桐柏碰撞造山带及其邻区变形特征与构造演化
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摘要
近二十年来,基于岩石学,同位素地球化学,构造地质学以及地质年代学等的相关资料,地质学家们提出了许多模式来解释秦岭—大别—苏鲁碰撞造山带的高压—超高压岩石的折返机制。这些研究主要集中在大别—苏鲁造山带,而对其西侧的桐柏碰撞造山带研究较少。桐柏碰撞造山带位于秦岭造山带与大别—苏鲁造山带的衔接部位,是华北板块与华南板块及其之间所夹持的南秦岭微地块，于中生代碰撞拼合的产物,主体由两部分组成：核部的桐柏核部杂岩单元及其两侧的高压岩片单元。本文以构造解析为基础,通过筛分桐柏碰撞造山带及其邻区各期次的构造变形样式,建立横跨造山带的地质剖面,并依据现有的地质年代学资料,推断桐柏陆—陆碰撞造山带的演化过程,探讨其高压变质岩石的折返机制。
桐柏碰撞造山带及其邻区可以划分为九个大地构造单元,自北向南分别是：华北克拉通南缘岩石构造单元—宽坪岩群,具弧后盆地性质的二郎坪岩石构造单元,具岛弧性质的秦岭杂岩单元,龟山岩组和南湾岩组构成的俯冲前缘楔构造带,构造混杂岩带,桐柏北部高压岩片单元,桐柏核部杂岩单元,桐柏南部高压岩片单元以及随州构造变形带。
根据详细的构造解析以及现有的地质年代学资料,本文将区域中生代由陆—陆俯冲引起的高压变质作用之后的构造变形分为五幕,前两幕变形主要发育在构造混杂岩带以南的各个岩石构造单元中,之后的三幕变形则波及整个研究区。第一幕变形的时间约为255～238Ma,以发育区域上透入性的片理及北西西向的拉伸线理为主。第二幕变形的时间约为230～215Ma,以顶部指向南的逆冲推覆构造为主。第三幕变形应早于早侏罗世,以枢纽近北西西向的宽缓褶皱为主要特征。第四幕变形大致发生在135～120Ma之间,主要表现为桐柏核部杂岩两侧及其内部走滑型韧性剪切带的活动。第五幕变形时间约为120～80Ma,主要为北西向及北东向脆性断裂的发育,并切割以上所有构造形迹。
上述构造变形是在该区榴辉岩相变质作用峰期之后发生的,因此记录了高压岩石的折返过程。其中前三幕变形为印支期同碰撞变形,高压岩片在这三幕变形的先后作用下呈阶段性抬升,其具体过程是：1)早期由第一幕变形所形成的L,拉伸线理约束的自西相东的挤出阶段；2)随后由第二幕自北向南的逆冲推覆构造所约束的垂向抬升阶段；3)后期由第三幕宽缓褶皱构造所约束的抬升阶段。其中前两个阶段可以与现今普遍接受的大别山早期快速折返阶段相对应,而第三个阶段则可以与后期的慢速折返阶段相对应。区域后两幕变形为燕山期叠加改造变形,至此形成了桐柏碰撞造山带及其邻区现今主体的构造组合样式。
In the past twenty years, based on petrology, geochemistry, structural geology and geochronology, different models have been proposed to explain the exhumation process of Qinling-Dabie-Sulu high/ultrahigh-pressure (HP-UHP) terranes. Most of the above studies focused on the Dabie-Sulu orogens. Recently, in the Tongbai orogen which is located at the junction between the Qinling orogen without Triassic UHP rocks and the Dabie orogen with Triassic UHP rocks, detailed petrological, geochemical and geochronological investigations identified two Mesozoic low-temperature and high-pressure eclogite zones separated by the Tongbai high-grade complex. In this contribution, structural data are reported for the Tongbai collisional orogen and the surrounding units in order to provide structural constraints for the exhumation process of the Tongbai HP rocks. We further evaluate the tectonic evolution of the Tongbai collisional orogen and its neighbours based on our detailed field data and available geochronological results.
The Tongbai collisional orogen and its Neighbors can be divided into nine tectonic units. They are, from north to south, the southern margin of the North China Craton tectonic unit-the Kuanping group, the Erlangping tectonic unit with the nature of back-arc basin, the Qinling complex unit with the nature of island arc, the Guishan group and the Nanwan group composed of leading-edge wedge of the subduction zone, the tectonic melange zone, the northern High-pressure (HP) unit, the Tongbaishan high-grade complex, the southern HP unit, the Suizhou tectonic deformation zone.
According to structural analysis and new geochronological evidences, five distinct episodes of deformation (D1-D5) are distinguished in this area since the Mesozoic. The former two-episode of deformation developed in the various tectonic units south of tectonic melange zone, and the latter three-episode of deformation developed in all units of this area. The time of the D1 episode is about 255-238Ma. D1 formed regional penetrative foliations and the WNW-oriented stretching lineations. D2 maybe occurred at some time about 230-215Ma, characterized with the southward-directed thrust. D3 should be earlier than lower Jurassic, and nearly WNW trending open folds as the main characteristics of this episode. D4 occurred in roughly between 135-120Ma, characterized with the activities of the ductile shear zones. D5 occurred in 120-80Ma, characterized with the activities of NW and NE trending brittle faults which cut all of the above structural features.
The D1-D5 deformation events that occurred after the peak HP metamorphism, record the exhumation process of the Tongbai HP rocks. The first three stages of deformation (D1-D3) can be summarized as syn-collisional deformation in Indosinian, during which the HP slices were extruded and uplifted:1) the early stage of extrusion of the high-pressure rocks from west to east is constrained by the L1 stretching lineations.2) The southward-directed thrust (D2) makes the high-pressure rocks further vertical uplift.3) The Tongbaishan high-grade complex and the high-pressure rock units are synchronously uplifted during D3. The first two stages of deformation (D1-D2) are accommodated by the first fast stage of exhumation, and the D3 deformation is associated with the late slow stage of exhumation. Subsequently, the regional structural framework was overprinted by Yanshanian granites, strike-slip ductile shear zone (D4), and brittle faults (D5), resulting from the post-collisional extensional deformation.
桐柏碰撞造山带及其邻区可以划分为九个大地构造单元,自北向南分别是：华北克拉通南缘岩石构造单元—宽坪岩群,具弧后盆地性质的二郎坪岩石构造单元,具岛弧性质的秦岭杂岩单元,龟山岩组和南湾岩组构成的俯冲前缘楔构造带,构造混杂岩带,桐柏北部高压岩片单元,桐柏核部杂岩单元,桐柏南部高压岩片单元以及随州构造变形带。
根据详细的构造解析以及现有的地质年代学资料,本文将区域中生代由陆—陆俯冲引起的高压变质作用之后的构造变形分为五幕,前两幕变形主要发育在构造混杂岩带以南的各个岩石构造单元中,之后的三幕变形则波及整个研究区。第一幕变形的时间约为255～238Ma,以发育区域上透入性的片理及北西西向的拉伸线理为主。第二幕变形的时间约为230～215Ma,以顶部指向南的逆冲推覆构造为主。第三幕变形应早于早侏罗世,以枢纽近北西西向的宽缓褶皱为主要特征。第四幕变形大致发生在135～120Ma之间,主要表现为桐柏核部杂岩两侧及其内部走滑型韧性剪切带的活动。第五幕变形时间约为120～80Ma,主要为北西向及北东向脆性断裂的发育,并切割以上所有构造形迹。
上述构造变形是在该区榴辉岩相变质作用峰期之后发生的,因此记录了高压岩石的折返过程。其中前三幕变形为印支期同碰撞变形,高压岩片在这三幕变形的先后作用下呈阶段性抬升,其具体过程是：1)早期由第一幕变形所形成的L,拉伸线理约束的自西相东的挤出阶段；2)随后由第二幕自北向南的逆冲推覆构造所约束的垂向抬升阶段；3)后期由第三幕宽缓褶皱构造所约束的抬升阶段。其中前两个阶段可以与现今普遍接受的大别山早期快速折返阶段相对应,而第三个阶段则可以与后期的慢速折返阶段相对应。区域后两幕变形为燕山期叠加改造变形,至此形成了桐柏碰撞造山带及其邻区现今主体的构造组合样式。
In the past twenty years, based on petrology, geochemistry, structural geology and geochronology, different models have been proposed to explain the exhumation process of Qinling-Dabie-Sulu high/ultrahigh-pressure (HP-UHP) terranes. Most of the above studies focused on the Dabie-Sulu orogens. Recently, in the Tongbai orogen which is located at the junction between the Qinling orogen without Triassic UHP rocks and the Dabie orogen with Triassic UHP rocks, detailed petrological, geochemical and geochronological investigations identified two Mesozoic low-temperature and high-pressure eclogite zones separated by the Tongbai high-grade complex. In this contribution, structural data are reported for the Tongbai collisional orogen and the surrounding units in order to provide structural constraints for the exhumation process of the Tongbai HP rocks. We further evaluate the tectonic evolution of the Tongbai collisional orogen and its neighbours based on our detailed field data and available geochronological results.
The Tongbai collisional orogen and its Neighbors can be divided into nine tectonic units. They are, from north to south, the southern margin of the North China Craton tectonic unit-the Kuanping group, the Erlangping tectonic unit with the nature of back-arc basin, the Qinling complex unit with the nature of island arc, the Guishan group and the Nanwan group composed of leading-edge wedge of the subduction zone, the tectonic melange zone, the northern High-pressure (HP) unit, the Tongbaishan high-grade complex, the southern HP unit, the Suizhou tectonic deformation zone.
According to structural analysis and new geochronological evidences, five distinct episodes of deformation (D1-D5) are distinguished in this area since the Mesozoic. The former two-episode of deformation developed in the various tectonic units south of tectonic melange zone, and the latter three-episode of deformation developed in all units of this area. The time of the D1 episode is about 255-238Ma. D1 formed regional penetrative foliations and the WNW-oriented stretching lineations. D2 maybe occurred at some time about 230-215Ma, characterized with the southward-directed thrust. D3 should be earlier than lower Jurassic, and nearly WNW trending open folds as the main characteristics of this episode. D4 occurred in roughly between 135-120Ma, characterized with the activities of the ductile shear zones. D5 occurred in 120-80Ma, characterized with the activities of NW and NE trending brittle faults which cut all of the above structural features.
The D1-D5 deformation events that occurred after the peak HP metamorphism, record the exhumation process of the Tongbai HP rocks. The first three stages of deformation (D1-D3) can be summarized as syn-collisional deformation in Indosinian, during which the HP slices were extruded and uplifted:1) the early stage of extrusion of the high-pressure rocks from west to east is constrained by the L1 stretching lineations.2) The southward-directed thrust (D2) makes the high-pressure rocks further vertical uplift.3) The Tongbaishan high-grade complex and the high-pressure rock units are synchronously uplifted during D3. The first two stages of deformation (D1-D2) are accommodated by the first fast stage of exhumation, and the D3 deformation is associated with the late slow stage of exhumation. Subsequently, the regional structural framework was overprinted by Yanshanian granites, strike-slip ductile shear zone (D4), and brittle faults (D5), resulting from the post-collisional extensional deformation.
引文
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