化学镀制备Ni/Al_2O_3复合粉及等离子喷涂研究
|
摘要
本文采用化学镀法在纳米α-Al_2O_3表面包覆了均匀的镍层,研究施镀参数对镀速和镀层形貌的影响规律。并对制备的复合粉体进行等离子喷涂,分析了喷涂参数对涂层组织结构和涂层性能的影响规律和特点。
镀液组成对镀液的稳定性研究表明,络合剂和缓冲剂的种类和用量影响最终施镀质量。最终确定了采用C6H5Na3O7·2H2O(15-20g/l)和EDTANa2(10-15g/l)双络合的镀液明显提高了镀液的稳定性。
镀层增重影响因素表明,温度和施镀时间对镀层增重影响明显,装载量对镀层增重影响最小。镀速研究发现,在50-60°C范围内镀速较低,维持在1.0%/min以下;在60-70°C范围内镀速升高明显,但不超过3.0%/min。扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)分析发现,在70°C时由于镀速显著增大,镀层成针状和片状结构。在55°C时由于镀速较低,镀层光滑、致密。确定了在T=55°C,PH=11.5,t=50min,装载量为20g/l条件下制备的Ni/Al_2O_3复合粉应做等离子喷涂的原料粉,复合粉中Ni含量为10.35wt.%。
等离子喷涂实验结果表明,喷涂工艺参数对涂层结构有重要影响。喷涂功率增大,颗粒之间的结合趋向紧密结合,涂层内部气孔减少,但同时Ni的烧蚀变大。涂层耐磨性测试结果表明,在喷涂功率为30kw的喷涂条件下制备的涂层磨损率最低,其值为0.5cm3/N·m。涂层硬度有随喷涂功率增大而升高的规律,在喷涂功率为32.5kw时,涂层硬度达8.8GPa。
物相分析测试结果表明,采用化学镀制备的Ni/Al_2O_3复合粉在在相同喷涂条件下α-Al_2O_3向γ-Al_2O_3转变程度要小于机械混合法制备的涂层;涂层中Ni元素的分布要比机械混合法均匀;且在相同喷涂参数下化学镀法得到的涂层表面和内部气孔明显少于机械混合法。
In this paper, uniformed nickel coating was fabricated on the surface ofα-Al_2O_3 nano powder, using electroless plating method. The influence of plating parameters on plating rate and coating morphology has been studied. The composite was used as raw material in plasma spraying, and the influence of spraying parameters on coating structure and properties also has been analyzed. The influence of bathing composition on stability of the bath was analyed, and at last, bathing sability was optimized using double reductants of sodium citrate and EDTANa2.
Coating weight increasing rate experiment indicated that temperature and plating time have sharp magnificant to weight increasing rate, powder load has the least influence on the parameter. Plating rate experiment reveals that lower plating rate can be obtained at 50-60°C, keeping no more than 1.0%/min. Plating rate increase sharply at the temperature of 60-70°C, reaching to 3.0%/min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the coating morphology and found, needle like and plate like coating formed as the plating rate increased when the temperature got up to 70°C. There are no obvious differences in coating morphology and plating rate when the powder load between 10 to 15g/l, and the plating rate increased with the load up to 20g/l. Dense and smooth coating formed at the temperature of 55°C, PH value 11.5 and 50 minutes plated with nickel content of 10.35wt.%, which is agreement to use as raw material of plasma spaying.
The results of plasma spraying indicated that the influence of sparying parameters on coating structure was crucial. Experiment results conveyed that granules well-kint, pores decreased and at the same time, nickel ablated highly, when spraying power increased. Coating tribology results that coating frication rate has the lowest value, only 0.5cm3/N·m at the spraying power of 30kw. Coating hardness increases with spraying power higher, and the coating hardness reach to 8.8Gpa, at the spraying power of 32.5kw.
X-ray diffracation analized revealed thatα-Al_2O_3 less likely transformed to γ- Al_2O_3 in electroless plating method than mechanical blended method. The EDS indicated that, the distributing of Ni much more uniformed in electroless plaing than mechanical blending method. SEM testing result reveals that there are fewer pores on the coating surface and undersUrface using electroless plating than mechanical method, which is at the same spraying parameters.
镀液组成对镀液的稳定性研究表明,络合剂和缓冲剂的种类和用量影响最终施镀质量。最终确定了采用C6H5Na3O7·2H2O(15-20g/l)和EDTANa2(10-15g/l)双络合的镀液明显提高了镀液的稳定性。
镀层增重影响因素表明,温度和施镀时间对镀层增重影响明显,装载量对镀层增重影响最小。镀速研究发现,在50-60°C范围内镀速较低,维持在1.0%/min以下;在60-70°C范围内镀速升高明显,但不超过3.0%/min。扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)分析发现,在70°C时由于镀速显著增大,镀层成针状和片状结构。在55°C时由于镀速较低,镀层光滑、致密。确定了在T=55°C,PH=11.5,t=50min,装载量为20g/l条件下制备的Ni/Al_2O_3复合粉应做等离子喷涂的原料粉,复合粉中Ni含量为10.35wt.%。
等离子喷涂实验结果表明,喷涂工艺参数对涂层结构有重要影响。喷涂功率增大,颗粒之间的结合趋向紧密结合,涂层内部气孔减少,但同时Ni的烧蚀变大。涂层耐磨性测试结果表明,在喷涂功率为30kw的喷涂条件下制备的涂层磨损率最低,其值为0.5cm3/N·m。涂层硬度有随喷涂功率增大而升高的规律,在喷涂功率为32.5kw时,涂层硬度达8.8GPa。
物相分析测试结果表明,采用化学镀制备的Ni/Al_2O_3复合粉在在相同喷涂条件下α-Al_2O_3向γ-Al_2O_3转变程度要小于机械混合法制备的涂层;涂层中Ni元素的分布要比机械混合法均匀;且在相同喷涂参数下化学镀法得到的涂层表面和内部气孔明显少于机械混合法。
In this paper, uniformed nickel coating was fabricated on the surface ofα-Al_2O_3 nano powder, using electroless plating method. The influence of plating parameters on plating rate and coating morphology has been studied. The composite was used as raw material in plasma spraying, and the influence of spraying parameters on coating structure and properties also has been analyzed. The influence of bathing composition on stability of the bath was analyed, and at last, bathing sability was optimized using double reductants of sodium citrate and EDTANa2.
Coating weight increasing rate experiment indicated that temperature and plating time have sharp magnificant to weight increasing rate, powder load has the least influence on the parameter. Plating rate experiment reveals that lower plating rate can be obtained at 50-60°C, keeping no more than 1.0%/min. Plating rate increase sharply at the temperature of 60-70°C, reaching to 3.0%/min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the coating morphology and found, needle like and plate like coating formed as the plating rate increased when the temperature got up to 70°C. There are no obvious differences in coating morphology and plating rate when the powder load between 10 to 15g/l, and the plating rate increased with the load up to 20g/l. Dense and smooth coating formed at the temperature of 55°C, PH value 11.5 and 50 minutes plated with nickel content of 10.35wt.%, which is agreement to use as raw material of plasma spaying.
The results of plasma spraying indicated that the influence of sparying parameters on coating structure was crucial. Experiment results conveyed that granules well-kint, pores decreased and at the same time, nickel ablated highly, when spraying power increased. Coating tribology results that coating frication rate has the lowest value, only 0.5cm3/N·m at the spraying power of 30kw. Coating hardness increases with spraying power higher, and the coating hardness reach to 8.8Gpa, at the spraying power of 32.5kw.
X-ray diffracation analized revealed thatα-Al_2O_3 less likely transformed to γ- Al_2O_3 in electroless plating method than mechanical blended method. The EDS indicated that, the distributing of Ni much more uniformed in electroless plaing than mechanical blending method. SEM testing result reveals that there are fewer pores on the coating surface and undersUrface using electroless plating than mechanical method, which is at the same spraying parameters.
引文
1 Dirjal N. K, Holbrook K A, Wells PB. The role of electroless plating bath constituents in the catalytic oxidation of the hypophosphite ion. Plating and Surface Finishing. 1998, 85(4): 74~78
2 Feldstein M. D. Composite electroless nickel coatings for the aerospace and airline industies. Plating and Surface Finishing. 1998, 85(11): 248~252
3 Sharma A. K, Suresh M. R, Bhojraj H. Electroless plating on magnesium Alloy. Metal Finishing. 1998, 96(3): 113~117
4郭江华,王水弟,张忠会.倒装芯片凸焊点的UBM.制程技术. 2001, 26(6): 60~64
5 Farr P. G., Noshani A A. Some properties of electroless Ni-P, Co-P, and Ni-Co-P deposits. Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing. 1996, 74 (6): 211~225
6 Grosjean A, Rezrazi M, Bercot P, et al. Adaptation of a methematical model to the incorporation of silicon carbide particles in an electroless nickel deposit. Metal Finishing, 1998, 96(4): 14~17
7赵雯,张秋禹等.无机粉体化学镀镍的研究进展.电镀与涂饰. 2004, 23(3): 33~37
8刘远廷. Nano-Al2O3化学镀铜粉末烧结行为的研究.浙江:浙江大学, 2004
9 Baudrand D., J. Bengston. Pure nickel coating on a mesoporous alumina membrane: Preparatin by electroless plating and characterization. Metal Finish. 1998, 93(5): 20~22
10徐红光,蒋素琴,余文明.化学镀及其在汽车工业中的应用.材料工艺. 2004, 4: 20~24
11 Michalski J., Wejrzanowski T., Gierlotka S., et al. The preparation and structural characterization of Al2O3/Ni-P composites with an interpenetrating network. J. European Ceramic Society, 2007, 27: 831~836
12 Hirotaka Kinoshita, Susumu Yonezawa, Jae-ho Kim, et al. Electroless Ni plating on PTFC fine particles. J. Fluorine Chemisty, 2008, 129: 416~423
13 Deng Zai-de, Zhou Xi-ya, et al. Ni/Al2O3 Cermet Composite Materials.华南理工大学学报. 2001, 29(7): 62~66
14 Komandur V.R. Chary, Pendyala Cenkat Ramana Rao, Vattikonda Venkat Rao. Catalytic functionalities of nickel supported on different polymorphs of alumina. Catalysis Communications. 2008, 9: 886~893
15 Shoeib M A, Mokhtar S M, Abd El, Ghaffar M A. Mechanical and corrosion protection proerties of electroless nickel polymer composite plating. Metal Finishing, 1997, 95(6): 102~106
16 A.J. Vizaino, P. Arena, G. Baronetti, A. Carrero, J.A. Calles, M. A. Laborde, N. Amadeo. Ethanol steam reforming on Ni/Al2O3 catalysts: Effect of Mg addition. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2007, 12: 1~4
17金燕利,张欢,曲彦平,耿新.化学镀法制备纳米Ni-Al2O3复合粉体的研究.表面技术,2006, 35(6): 29~30
18 Matsuda H, Kiyono Y, Nishira M, et al. Effect of cationic surfactant on deposition behavior in electroless Ni-P-PTFE composite plating. Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing. 1994, 72(2):55~57
19 Khoperia Y N, Tabatadze T J, Zedgenicdze T I. Formation of microcircuits in microelectronics by electroless deposition. Electrochimica Acta. 1997, 42(20): 3049~3055
20 M. Voloe, R. Inguanta, et al. Optimized bath for electroless deposittion on amorphous alumina membranes. Surf. Coat. Tehnol. 2006, 200: 5800~5806
21 B. Oraon, G. Majumdar, B. Ghosh. Application of response surface method for predicting electroless nickel plating. Materials and Design. 2006, 27:1035~1045
22 B. Oraon, G. Majumdar, B. Ghosh. Parametric optimization and prediction of electroless Ni-B deposition. Materials and Design. 2007, 28: 2138~2147
23 Seiichiro Nakao, Dong-Hyun Kim, et al. Electroless pure nickel plating process with continuous electrolytic regeneration system. Surface and coatings technology, 2003, 169:132~134
24 R. Takahshi, S. Sato, T. Sodesawa, M. T. Kato, and T. Yoshii, Chem. Lett. 1999, 4: 305~506
25姜晓霞,沈伟.化学镀理论及实践.北京:国防工业出版社, 2001:22~24
26 D. Kumar, H. Zhou, T. K. Nath, Alex V. Kvit, J.Narayan. Self-assembled epitaxial and polycrystanlline magnetic nickel nanocrystallites, Applied Physics Letters. 2001, 79 (17): 2817~2820
27 W.L. Liu, W.J. Chen, T.K. Tsai, S.H. Hsieh, S.Y. Chang. Effect of nickel on the initial growth behavior of eletroless Ni-Co-P alloy on silicon substrate. Applied Surface Science. 2007, 253: 3843~3848
28 J.G. Ahn, D.J. Kim, J.R. Lee, H.S. Chung, C.O. Kim, H.T. Hai. Improving the adhesion of electroless-nickel coating layer on diamond powder. Surface & Coating Technology. 2006, 20: 3793~3796
29 Hong-xia Guo, Zhen-ping Qin, Jie Wei, et al. Synthesis of novel magnetic spheres by elelctroless nickel plating of polymer spheres. Surface and Coating Technology. 2005, 200:2531~2436
30 Jianzhong Li, Zhongcai shao, Xin Zhang, Yanwen Tian. The electroless nickel-plaitng on magnesium alloy using NiSO4·6H2O as the main salt, Surface & Coating Technology. 2006, 200: 3010~3015
31 Alina-Crina Crina Ciubotariu, Lidia Benea, Magda Lakatos-Varsanyi, et al. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and corrosion behavior of Al2O3-Ni nano composite coatings. Elecrochemical Acta, 2008,53: 4557~4563
32 Wojciech Zorawski, Rafal Chatys, Norbert Radek, et al. Plasma-sprayed composite coatings with reduced friction coefficient. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2008, 4(26): 378~381
33白拴堂.化学镀镍合金及在电子工业中的应用.电镀与环保. 1999, 5(109): 7~10
34 A. Duhin, Y. Sverdlov, I. Torchinsky, Yishay Feldaman, Y. Shacham-Diamand. NiSi contact metallization using electroless Ni deposition on Pd-actived self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on p-type Si (100). Microelectronic Engineering. 2007, 84: 2506~2510
35郭江华,王水弟,张忠会.倒装芯片凸焊点的UBM.制程技术. 2001, 26(6):60~64
36黎德育,李宁,李柏松.粉体上的化学镀镍.材料科学与工艺, 2003, 11(4): 414~419
37 M. Palaniappa, G. Veera Babu, K. Balasubramanian. Elecrtroless nickel-phosphorus plating on graphite powder. Materials Science and Enginerring. 2007, 471: 165~168
38 Haijun Zhang, Xiangwei Wu, Quanli Jia, Xiaolin Jia. Preparation and microwave properties of Ni-SiC ultrafine powder by electroless plating.Materials and Design. 2007, 28: 1369~1373
39 W.L. Liu, W.J. Chen, T.K. Tsai, S.H. Hsieh, S.Y. Chang. Effect of nickel on the initial growth behavior of eletroless Ni-Co-P alloy on silicon substrate. Applied Surface Science. 2007, 253: 3843~3848
40 Jinlong Jiang, Haiqiang Lu, Lixiong Zhang, Nanping Xu. Preparation of monodisperse Ni/PS spheres and hollow nickel spheres by ultrasonic electroless plating. Surface & Coating Technology. 2007, 201: 7174~7179
41 K.-F. Chiu, C.C. Dai. Bias Sputter Deposited Ni/Al2O3 Cermet Thin Films for Gas Flow Sensors. Thin solid films, 2006, 513: 374~379
42 Shujie Li, Yuping Li, Paul Baul Babayan Khosrovabadi, B.H Kolster. Effect of the Hard Phase on the Densification and Properties of the Hard Materials Composed of Al2O3/TiN Interlayer/Ni. Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 1998, 16: 119~126
43 Deng Zai-de, Zhou Xi-ya, Ying Ting-zhao, Zeng Hui-dan. Ni/Al2O3 Cermet Composite Materials.华南理工大学学报, 2001, 29(7): 62~66
44李宁.化学镀实用技术.化学工业出版社. 2004: 19~22
45 GellM, Jordan E H, Sohn Y H, et al. Development and Implementation of Plasma Sprayed Nanostructured Ceramic Coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2001, 18: 147~148
46赵文轸.材料表面工程导论.西安:西安交通大学出版社, 1998. 135~150
47关耀辉,李午申,王迎娜.热喷涂纳米结构涂层的研究现状与展望.国外金属热处理. 2004, 25(6): 156~158
48李天雷,李春福,姜放,马占国.热喷涂技术研究现状及发展趋势.天然气与石油, 2007, 25(2): 25~28
49魏璐,李京龙,李贺军.热喷涂纳米结构涂层的研究. 2007, 3:18~25
50梁志芳,徐杨,郑仲瑜.热喷涂纳米涂层的研究现状与展望.焊接学报, 2003, 24(6): 94~96
51路学成,阎殿然,黄勇.等离子喷涂结构涂层研究.热处理. 2007, 22(1):12~14
52 D. A. Rigney. The role of hardness in the behavior of alumina coatings. Surface and coatings Technology, 1996, 81: 275~286
53徐滨士,刘世参编著.表面工程.北京:国防工业出版社, 2000: 1~5
54向兴华,穆晓冬,刘正义. Fe基非晶合金涂层的等离子喷涂形成特征.焊接学报, 2003.1(4): 48~49
55张金咏,傅正义,王为民.陶瓷-金属复合材料制备与研究.武汉工业大学学报. 1990,21(2): 10~13
56 Rob Hui, Zhenwei Wang, Olivera Kesler, et al. Thermal plasma spraying for SOFCs: Applications, potential advantages, and challenges. Power Sources. 2007, 270:308~323
57 P. Fauchais, V. Rat, J.-F. Coudert, R. Etchart-Salas, G. Montavon. Operating parameters for suspension and solution plasma-spray coatings. Surface and coatings technology. 2008, 4(3): 178~181
58 Evans SL, Gregson PJ. Composite technology in load-bearing orthopaedic implants. Biomaterials. 1998, 19: 1329~1330
59 Hiroyuki Sugimura, Takayuki Hanji, Osamu Takai, Takao Masuda, Hiroaki Misawa. Photolithography based on organosilane self-assembled monolayer resist. Electrochimica Acta. 2002, 12(9) :302~306
60 Gruner H. Vacuum plasma spray quality control. Thin Solid Films. 1984, 118(4): 409~420
61 Xiaoqin Zhao, YulongAn, Jianmin Chen, et al. Properties of Al2O3-40wt.% ZrO2 composite coatings from ultra fine feedstocks by atmospheric plasma spraying. Wear, 2008, 3(19): 214~216
62栗卓新,方建筠,史耀武.高速电弧喷涂Fe-TiB2/Al2O3复合材料涂层的组织及性能.中国有色金属学报. 2005, 15(11): 1800~1806
63 Buta Singh sidhu, Harpreet Singh, et al. Wear and oxidation behavior of shrouded plasma sprayed fly ash coatings. Tribology, 2007, 40: 800~808
64 A. Merolli, M. Bosetti, Giannotta, A. W. Lioyd, et al. In vivo assessment of the osteo-integrative potential of phosphatidylserine-based coatings. Journal of Mateial Science: Material in Medicine. 2006, (17): 789~794
65周荣廷编著.化学镀镍的原理与工艺.北京:国防工业出版社, 1975: 34~36
66张建新,阎殿然,何继宁.喷涂参数对Al2O313wt.%TiO2纳米涂层组织和性能的影响.材料热处理学报, 2008, 29(2): 135~140
2 Feldstein M. D. Composite electroless nickel coatings for the aerospace and airline industies. Plating and Surface Finishing. 1998, 85(11): 248~252
3 Sharma A. K, Suresh M. R, Bhojraj H. Electroless plating on magnesium Alloy. Metal Finishing. 1998, 96(3): 113~117
4郭江华,王水弟,张忠会.倒装芯片凸焊点的UBM.制程技术. 2001, 26(6): 60~64
5 Farr P. G., Noshani A A. Some properties of electroless Ni-P, Co-P, and Ni-Co-P deposits. Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing. 1996, 74 (6): 211~225
6 Grosjean A, Rezrazi M, Bercot P, et al. Adaptation of a methematical model to the incorporation of silicon carbide particles in an electroless nickel deposit. Metal Finishing, 1998, 96(4): 14~17
7赵雯,张秋禹等.无机粉体化学镀镍的研究进展.电镀与涂饰. 2004, 23(3): 33~37
8刘远廷. Nano-Al2O3化学镀铜粉末烧结行为的研究.浙江:浙江大学, 2004
9 Baudrand D., J. Bengston. Pure nickel coating on a mesoporous alumina membrane: Preparatin by electroless plating and characterization. Metal Finish. 1998, 93(5): 20~22
10徐红光,蒋素琴,余文明.化学镀及其在汽车工业中的应用.材料工艺. 2004, 4: 20~24
11 Michalski J., Wejrzanowski T., Gierlotka S., et al. The preparation and structural characterization of Al2O3/Ni-P composites with an interpenetrating network. J. European Ceramic Society, 2007, 27: 831~836
12 Hirotaka Kinoshita, Susumu Yonezawa, Jae-ho Kim, et al. Electroless Ni plating on PTFC fine particles. J. Fluorine Chemisty, 2008, 129: 416~423
13 Deng Zai-de, Zhou Xi-ya, et al. Ni/Al2O3 Cermet Composite Materials.华南理工大学学报. 2001, 29(7): 62~66
14 Komandur V.R. Chary, Pendyala Cenkat Ramana Rao, Vattikonda Venkat Rao. Catalytic functionalities of nickel supported on different polymorphs of alumina. Catalysis Communications. 2008, 9: 886~893
15 Shoeib M A, Mokhtar S M, Abd El, Ghaffar M A. Mechanical and corrosion protection proerties of electroless nickel polymer composite plating. Metal Finishing, 1997, 95(6): 102~106
16 A.J. Vizaino, P. Arena, G. Baronetti, A. Carrero, J.A. Calles, M. A. Laborde, N. Amadeo. Ethanol steam reforming on Ni/Al2O3 catalysts: Effect of Mg addition. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2007, 12: 1~4
17金燕利,张欢,曲彦平,耿新.化学镀法制备纳米Ni-Al2O3复合粉体的研究.表面技术,2006, 35(6): 29~30
18 Matsuda H, Kiyono Y, Nishira M, et al. Effect of cationic surfactant on deposition behavior in electroless Ni-P-PTFE composite plating. Transactions of the Institute of Metal Finishing. 1994, 72(2):55~57
19 Khoperia Y N, Tabatadze T J, Zedgenicdze T I. Formation of microcircuits in microelectronics by electroless deposition. Electrochimica Acta. 1997, 42(20): 3049~3055
20 M. Voloe, R. Inguanta, et al. Optimized bath for electroless deposittion on amorphous alumina membranes. Surf. Coat. Tehnol. 2006, 200: 5800~5806
21 B. Oraon, G. Majumdar, B. Ghosh. Application of response surface method for predicting electroless nickel plating. Materials and Design. 2006, 27:1035~1045
22 B. Oraon, G. Majumdar, B. Ghosh. Parametric optimization and prediction of electroless Ni-B deposition. Materials and Design. 2007, 28: 2138~2147
23 Seiichiro Nakao, Dong-Hyun Kim, et al. Electroless pure nickel plating process with continuous electrolytic regeneration system. Surface and coatings technology, 2003, 169:132~134
24 R. Takahshi, S. Sato, T. Sodesawa, M. T. Kato, and T. Yoshii, Chem. Lett. 1999, 4: 305~506
25姜晓霞,沈伟.化学镀理论及实践.北京:国防工业出版社, 2001:22~24
26 D. Kumar, H. Zhou, T. K. Nath, Alex V. Kvit, J.Narayan. Self-assembled epitaxial and polycrystanlline magnetic nickel nanocrystallites, Applied Physics Letters. 2001, 79 (17): 2817~2820
27 W.L. Liu, W.J. Chen, T.K. Tsai, S.H. Hsieh, S.Y. Chang. Effect of nickel on the initial growth behavior of eletroless Ni-Co-P alloy on silicon substrate. Applied Surface Science. 2007, 253: 3843~3848
28 J.G. Ahn, D.J. Kim, J.R. Lee, H.S. Chung, C.O. Kim, H.T. Hai. Improving the adhesion of electroless-nickel coating layer on diamond powder. Surface & Coating Technology. 2006, 20: 3793~3796
29 Hong-xia Guo, Zhen-ping Qin, Jie Wei, et al. Synthesis of novel magnetic spheres by elelctroless nickel plating of polymer spheres. Surface and Coating Technology. 2005, 200:2531~2436
30 Jianzhong Li, Zhongcai shao, Xin Zhang, Yanwen Tian. The electroless nickel-plaitng on magnesium alloy using NiSO4·6H2O as the main salt, Surface & Coating Technology. 2006, 200: 3010~3015
31 Alina-Crina Crina Ciubotariu, Lidia Benea, Magda Lakatos-Varsanyi, et al. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and corrosion behavior of Al2O3-Ni nano composite coatings. Elecrochemical Acta, 2008,53: 4557~4563
32 Wojciech Zorawski, Rafal Chatys, Norbert Radek, et al. Plasma-sprayed composite coatings with reduced friction coefficient. Surface and Coatings Technology, 2008, 4(26): 378~381
33白拴堂.化学镀镍合金及在电子工业中的应用.电镀与环保. 1999, 5(109): 7~10
34 A. Duhin, Y. Sverdlov, I. Torchinsky, Yishay Feldaman, Y. Shacham-Diamand. NiSi contact metallization using electroless Ni deposition on Pd-actived self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on p-type Si (100). Microelectronic Engineering. 2007, 84: 2506~2510
35郭江华,王水弟,张忠会.倒装芯片凸焊点的UBM.制程技术. 2001, 26(6):60~64
36黎德育,李宁,李柏松.粉体上的化学镀镍.材料科学与工艺, 2003, 11(4): 414~419
37 M. Palaniappa, G. Veera Babu, K. Balasubramanian. Elecrtroless nickel-phosphorus plating on graphite powder. Materials Science and Enginerring. 2007, 471: 165~168
38 Haijun Zhang, Xiangwei Wu, Quanli Jia, Xiaolin Jia. Preparation and microwave properties of Ni-SiC ultrafine powder by electroless plating.Materials and Design. 2007, 28: 1369~1373
39 W.L. Liu, W.J. Chen, T.K. Tsai, S.H. Hsieh, S.Y. Chang. Effect of nickel on the initial growth behavior of eletroless Ni-Co-P alloy on silicon substrate. Applied Surface Science. 2007, 253: 3843~3848
40 Jinlong Jiang, Haiqiang Lu, Lixiong Zhang, Nanping Xu. Preparation of monodisperse Ni/PS spheres and hollow nickel spheres by ultrasonic electroless plating. Surface & Coating Technology. 2007, 201: 7174~7179
41 K.-F. Chiu, C.C. Dai. Bias Sputter Deposited Ni/Al2O3 Cermet Thin Films for Gas Flow Sensors. Thin solid films, 2006, 513: 374~379
42 Shujie Li, Yuping Li, Paul Baul Babayan Khosrovabadi, B.H Kolster. Effect of the Hard Phase on the Densification and Properties of the Hard Materials Composed of Al2O3/TiN Interlayer/Ni. Refractory Metals & Hard Materials. 1998, 16: 119~126
43 Deng Zai-de, Zhou Xi-ya, Ying Ting-zhao, Zeng Hui-dan. Ni/Al2O3 Cermet Composite Materials.华南理工大学学报, 2001, 29(7): 62~66
44李宁.化学镀实用技术.化学工业出版社. 2004: 19~22
45 GellM, Jordan E H, Sohn Y H, et al. Development and Implementation of Plasma Sprayed Nanostructured Ceramic Coatings. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2001, 18: 147~148
46赵文轸.材料表面工程导论.西安:西安交通大学出版社, 1998. 135~150
47关耀辉,李午申,王迎娜.热喷涂纳米结构涂层的研究现状与展望.国外金属热处理. 2004, 25(6): 156~158
48李天雷,李春福,姜放,马占国.热喷涂技术研究现状及发展趋势.天然气与石油, 2007, 25(2): 25~28
49魏璐,李京龙,李贺军.热喷涂纳米结构涂层的研究. 2007, 3:18~25
50梁志芳,徐杨,郑仲瑜.热喷涂纳米涂层的研究现状与展望.焊接学报, 2003, 24(6): 94~96
51路学成,阎殿然,黄勇.等离子喷涂结构涂层研究.热处理. 2007, 22(1):12~14
52 D. A. Rigney. The role of hardness in the behavior of alumina coatings. Surface and coatings Technology, 1996, 81: 275~286
53徐滨士,刘世参编著.表面工程.北京:国防工业出版社, 2000: 1~5
54向兴华,穆晓冬,刘正义. Fe基非晶合金涂层的等离子喷涂形成特征.焊接学报, 2003.1(4): 48~49
55张金咏,傅正义,王为民.陶瓷-金属复合材料制备与研究.武汉工业大学学报. 1990,21(2): 10~13
56 Rob Hui, Zhenwei Wang, Olivera Kesler, et al. Thermal plasma spraying for SOFCs: Applications, potential advantages, and challenges. Power Sources. 2007, 270:308~323
57 P. Fauchais, V. Rat, J.-F. Coudert, R. Etchart-Salas, G. Montavon. Operating parameters for suspension and solution plasma-spray coatings. Surface and coatings technology. 2008, 4(3): 178~181
58 Evans SL, Gregson PJ. Composite technology in load-bearing orthopaedic implants. Biomaterials. 1998, 19: 1329~1330
59 Hiroyuki Sugimura, Takayuki Hanji, Osamu Takai, Takao Masuda, Hiroaki Misawa. Photolithography based on organosilane self-assembled monolayer resist. Electrochimica Acta. 2002, 12(9) :302~306
60 Gruner H. Vacuum plasma spray quality control. Thin Solid Films. 1984, 118(4): 409~420
61 Xiaoqin Zhao, YulongAn, Jianmin Chen, et al. Properties of Al2O3-40wt.% ZrO2 composite coatings from ultra fine feedstocks by atmospheric plasma spraying. Wear, 2008, 3(19): 214~216
62栗卓新,方建筠,史耀武.高速电弧喷涂Fe-TiB2/Al2O3复合材料涂层的组织及性能.中国有色金属学报. 2005, 15(11): 1800~1806
63 Buta Singh sidhu, Harpreet Singh, et al. Wear and oxidation behavior of shrouded plasma sprayed fly ash coatings. Tribology, 2007, 40: 800~808
64 A. Merolli, M. Bosetti, Giannotta, A. W. Lioyd, et al. In vivo assessment of the osteo-integrative potential of phosphatidylserine-based coatings. Journal of Mateial Science: Material in Medicine. 2006, (17): 789~794
65周荣廷编著.化学镀镍的原理与工艺.北京:国防工业出版社, 1975: 34~36
66张建新,阎殿然,何继宁.喷涂参数对Al2O313wt.%TiO2纳米涂层组织和性能的影响.材料热处理学报, 2008, 29(2): 135~140