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产业集群演进的理论与案例分析
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摘要
产业集群在世界各国的迅速发展及它对地区和国家经济发展的重要贡献,使其成为近年来经济地理学、产业组织学、社会学、技术经济学等众多学科的研究对象。尽管如此,目前尚无关于产业集群系统演进的完整理论。本文希望在关于产业集群演进完整路径尚无统一理论可循的背景下,尝试提出一个新的理论框架,形成一个关于产业集群演进的一般理论规律。
     本文首先以专业化分工作为研究的逻辑起点,对产业集群发展演化的经济基础——专业化分工的含义进行较为详尽的阐述,并把模型分析与理论分析结合起来深入探讨了专业化分工与产业集群演进之间的良性互动关系。
     然后,对在专业化分工、产业集群演进过程中发挥重要作用的经济主体自发的、自组织的行为作深入分析。在借鉴了西方自组织理论和系统论的基础上,深入分析了产业集群在分工演进过程中的自组织动力机制。接着,对在专业化分工、自组织基础上形成的价值链分解整合与产业集群演进关系进行深入分析。从产品价值链分解整合出发,深入分析了社会价值链、产业链与产业价值链、全球价值链的形成机制及其对产业集群演进的影响。
     在此基础上,从组织行为学角度分析了产业集群演进组织特征——组织行为及组织惯性,对组织惯性的特征及其对产业集群演进的作用机制进行深入分析。从分析的逻辑看,专业化分工、价值链分解整合只是作为产业集群演进的一种组织行为,而组织行为产生的组织惯性则是推动产业集群自组织(自发)演进的必然的、客观驱动力,从这个意义上讲,本章是对上述三章关于产业集群演进理论进行的进一步深化和综合。在前面分析的基础上,本文对当代产业集群出现一种新趋势——模块化进行深入探讨。本部分从模块化的内涵及特征出发,运用博弈论方法,分析和论证了产业集群模块化演进的特征和规律。可以说,由模块化分工、模块化价值链以及模块化组织所形成的模块化集群是专业化分工、价值链分解整合、产业集群自组织演进的必然结果和高级阶段。本章内容可以说是前面四章理论的逻辑推进和进一步深化。
The development of industrial clusters has become the crucial factor of the quickeconomic growth for many countries and regions all over the world, which makes itthe research object of many subjects in the recent years. However, there is not acomplete theory that explains the evolution of industrial clusters. The present thesistries to put forward a new theoretic frame to explain the general evolutional law ofindustrial clusters.
     The present paper will make a deep research on industrial clusters evolution fromthe theories of specialization, value chain, self-organization, organizational inertia andmodularization.
     At the first, putting the professional specialization to be the logic starting, Thepaper is based on the concept of the professional specialization, and combines themodel analysis with the theoretic analysis to study the relations between the evolutionof industrial clusters and the professional specialization, and thinks the professionalspecialization is the economic foundation of industrial clusters evolution.
     Secondly, the present thesis uses the self-organization theory to analyze inherentdriving mechanism of the industrial clusters evolution, and points out that theself-organization mechanism is very important in the process of the professionalspecialization and industrial clusters evolution, and thinks the professionalspecialization and industrial clusters evolution contain the self-organization behavior.
     Thirdly, this paper makes a deep analysis for the relation between the value chainand the evolution of industrial clusters. To begin with the evolution of the productvalue chain, the paper makes research for the forming mechanism of the social valuechain, industrial chain and industrial value chain, and global value chain, and theeffects the mechanism produces on the evolution of industrial clusters.
     Fourthly, this paper analyzes the characters of the organizational inertia and theinfluences the organizational inertia produces on the industrial clusters evolution, andthinks the organizational inertia theory as the general common theory of the industrialclusters evolution, and the organizational inertia is the certain, impersonal drivepower of the self-organization evolution of industrial clusters. Especialy, there will bebetter effects if it is used to explain the withering of industrial clusters.
     Finally, based on the previous analyses, the paper uses the modularization theoryto discusses the industrial clusters evolution, and analyzes the modularizationcharacters and laws of industrial clusters evolution with the game theory, and thinksmodularization clusters are the inevitable results and higher phases of the evolution ofthe professional specialization, value chain and self-organization.
引文
1 Alchian A.. Uncertainty, evolution and economic theory[J]. Journal of Political Economy, 1950, 58:211-222. 和纳尔逊,温特.经济变迁的演化理论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1997.
    2 参见第五章中关于组织行为作为经济行为研究的统—基础的解释。
    3 Sull, N. Donald. From Community of Innovation to Community of Inertia: The Rise and Fall of the U.S. Tire Industry[J]. Academy of Management Proceedings, BPS:L1-L6, 2001.
    4 在马歇尔的著作中,是指工业组织,也指地方性工业——产业区
    5 第一圈层为自由农作圈,主要生产鲜菜、牛奶;第二圈层为林业圈,主要生产小材:第三圈层为轮作圈,主要生产谷物;第四圈层为谷草农作圈,主要生产谷物、畜产品,以谷物为重点;第五圈层为三圃农作圈,主要生产谷物、牧产品,以畜牧为重点;第六圈层是荒野。
    6 克利斯泰勒假设,有一块均质平原,资源、人口密度均匀,运输费用不变,消费者偏好相同。厂商的定位原则需要考虑需求界限(满足正常利润的最低限度的需求界限)和市场范围(市场大小的地理限制,超出这个限制,消费者宁愿光顾其他较近的市场)。由此,形成商品市场的地理分布范围,形成若干大小不同的“中心地”。在一个区域内,高级的中心地只有一个,次一级的中心地较多,等级越低的中心地越多,规模也越小。每个中心地的相对重要性取决于它所提供商品和服务的数量与等级。
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    3 同脚注1。
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    10 本部分参考了仇保兴.小企业集群研究[M].复旦大学出版社,1999.和G·尼科利斯、1·普里戈京.非平衡系统的自组织[M].科学出版社,1986.
    11 在资源数量有限的环境中,集群中一种企业专业的生长最终要以其他专业的消亡为代价,这个过程的结果是使集群的生长得到饱和。
    14 福特制生产方式是由美国人亨利.福特发明的大批量标准化生产方式。主要特点为:在众多的生产车间中,装配线上的工人在严格的管理下,快速、机械而又无休止地重复着高度专业化和大批量的生产任务。由于依靠单一品种达批量生产,已批量降低成本,成本的降低进一步带来批量的扩大。但局限性在于:装配线是刚性的,无法以不变应万变,只能付出较高的调整成本;同时,工人也是刚性,只胜任非常狭窄的工种,从事单调乏味的工作,创造性在不知不觉中磨灭殆尽。而弹性专精生产方式最先是丰田公司倡导的,又称即时生产。弹性表明生产可随时依据需求或竞争的变化而加以调整,同时又无须为调整付出高昂的成本代价,产品多样化、小批量;专业化则是与大规模生产比较而言的,工人在劳力、生产空间、设计和投产时间、库存量等都减少,可能仅使用一半的人力资源、一半的制造空间、一半的设备投资、一半的新产品创新时间,却能实现不足一半的存货、更少的次品、更多种类的产品。参见周维颖.新产业区演进的经济分析[M].复旦大学出版社,2004:86.
    15 史晋川等.制度变迁与经济发展:温州模式研究[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社,2002,第124-125页.
    16 汪斌,董赟.从古典到新兴古典经济学的专业化分工理论与当代产业集群的演进[J].学术月刊,2005,(2).
    17 如20世纪80年代末,克罗地亚造船业中的大企业因为机构臃肿、劳动力成本提高等原因大不如前,克罗地亚政府采纳了德国学者的建议:缩小企业规模、减少产量,企业尽量集中于某一领域实现专业化生产,将引擎的生产从造船业中分离出来,将各种外围零部件的生产转移到中小企业。
    18 这种分工形式以日本企业集群为代表,集群中的中小企业通常与大企业协作形成一种“章鱼足式”网络,大企业处于章鱼的头部,通过层层下包形成的中小企业供应网络则成为章鱼的足部。如日本丰田市的丰田公司共有为其供应零部件的厂商270家,而丰田公司自身则主要从事关键零部件的生产、零部件的总装、核心技术的研究与开发,零部件的自制率仅有20%—30%。
    20 王缉慈等,《创新的空间——企业集群与区域发展》,北京大学出版社,2001年版,第278—282。
    21 参见周维颖,《新产业区演进的经济学分析》,复旦大学出版社,2004年,第215页。
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    16 序参量是协同学创始人哈肯,在研究系统自组织时,作为处理自组织问题的一般判据而引入的。如果某 个参量在系统演化中从无到有的变化,并能指示出新结构的形成,他就是序参量。序参量是宏观参量,是微观子系统集体运动的产物,合作效应的表征和度量。
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    3 其与现代企业集团的不同在于:现代企业集团通过前向、后向整合或水平一体化整合,形成规模效应,企业之间以契约关系联系成一个整体,且以一个单元组织形态进行管理;而且一般不局限在一个区域。因此体现不出地域集聚的特点,故不能称为内生规模企业集群。当然可能有部分企业集团是以内生规模企业集群形式存在,如日本汽车制造商,将许多零部件生产企业维系在一个以研制和组装为核心业务的企业周围,并且这些小企业的生存极大地依赖这些核心企业。
    4 这种工业集聚区有500个以上的村落,专做木工各个部门的工作,一个村落只做车轮上的辐,一个村落只做车身,等等;在东方文明的历史与中世纪欧洲史中,也有与上述同样的迹象。见马歇尔.经济学原理(上卷)[M].北京:商务印书馆,1981,第281页.
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    1 在英语中,inenia指物质的“惰性”或物体运动的一种状态“惯性”,在本文我们取英文中第二个含义,之所以使用惯性,是因为组织行为所产生的组织惯性具有不可抗拒的存在性,是客观存在,而非主观因素产牛的“惰性”。参见牛津高级英汉字典。
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    3 同脚注1。
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    5 同脚注1。
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    9 胡晓鹏的解释是:所谓条件互换性是指在企业进行资源配置的效率与市场进行资源配置的效率完全相等的前提下,企业与市场的资源配置功能可以相互替代;所谓的兼容性则是指企业模块与市场模块具有较强的“即插即用”的对接能力,彼此之间通过相互嵌入使得企业模块和市场模块呈现出相互兼容的特点,最终造成企业与市场的相互融合。参见胡晓鹏.企业模块化边界一文[J].中国工业经济,2006,(1):.90-97.
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    12 同脚注10。
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