可能与解放后该流域人口增加、林草地开垦、耕地面积增加、人为活动加剧等有关。
(6)揭示了王茂沟流域关地沟3号、4号淤地坝坝地沉积旋迪各层淤积物的颗粒级配特征及~(137)Cs分布规律。通过分析试验得出：3号、4号淤地坝坝地淤积物的粒径主要分布在0.005mm～0.1mm之间，而且3号、4号淤地坝淤地坝的淤积物中土壤颗粒的级配不良，淤积物颗粒组成沿坝地剖面深度没有明显的变化：3号、4号淤地坝坝地沉积旋迴层淤积物中~(137)Cs含量在坝地淤积层剖面中有着极其相似的分布规律，说明了~(137)Cs技术记录特定环境历史事件的可行性。
(7)辨识了次暴雨的降雨特征与淤地坝沉积量的关系，建立了坝控小流域次降雨侵蚀产沙模型。利用断面测量方法实测的王茂沟流域关地沟3号、4号淤地坝的坝地面积，根据1987年水毁后的出露断面和两侧沟谷坡度修正的淤地坝下部掩埋层的坝地面积，结合1959年以来3号、4号淤地坝各次降雨沉积旋迴层的厚度，计算了关地沟3号、4号坝各沉积旋迴层的沉积泥沙量；通过研究王茂沟流域关地沟3号、4号淤地坝的修建、运行历史，沉积旋迴层~(137)Cs含量的变化及泥沙量，结合流域降雨资料的分析，利用~(137)Cs的计年作用，依据“大雨大沙”的水沙响应原则，破译了关地沟3号、4号淤地坝沉积赋存的流域产沙记录，确定了3号、4号淤地坝各坝控流域1959～1987年间次暴雨的产沙量。通过次降雨特征：降雨量、最大30min降雨强度、降雨侵蚀力和相应降雨沉积旋迴淤积的泥沙量(即坝控流域的土壤侵蚀量)的多元回归分析，发现坝控流域次降雨侵蚀产沙量和次降雨侵蚀力相关程度最高。基于此，建立了王茂沟流域关地沟3号、4号淤地坝各坝控流域次降雨侵蚀产沙的预报模型，通过检验，模型具有较高精度，可以对小流域次降雨侵蚀产沙进行模拟和预报。
(8)阐明了淤地坝坝控流域沟间地、沟谷地的相对产沙量。计算了王茂沟流域关地沟3号和4号淤地坝沉积泥沙、坝控流域沟间地梁峁坡农地耕作土的~(137)Cs的平均含量，沟谷地产出的泥沙基本不含~(137)Cs，利用配比公式计算了关地沟3号和4号淤地坝坝控流域沟间地、沟谷地的相对产沙量。结果表明：沟间地是泥沙的主要来源，关地沟3号淤地坝坝控流域，沟间地来沙70％；关地沟4号淤地坝坝控流域，沟间地来沙66％。淤地坝的建设对减轻流域沟蚀具有非常重要的作用。
(9)利用淤地坝沉积旋迴与降雨的对应关系，揭示了淤地坝运行的初建期、发展期、完善期流域沉积速率、侵蚀产沙强度的演变趋势。根据王茂沟流域关地沟3号、4号淤地坝沉积旋迴与降雨事件的对应，分析了淤地坝不同运行时期的沉积速率、淤地坝不同运行时期坝控流域侵蚀产沙强度。结果表明，淤地坝在建设初期，坝地泥沙沉积速率很大，为流域29年平均值的1.98～2.50倍，其后呈逐渐减少趋势，但是不同流域面积之间存在一定差异；淤地坝运行的初建期、发展期、完善期，流域侵蚀产沙强度呈明显降低趋势。
In this study, Wangmaogou watershed, one of the typical small catchments in Loess PlateauHilly and Gully Area was selected as the study object. With the theory of soil erosion, runoff—sediment relationship, sediment kinematical theory and mathematical statistical theory, ~(137)Csand ~(210)Pb_(ex) tracing technique, field observations and laboratory analysis, erosion status andsediment deposition under a certain storm of different physiognomy site and different land usepatterns were studied. Making use of deposition information in silt dam, the response process ofthe sediment in each sedimentary layer and erosive rainfall was inversed respectively, then theevolvement characteristics of erosion and sediment yield intensity in watershed was analyzed.Watershed soil erosion was quantitatively appraised from the point of causes of formation,process and development trends, as a result the variations of erosion and sediment yield inspatial and temporal scales were revealed. Utilizing ~(137)Cs tracer technique, the relative amountof sediment coming from inter-gully land and gully land was estimated. Researching on thesediment yield of single rainfall and rainfall characteristics in dam control basin, watershed soilerosion prediction model was established. The studies are of practical significance in evaluatingthe ecological environment restoration and comprehensive management effect, scientificallyadjusting macroeconomic policy, such as planning and designing programs, collocated keytechnique and optimizing the layout of father measurement, and promoting construction ofecological environment for further development.
The main results are as follows:
(1) The result that ~(137)Cs and ~(210)Pb_(ex) were mainly absorbed in fine soil particles were tested,the characteristics of no soil particle slectivity in the course eroded soil transmitting was openedout and the reliability of ~(137)Cs and ~(210)Pb_(ex) techniques was illuminated. With analying the ~(137)Cs,~(210)Pb_(ex) contens in different size soil particles and studying on the particles composes of grasssoil, terraces soil, sloping farmland soil and silt dam sediment, the researches showed that ~(137)Cs,~(210)Pb_(ex) were mainly adsorbed by clay particles of soil, with the soil particles growing fine, ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex) contents increased significantly; the particles composes of grass soil, terraces soil,sloping farmland soil and silt dam sediment had no significant difference, which indicated thaterosion sediment in transport process had no particle separation. This meant that the ~(137)Cs,~(210)Pb_(ex) tracer techniques were suitable for soil erosion research.
(2) ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex) distribution characteristics and concentration variations in the soil profileof different land use patterns were analyzed; the relationships between ~(137)CS, ~(210)Pb_(ex) content insoil profile of slope-land with terrain factors such as slope length, slope gradient and aspect,and landuse types were investigated.
Study results showed that ~(137)Cs,~(210)Pb_(ex) contents distributed uniform on the whole incultivated layer in disturbed soil (farming land) profile, and only a small number of ~(137)Cs,~(210)Pb_(ex) under cultivated layer. In undisturbed soil profile, ~(137)Cs had an "enrichment layer" in thesub-surface (2-4 cm), and decreased exponentially downward with the increasing ofsub-surface depth of the soil profile. ~(210)Pb_(ex) content exponentially decreased from the surfacedown, whose distribution depth was slightly bigger than that of the ~(137)Cs in undisturbed soilprofile. ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex) contents in slope soil profile increased volatility trends with the slopelength. Slope gradient was negatively correlated with ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex) contents, ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex)concentrations were significantly reduced with the increase in slope gradient within 15°～26°.The impact of sloping aspect on ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex) concentrations is very obvious, the orderfollowed by southern slope＞northern slope＞east slope＞west slope according to ~(137)Cs,~(210)Pb_(ex) contents of different slope aspect. The order was followed by grass＞woodland＞sloping farming land in accordance with ~(137)Cs, ~(210)Pb_(ex) contents of different land use patternsof soil.
(3) The effects of terrain of slope land on soil erosion intensity were analyzed and the soilerosion intensity variations in different landuse patterns were illuminated.
Researches showed that the soil erosion intensity increased fluctuatingly along the slope withthe slope length, which the upper and lower parts of the slope erosion larger, central smaller.Soil erosion intensity had a positive exponential correlation with slope gradient. Between 15°～26°, erosion intensity increased significantly with the slope gradient increasing. Slope gradientand soil erosion intensity of slope land was index relevant, meanwhile soil erosion fluctuatedalong the slope length, which meant that the impact of slope gradient on the soil erosion extentwas far greater than its length. In this basin, aspect impact on soil erosion intensity is veryobvious, which is that different aspect followed by western slope＞eastern slope＞northernslope＞the southern slope with respect to the erosion size. Different land use patterns accordingto the size of erosion were sloping farmland＞woodland＞tuff. If classified according to erosiondegree, sloping farmland belongs to extremely violent erosion; woodland and turf belong to moderate erosion.
(4) The characteristics of soil erosion intensity transformation in grassland coverage,uncultivated farming land and fanning land in hill top and valley slope were clarified inWangmaogou Small Watershed.
Researches found that the ~(137)Cs concentration loss in grass coverage land in hill top andvalley slope is lower than that in uncultivated farming land, and is significantly lower than thatin cultivated land. According to soil erosion modulus size, the order is followed by cultivatedland >uncultivated farming land＞grass coverage land. If hill top and valley slope werecultivated to farming land, the erosions would increase sharply.
(5) Applying ~(210)pb_(ex) tracer method, the average erosion modulus of slope fanning land wascalculated, and its results were contrasted with that of ~(137)Cs tracing method.
Based on ~(210)pb_(ex) content in sloping land soil profiles, the average soil erosion moduluswere calculated on slopes farmland in Wangmaogou small watershed in Loess Plateau Hillyand Gully Area, results of which were compared with that of Zhang Xinbao ~(137)Cs model. The~(210)pb_(ex) estimating results were the average erosion rate of the past 110 years, however, ~(137)Csmethod results were the average of the recent 50 years. The former is bigger than the latter,which indicated that there had been an increasing trend of soil erosion since the ~(137)Cs fell(1954). This might be caused by augmentation of the population, cultivation of forest andgrassland, the increasing of plow land, intensify of human activities after the Liberation, and soon.
(6)The distribution laws of grain composition and ~(137)Cs contents of sludge in each damsedimentary cycle layers in the 3rd and 4th check dam were opened out.
By analyzing test, the following results were drawn: the grain diameter of silt insedimentary cycle layers in the 3rd and 4th check dam were mainly distributed among the rangefrom 0.005 mm to 0.1 mm, sludge soil particles were distributed unevenly, and along the damto the deep profile there were no obvious changes. The ~(137)Cs contents of sludge in each damsedimentary cycle layers in the 3rd and 4th check dam profiles had very similar distributionwhich demonstrated that the 137Cs technique is feasible to note specific environmental historicalevents.
(7) The relationships between the single rainfall characteristic with sedimentary quantity in3rd and 4th check dam controlled basin were differentiated and analyzed;accordingly, thesediment yield forecasting model under single rainfall was established in respective silt damcontrol basin.
By the cross-section measurement of the 3rd and the 4th darn area, in Wangmaogou watershed,combining the rainfall cycle deposition layer thickness of the 3rd, the 4th silt dam since 1959, the sediment yield of each sedimentary cycle in the 3rd and the 4th check dam was calculatedaccording to the damaged section after 1987 and dam land area buried in the lower dam withslope gradient modified of both sides of the valley slope. Through studying the 3rd and the 4thsilt dam construction, operation history, mud amount of respective sedimentary cycles, inconjunction with analysis of rainfall data, using noting time function of ~(137)Cs technology, inconformity to the rainfall in response to sediment principle which is bigger rainfall produced alarger number of sand, the sediment record of the 3rd and the 4th were deciphered, thesediment yields of single rainfall in 3rd and 4th check dam control basin were identified from1959 to 1987, respectively. Through the multiple regression analysis of rainfall characteristicsresearch, such as rainfall, the biggest 30 min intensity of rainfall, rainfall erosivity andsedimentation cycles corresponding rainfall deposition of mud (that is soil erosion amount ofthe dam control basin), the results indicated that sediment yield had the best correlativity withrainfall erosivity within the dam control basin. Therefore, rainfall erosion and sediment yieldforecasting model was established for the 3rd and 4th dam control basin. Through testing, themodel had high precision, which could simulate and forecast rainfall erosion and sediment yieldin a small basin.
(8) Relative contribution of sediment yield for inter-gully land and gully land in silt damcontrolled basins in Wangmaogou watershed was illuminated, respectively.
The average ~(137)Cs contents in sediment of sedimentary layer and hilly slope farming land soilin Guandigou No.3, No.4 silt dam controlled basins were calculated, the sediment coming fromvalley didn't have ~(137)Cs, so relative contribution of sediment yield for inter-gully land and gullyland was worked out by proportion method, respectively. The studies showed that theinter-gully land was the main source of sediments in Guandigou No.3 and NOo4 check damcontrolled basins, and 70% of No.3 and 66% of No.4 of sediment comes from inter-gullyrespectively. It indicated that silt dam played very important role in reducing soil erosion andsediment yield.
(9) On basis of the corresponding of rainfall events and silt dam sedimentary cycle, theevolvement trend of sediment aggradation speed, erosion and sediment yield intensity indifferent operational period of the silt dam in Guandigou No.3 and No.4 check dam controlledbasins were opened out.
According to the corresponding of rainfall events and silt dam sedimentary cycle, thedeposition rate, erosion and sediment yield intensity in the silt dam in different operationalperiod in Guandigou No.3 and No.4 check dam controlled basins were analyzed. The resultsshowed that during the early stage of the construction of silt dam, dam sedimentation rate waslarge, which is 1.98～2.50 times of the average rate of 29 years. Later the trend was gradually reduced, but for different drainage areas there were certain differences, and during differentperiod of the silt dam operation, from the initial period, development period to stability,watershed erosion and sediment yield intensity was significantly reduced.
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