机电产品的可再制造性评价研究
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摘要
目前我国进口设备资产达到几千亿元,每年由于磨损造成的损失,需花数亿美元外汇补充备件。改革开放后,我国经济发展迅速,每年设备资产高达几万亿元,若能利用再制造技术进行修复和强化,则能创造巨大的经济效益。我国的一些单位已经瞄准了电冰箱、摩托车、汽车等的再制造。如果这项工作能普遍推开,对于我国这样一个机电设备大国,其经济增长是不可估量的。目前我国有不少军事装备处于更新换代的时期,如何科学改造现有军用装备,使之适应新时期战略方针和未来战争的需要,以及减少库存备件,以最低的经费投入发挥军事装备最好的作战效能,也是值得关注的问题。
再制造的原材料为报废的产品,一旦对其选择不准,会造成应该可以进行再制造的产品被作为材料回收或当作固体垃圾掩埋,形成资源、能源的浪费;或者会造成无法进行再制造修复的产品却进行了再制造,影响了对该产品进行再制造的经济性和再制造产品的质量。对于产品可再利用性可以根据毛坯的废弃程度对其可再制造性进行评价。对进行再制造产品进行分析评价,不但考虑了技术方面的因素,还要同时考虑对产品再制造的经济性因素和环境因素。
评价的目的是评价对该进行再制造是否可行以及在各方面的收益情况,并指出在后续设计过程中应该着重解决的问题和努力的方向。正确有效地评价产品在其生命周期结束时的可再制造性,不但可以评判产品是否值得再制造和再制造的可行性度,同时可以为产品设计者在设计初期就考虑产品的可再制造性提供有效的帮助。本文从经济、环境和工艺的角度来评价废旧产品的可再制造性。经济性评价是分析产品再制造各个环节的费用和产品制造过程中的费用,从而进行对比来说明产品再制造相比所具有的优势。
废旧产品的可再制造性评价是一个综合的系统工程,研究其评价体系及方法,建立再制造性评价模型,这是科学开展这种工程的前提。不同种类的废旧产品其再制造性一般不同,即使同类型的废旧产品,因为产品的工作环境及用户不同,其导致废旧产品是多种多样的。对产品的可再制造性的判断,可以通过采集大量影响产品再制造的技术性、经济性、环境性和服役性等信息,构建包括非线性影响因素的数据集;利用一些数学统计方法和计算公式,确定废旧产品再制造的经济、技术、环境的评价指标,建立较为完善的产品可再制造性评价模型。
At present, China's imports of equipment assets to hundreds of billions of yuan annually due to the losses caused by wear, the need to spend hundreds of millions of dollars of foreign exchange added spare parts. Since reform and opening up, China's rapid economic development, and equipment assets as high as tens of thousands annually billion, can use to create technology to repair and strengthen, it would create enormous economic benefits. Some of companies have been aimed at the refrigerator, motorcycles, cars, etc. to reuse. If this work can be generally carry out in China, as a big country of electrical and mechanical equipment, its economic growth is inestimable. At present China has a lot of military equipment in the replacement period, how to transform the existing scientific and military equipment in order to meet the new era and strategic approach to the needs of a future war, as well as reducing inventory spare parts and a minimum cost of military equipment into play to the best combat effectiveness, but also worthy of attention.
The raw materials to remanufacture is the end-of-life products, if the choice is not correct, would cause can be re-manufactured products are disposed as materials recovery or landfill, and cause waste of resources and energy; or will be impossible to re-create repair of a product is to create, and affected the economy and the quality of the products' remanufacturing. The remanufacturing ability of the abandoned can be further evaluated from its rough extent. On the re-evaluation of manufacturing products, and to consider not only the technical aspects of the factors, but also taking into account the economic factors and environmental factors of the products' remanufacturing.
The purpose of the evaluation was to assess the feasibility of re-manufacturing, as well as in various aspects of revenue, and pointed out that in the follow-up should focus on the design process and the efforts to resolve the issue of direction. Correct and effective evaluation of products at the end of their life cycle can be re-created, not only can judge whether it is worthwhile to create products and the feasibility of re-creating, at the same time for product designers to consider the initial product can be further manufacturing provide effective assistance. This paper from the economic, environmental and technological perspective to evaluate the products can be used to manufacture.
The evaluating of abandoned products' remanufacturability is a systemic and comprehensive project. Build up its evaluation system and create evaluation model is the premise of this project. Different types of waste products have different remanufacturability. Even if the same types of waste products, for its different working environment and user, the result is of wide varieties. The judgment of the product can be further remanufactured can be collected through the affected products to create a large number of technical, economic, environmental and service of information, including the construction of nonlinear data sets factors affecting the use of some statistical methods and computational mathematics formula. Then to determine the abandoned products to remanufacture for its economic, technical or environmental evaluation indicators, to establish better evaluation models for products.
再制造的原材料为报废的产品,一旦对其选择不准,会造成应该可以进行再制造的产品被作为材料回收或当作固体垃圾掩埋,形成资源、能源的浪费;或者会造成无法进行再制造修复的产品却进行了再制造,影响了对该产品进行再制造的经济性和再制造产品的质量。对于产品可再利用性可以根据毛坯的废弃程度对其可再制造性进行评价。对进行再制造产品进行分析评价,不但考虑了技术方面的因素,还要同时考虑对产品再制造的经济性因素和环境因素。
评价的目的是评价对该进行再制造是否可行以及在各方面的收益情况,并指出在后续设计过程中应该着重解决的问题和努力的方向。正确有效地评价产品在其生命周期结束时的可再制造性,不但可以评判产品是否值得再制造和再制造的可行性度,同时可以为产品设计者在设计初期就考虑产品的可再制造性提供有效的帮助。本文从经济、环境和工艺的角度来评价废旧产品的可再制造性。经济性评价是分析产品再制造各个环节的费用和产品制造过程中的费用,从而进行对比来说明产品再制造相比所具有的优势。
废旧产品的可再制造性评价是一个综合的系统工程,研究其评价体系及方法,建立再制造性评价模型,这是科学开展这种工程的前提。不同种类的废旧产品其再制造性一般不同,即使同类型的废旧产品,因为产品的工作环境及用户不同,其导致废旧产品是多种多样的。对产品的可再制造性的判断,可以通过采集大量影响产品再制造的技术性、经济性、环境性和服役性等信息,构建包括非线性影响因素的数据集;利用一些数学统计方法和计算公式,确定废旧产品再制造的经济、技术、环境的评价指标,建立较为完善的产品可再制造性评价模型。
At present, China's imports of equipment assets to hundreds of billions of yuan annually due to the losses caused by wear, the need to spend hundreds of millions of dollars of foreign exchange added spare parts. Since reform and opening up, China's rapid economic development, and equipment assets as high as tens of thousands annually billion, can use to create technology to repair and strengthen, it would create enormous economic benefits. Some of companies have been aimed at the refrigerator, motorcycles, cars, etc. to reuse. If this work can be generally carry out in China, as a big country of electrical and mechanical equipment, its economic growth is inestimable. At present China has a lot of military equipment in the replacement period, how to transform the existing scientific and military equipment in order to meet the new era and strategic approach to the needs of a future war, as well as reducing inventory spare parts and a minimum cost of military equipment into play to the best combat effectiveness, but also worthy of attention.
The raw materials to remanufacture is the end-of-life products, if the choice is not correct, would cause can be re-manufactured products are disposed as materials recovery or landfill, and cause waste of resources and energy; or will be impossible to re-create repair of a product is to create, and affected the economy and the quality of the products' remanufacturing. The remanufacturing ability of the abandoned can be further evaluated from its rough extent. On the re-evaluation of manufacturing products, and to consider not only the technical aspects of the factors, but also taking into account the economic factors and environmental factors of the products' remanufacturing.
The purpose of the evaluation was to assess the feasibility of re-manufacturing, as well as in various aspects of revenue, and pointed out that in the follow-up should focus on the design process and the efforts to resolve the issue of direction. Correct and effective evaluation of products at the end of their life cycle can be re-created, not only can judge whether it is worthwhile to create products and the feasibility of re-creating, at the same time for product designers to consider the initial product can be further manufacturing provide effective assistance. This paper from the economic, environmental and technological perspective to evaluate the products can be used to manufacture.
The evaluating of abandoned products' remanufacturability is a systemic and comprehensive project. Build up its evaluation system and create evaluation model is the premise of this project. Different types of waste products have different remanufacturability. Even if the same types of waste products, for its different working environment and user, the result is of wide varieties. The judgment of the product can be further remanufactured can be collected through the affected products to create a large number of technical, economic, environmental and service of information, including the construction of nonlinear data sets factors affecting the use of some statistical methods and computational mathematics formula. Then to determine the abandoned products to remanufacture for its economic, technical or environmental evaluation indicators, to establish better evaluation models for products.
引文
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2 Guide V,Srivastava R.An evaluation of order release strategies in a remanufacturing environment[J].ComputoperRes,1997,24(1)
3 徐滨士.绿色再制造工程及其在我国应用的前景[R].工程科技与发展战略咨询报告集,2001:4-31
4 朱绍华.谈绿色再制造工程的内涵和科学构架[J].中国表面工程,2001(2):5-11
5 顾兆林,王艳晖,蒋立本,李云,郁永章.再制造产品设计及支持系统.现代机械,2000年第二期
6 张显程,巩建鸣,涂善东,姜勇.再制造系统中的计算机支持技术.现代制造工程,2003(7)
7 福特.回收旧车.出售部件.参考消息.1999.6.8
8 赵昱卿.再制造技术及其商业模式实现研究.上海交通大学
9 陈翔字,梁工谦.美国再制造业与我国的研究评述.世界科技研究与发展,2006年6月,第28卷:第3期
10 陈辉,党庆波.再制造工程的研究与建议.煤矿机械,2003年第8期
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13 陈玉祥.可持续发展与企业.中国机械工程协会会讯,1998(5):1-4
14 Lund R,Skeels F.Guidelines for an original equipment manufacturer starting a remanufacturing operation,Government Report,DOE/CS/40192, CPA-83-8. Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for Policy Alternatives, 1983
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16 Brown W, Davis R. Design for retort, rebuild, and remanufacture. roc the 2nd Industrial Engineering Research Conf, LosAngeles, CA. Norcross, GA: HE, 19XX: 21-24
17 Hormozi A. Parts remanufacturing in the automotive industry Prod Invent Mgmt J 1997, 38(1): 26-31
18 Kuuva M, Airila M. Conceptual approach on design for practical product recycling. ASME Design for Manufacturability Conf,Chicago, IL, 1994: 115-123
19 Klussman K. Just-in-case: the land of remanufacturing, Annual Int Conf Proc—American Production and Inventory Control Society. New Orleans, LA: Falls Church, VA: APICS, 1990: 65-69
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