基于笔交互的协作教室系统的研究与实现
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摘要
协作学习是一种多人学习策略。为达到一个共同的学习目标,多名学生通过互助、合作、面对面讨论等方式进行协作学习。随着图形用户界面的出现和网络技术的迅速发展,计算机已成为学生学习过程中不可缺少的工具。计算机支持的协作学习(CSCL)正是将学生学习与计算机技术相结合的产物。
作为一种支持多人实时协作学习的CSCL系统,协作教室通过模拟现实中的教室环境,使学生可以使用鼠标、键盘等输入设备在协作教室内进行实时的协作学习。但是使用鼠标和键盘作为协作教室的输入设备存在两个问题:第一,鼠标、键盘输入的是精确信息,这种输入方式不适合协作学习过程中学生稍纵即逝思想的表达。第二,鼠标、键盘是WIMP交互方式的输入设备,WIMP交互方式缺乏自然性,学生的思路经常会被频繁的键盘命令输入、鼠标菜单选择和按钮点击所打断,因此采用WIMP交互方式会影响学生的协作学习效率。
针对目前协作教室存在的问题,本文通过对笔式用户界面的研究,得出使用笔式用户界面作为协作教室交互界面的解决方案,并通过设计和实现一个基于笔交互的协作教室系统来验证解决方案的有效性和合理性。在研究过程中,本文采用笔手势设计、笔手势识别和图文识别等笔式交互技术开发一个笔式编辑工具,该工具不仅支持识别用户勾画的图形和文字,而且还支持用户勾画笔手势对图形或文字进行的操作。随后本文对笔式编辑工具所产生的信息进行分类,使系统根据不同的信息采取不同的传输方式,在保证用户协作学习过程中信息正确性的前提下,使用户可以实时感知到其他用户的操作过程。同时系统为用户提供文本、音频和视频等讨论方式,并对用户协作学习结果进行持久存储。最后,本文通过实验对原型系统的有效性和合理性进行验证,并对系统进行评估。
本文的研究受到国家“八六三”高技术发展研究计划项目(编号:2006AA01Z328)、中科院计算机科学国家重点实验室开放课题基金项目(编号:SYSKF0704)、国家自然科学基金项目(编号:60873095)的资助。
Collaborative Learning is a learning strategy based on teamwork. Students learn collaboratively through cooperation and face-to-face discussion. With the appearance of Graphical User Interface and the fast development of Internet Technology, computer has become an essential tool for students in their learning process. The Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) is just the combination of students learning and computer technology.
As a CSCL system supporting the real-time collaborative learning among students, Collaborative Classroom simulates the classroom environment in reality. Students learn collaboratively in the classroom by using mouse, keyboard and the other input devices. But there are two problems if students use mouse and keyboard as the input devices in the Collaborative Classroom: first, the information input through mouse and keyboard is accurate, which can not express students' spontaneous thoughts efficiently; second, mouse and keyboard are the input devices of WIMP which lacks natural interactive mode. The train of thoughts of students is always interrupted frequently by the input of the keyboard and by the menu selection made by mouse click, which influences the efficiency of students' Collaborative Learning.
To solve problems in the present Collaborative Classroom, the thesis gets solution for the use of Pen-based User Interface as the interface of Collaborative Classroom, and designs and realizes a Pen-based Interactive Collaborative Classroom System in order to prove the validity and rationality of this solution. In the researching process, the thesis develops a Pen-based Edit Tool by applying the gesture design, gesture recognition, graph and character recognition and the other Pen-based Interactive technology. This tool supports not only graphs and characters recognizing students' input, but also the operation on graphs and characters guided by users' input gesture. Additionally, the thesis makes a classification to the information of Pen-based Edit Tool. After making sure of the accuracy of the information in students' learning process, the system makes the users aware of the other users' operation according to different transmission mode based on different information. At the same time, the users can discuss by ways of handwriting, speaking and watching that have been offered by the system. Besides, the systems save students' achievements in Collaborative Study permanently. At last, the thesis proves the validity and rationality of the original system through experiment, and makes an evaluation on it.
This thesis was supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No.2006AA01Z328), the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. SYSKF0704) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant (No. 60873095).
作为一种支持多人实时协作学习的CSCL系统,协作教室通过模拟现实中的教室环境,使学生可以使用鼠标、键盘等输入设备在协作教室内进行实时的协作学习。但是使用鼠标和键盘作为协作教室的输入设备存在两个问题:第一,鼠标、键盘输入的是精确信息,这种输入方式不适合协作学习过程中学生稍纵即逝思想的表达。第二,鼠标、键盘是WIMP交互方式的输入设备,WIMP交互方式缺乏自然性,学生的思路经常会被频繁的键盘命令输入、鼠标菜单选择和按钮点击所打断,因此采用WIMP交互方式会影响学生的协作学习效率。
针对目前协作教室存在的问题,本文通过对笔式用户界面的研究,得出使用笔式用户界面作为协作教室交互界面的解决方案,并通过设计和实现一个基于笔交互的协作教室系统来验证解决方案的有效性和合理性。在研究过程中,本文采用笔手势设计、笔手势识别和图文识别等笔式交互技术开发一个笔式编辑工具,该工具不仅支持识别用户勾画的图形和文字,而且还支持用户勾画笔手势对图形或文字进行的操作。随后本文对笔式编辑工具所产生的信息进行分类,使系统根据不同的信息采取不同的传输方式,在保证用户协作学习过程中信息正确性的前提下,使用户可以实时感知到其他用户的操作过程。同时系统为用户提供文本、音频和视频等讨论方式,并对用户协作学习结果进行持久存储。最后,本文通过实验对原型系统的有效性和合理性进行验证,并对系统进行评估。
本文的研究受到国家“八六三”高技术发展研究计划项目(编号:2006AA01Z328)、中科院计算机科学国家重点实验室开放课题基金项目(编号:SYSKF0704)、国家自然科学基金项目(编号:60873095)的资助。
Collaborative Learning is a learning strategy based on teamwork. Students learn collaboratively through cooperation and face-to-face discussion. With the appearance of Graphical User Interface and the fast development of Internet Technology, computer has become an essential tool for students in their learning process. The Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL) is just the combination of students learning and computer technology.
As a CSCL system supporting the real-time collaborative learning among students, Collaborative Classroom simulates the classroom environment in reality. Students learn collaboratively in the classroom by using mouse, keyboard and the other input devices. But there are two problems if students use mouse and keyboard as the input devices in the Collaborative Classroom: first, the information input through mouse and keyboard is accurate, which can not express students' spontaneous thoughts efficiently; second, mouse and keyboard are the input devices of WIMP which lacks natural interactive mode. The train of thoughts of students is always interrupted frequently by the input of the keyboard and by the menu selection made by mouse click, which influences the efficiency of students' Collaborative Learning.
To solve problems in the present Collaborative Classroom, the thesis gets solution for the use of Pen-based User Interface as the interface of Collaborative Classroom, and designs and realizes a Pen-based Interactive Collaborative Classroom System in order to prove the validity and rationality of this solution. In the researching process, the thesis develops a Pen-based Edit Tool by applying the gesture design, gesture recognition, graph and character recognition and the other Pen-based Interactive technology. This tool supports not only graphs and characters recognizing students' input, but also the operation on graphs and characters guided by users' input gesture. Additionally, the thesis makes a classification to the information of Pen-based Edit Tool. After making sure of the accuracy of the information in students' learning process, the system makes the users aware of the other users' operation according to different transmission mode based on different information. At the same time, the users can discuss by ways of handwriting, speaking and watching that have been offered by the system. Besides, the systems save students' achievements in Collaborative Study permanently. At last, the thesis proves the validity and rationality of the original system through experiment, and makes an evaluation on it.
This thesis was supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) (No.2006AA01Z328), the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Computer Science, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. SYSKF0704) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant (No. 60873095).
引文
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[3]Dix A.,Finlay J.,Abowd G,et al.Human-Computer Interaction[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2006:123-130
[4]Van Dam A..Post-WIMP user interfaces.Communication of the ACM[J].1997,40(2):63-67
[5]http://projects.cac.psu.edu/WISH/.2009-03-10
[6]Kazuo W.,Matti H.,Andrew B.,et al.An Internet Based Collaborative Distance Learning System:CODILESS[J].Computers & Education,1995,24(3):141-155
[7]Gibbs G.,Skinner G.,Teal A..CoMentor:A Collaborative Learning Environment on the WWW for Philosophy and Social Theory Students[R].Proceedings of IRISS'98.25-27March,Bristol,U K.1998
[8]Thomas H.,Andrea K..KOLUMBUS:Context-Oriented Communication Support in a Collaborative Learning Environment[A],Proceedings of the IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Informatics and The Digital Society[C].2002:251-260
[9]赵建华,李克东.Web环境下协作学习系统开发的现状及趋势(下)[J].电化教育研究,2004,(2):28-36
[10]余胜泉.典型教学支撑平台的介绍[J].中国远程教育,2001,(169):57-61
[11]Goldberg M..WebCT[M/OL].http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebCT#Background.2009-03-20/2009-03-22
[12]穆荣军.基于Web的远程协作学习(Web CL)平台的设计与开发[J].现代远距离教室,2002,(2):44-46
[13]Ashley R..Cooperative Learning[DB/OL].http://members.home.net/riketa/index.htm.
[14]Mahling D.E.,Sorrows B.B.,Skogseid I..A Collaborative Environment for Semi-Structured Medical Problem-Based Learning[A].Proceeding of the Conference on Computer Supported Collaborative Learning[C].1995:218-225
[15]Lipponen L..Exploring Foundations for Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning [A].Proceedings of the Computer-supported Collaborative Learning 2002 Conference Colorado[C],LEA,NJ.USA:2002:72-81
[16]刘新福.PSIC子空间协作模型与协作学习支持环境的实现技术研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2003
[17]陈敏.支持协同感知的人-人交互界面自适应机制研究[D].重庆:西南师范大学,2003
[18]刘新福,王光彩,代雯君,等.集中式CSCW环境中对实时共享对象的并发控制算法[J].小型微型计算机系统,2002,23(6):666-670
[19]杨光信,史美林.全复制结构下基于对象数据模型的并发控制[J].计算机学报,2003,23(2):113-125
[20]王倩,金桦,吴立峰.混合结构的集成化协同设计环境[J].青岛科技大学学报(自然科学版),2004,25(6):530-534.
[21]白大伟.CSCW环境下博士CAD系统并发控制机制的研究与实现[D].西安:西北大学,2008
[22]栗阳.笔式用户界面研究—理论、方法和实现[D].北京:中国科学院软件研究所,2002
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[24]Igarashi T.,Matsuoka PS.,Tanaka PH..Teddy:A Sketching Interface for 3D Freeform Design[A].Computer Graphics Proceedings[C],San Diego,California,1999:409-416
[25]Stahovich T.F.,Davis R.,Shrobe H.Generating Multiple New Designs from a Sketch[J].Artificial Intelligence,1998,104(1-2):211-264
[26]Pedersen E.R.,McCall K.,Moran T.P.,et al.Tivoli:An Electronic Whiteboard for Informal Workgroup Meetings[A].Proceedings of the INTERCHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems[C].Amsterdam,the Netherlands,1993:391-398
[27]Mynatt E.D.,Igarashi T.,Edwards W.K.,et al.Flatland:New Dimensions in Office Whiteboards[A].Proceedings of CHI'99 Human Factors in Computing Systems[C]Pittsburgh,1999:346-353
[28]Igarashi T.,et al.An Architecture for Pen-based Interaction on Electronic Whiteboards [A].Proceedings of Advanced Visual Interfaces[C].Palermo,Italy,2000:68-75
[29]Wilcox L.D.,Schilit B.N.,Sawhney N.N..Dynomite:A Dynamically Organized Ink and Audio Notebook[A].Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems[C].Atlanta,GA,1997:186-193
[30]Davis R.C.,Landay J.A.,Chen V.,et al.NotePals:Lightweight Note Sharing by the Group,for the Group[A].Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems[C].Pittsburgh,PA,1999:338-345
[31]Palm Computing.Developing Palm OS 2.0 Applications[Z]
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