石拱桥承载能力评估理论与实践研究
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摘要
目前县乡公路网上有大量的石拱桥在服役,这些几十年前设计修建的拱桥当时设计的荷载等级远低于它们现在承受的交通荷载,且一部分存在一定程度上的病害,如何对这些旧石拱桥的承载力进行正确评定是当前公路改建中急需解决的问题。
本文利用通用有限元软件ANSYS11.0对一座试验拱桥的进行了模拟分析,有限元输出的数据结果和试验结果的对比显示了用有限元模型来模拟拱桥荷载作用下的行为特性是可行的。在此前提下,选取两种矢跨比、两种厚跨比一共三座石拱桥,对其建模进行对比分析。定量分析了拱上建筑与主拱圈的联合作用对主拱圈的承载力的贡献,以及拱上建筑的结构尺寸、材料性质等对承载力的影响;分析了矢跨比f'和厚跨比S '对承载力的影响;总结了拱桥常见主要病害产生的原因及其对承载力影响的已有研究成果。依据有限元分析成果和已有研究成果,建立起石拱桥承载力各影响因素结构层次关系,确定了各因素权重,建立起了拱桥的表观状况与各因素分值之间的联系。综合运用层次分析法和模糊数学法,确定出石拱桥承载力修正系数Z 1,并以此对承载力检算公式进行修正,对石拱桥进行承载力检算。提出了基于外观检测的,考虑联合作用和病害影响的拱桥承载力模糊评估方法。
The masonry arch bridges are in surprising numbers on the local road system of county or towns. Constructed decades ago, these bridges were designed to carry far less traffic load than they are subject to today, what’s more, quite a number of them were undermined by various defects. Thus how to assess remaining bearing capacity of these masonry arch bridges reasonably is one of the urgent problems encountered in the road reconstruction, which needs to be solved.
In this paper, a numerical simulation analysis of a masonry arch bridge was carried out using the finite-element analysis program ANSYS 11.0. The result of numerical simulation analysis accords well with the results of real-bridge test, so it’s reasonable to simulate the mechanics behaviour of the masonry arch bridge under loads with the finite-element model. Under this premise, three finite-element models are established to figure out effects of the combined effect, the dimensions of spandrel construction and material property on the masonry arch bridges’bearing capacity respectively. And rise-span ration f ', thickNess-span ration S 'are also taken into consideration. Then existing research results of the reasons that why the defects appear and the defect’s effect on arch bridges’bearing capacity were summarized. Based on the analysis results of the finite-element models and the existing research results, structure level relation of the factors affecting the bearing capacity of arch bridges was established, the weights of these factors and connection between the apparent status of the masonry arch bridges and the weight score of each factors were also defined. Using analytic hierarchy processd and fuzzy mathematics, the value of the amending coefficient Z 1 can be figure out, by which bearing capacity of arch bridges can be calculated. Till then, based on appearance inspection, a fuzzy method of assessing remaining bearing capacity of the masonry arch bridges with combined effect and the defects’effect considered was established.
本文利用通用有限元软件ANSYS11.0对一座试验拱桥的进行了模拟分析,有限元输出的数据结果和试验结果的对比显示了用有限元模型来模拟拱桥荷载作用下的行为特性是可行的。在此前提下,选取两种矢跨比、两种厚跨比一共三座石拱桥,对其建模进行对比分析。定量分析了拱上建筑与主拱圈的联合作用对主拱圈的承载力的贡献,以及拱上建筑的结构尺寸、材料性质等对承载力的影响;分析了矢跨比f'和厚跨比S '对承载力的影响;总结了拱桥常见主要病害产生的原因及其对承载力影响的已有研究成果。依据有限元分析成果和已有研究成果,建立起石拱桥承载力各影响因素结构层次关系,确定了各因素权重,建立起了拱桥的表观状况与各因素分值之间的联系。综合运用层次分析法和模糊数学法,确定出石拱桥承载力修正系数Z 1,并以此对承载力检算公式进行修正,对石拱桥进行承载力检算。提出了基于外观检测的,考虑联合作用和病害影响的拱桥承载力模糊评估方法。
The masonry arch bridges are in surprising numbers on the local road system of county or towns. Constructed decades ago, these bridges were designed to carry far less traffic load than they are subject to today, what’s more, quite a number of them were undermined by various defects. Thus how to assess remaining bearing capacity of these masonry arch bridges reasonably is one of the urgent problems encountered in the road reconstruction, which needs to be solved.
In this paper, a numerical simulation analysis of a masonry arch bridge was carried out using the finite-element analysis program ANSYS 11.0. The result of numerical simulation analysis accords well with the results of real-bridge test, so it’s reasonable to simulate the mechanics behaviour of the masonry arch bridge under loads with the finite-element model. Under this premise, three finite-element models are established to figure out effects of the combined effect, the dimensions of spandrel construction and material property on the masonry arch bridges’bearing capacity respectively. And rise-span ration f ', thickNess-span ration S 'are also taken into consideration. Then existing research results of the reasons that why the defects appear and the defect’s effect on arch bridges’bearing capacity were summarized. Based on the analysis results of the finite-element models and the existing research results, structure level relation of the factors affecting the bearing capacity of arch bridges was established, the weights of these factors and connection between the apparent status of the masonry arch bridges and the weight score of each factors were also defined. Using analytic hierarchy processd and fuzzy mathematics, the value of the amending coefficient Z 1 can be figure out, by which bearing capacity of arch bridges can be calculated. Till then, based on appearance inspection, a fuzzy method of assessing remaining bearing capacity of the masonry arch bridges with combined effect and the defects’effect considered was established.
引文
[1] Archic M 2.0.7. Obvis Ltd, Exctcr, 2001
[2] Gilbert M. Guide to Use of RING 2. 0 forthe Assess-ment of Railway Masonry Arches [R].UIC report, 2006
[3] MEXE, Military load classification of civil bridges by reconnaissance and correlation methods Military Engineering Experimental Establishment, Christchurch, 1963, [SOLOG study B38]
[4] Harvey W J. Rule of Thumb Method for the Assess-ment of Arches[R]. UIC Report (Draft), 2007
[5]中华人民共和国交通部部标准.公路旧桥承载力鉴定方法(试行)[s].北京:人民交通出版社, 1988
[6]俞亚南,程健.一座旧圬工拱桥的承载力特性试验,桥梁与结构, 2005.
[7]张劲泉,李万恒,任红伟等.公路旧桥承载力评定方法及工程实例.北京:人民交通出版社, 2007
[8] Page J. Load tests for assessment of in-service arch bridges. Arch Bridges. London: Thomas Telford, 1995:299-308
[9] Ponniah D, Fairfield C, Prentice D. Fill stresses in a new bridge arch bridge subject to heavy axle-load tests. Proc Inst Civil Eng: Struct Buildings May 1997, 123(5):173-185
[10] Melbourne, C., Walker, P., Load tests to collapse of model brickwork masonry arches. Proceedings, 8th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, Volume 2. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, 991-1002
[11] Begimgil M. Behavior of restrained 1.25 m span model masonry arch bridge. Arch Bridges. London: Thomas Telford, 1995:321-325.
[12] Melbourne C, Gilbert M, Wagstaff M. The collapse behavior of multispan brickwork arch bridges. Struct Eng. 2 September1997, 75(17):297-304
[13] Melbourne C, Begimgil M, Gilbert M. The load test to collapse of a five meter span brickwork arch bridge with tied spandrel walls. Arch Bridges. London: Thomas Telford, 1995:509-517
[14] Royles R, Hendry A. Model tests on masonry arches. Proc Inst Civil Eng Part 2 1991, 91(6):299-321
[15] Page J. Load tests to collapse on two arch bridges at Preston Shropshire, andPrestwood, Staffordshire. Crowthorne Transport and Road Research Laboratory: Transport and Road Research Laboratory Research Report, 1987:110.
[16] Page J. Load tests to collapse on two arch bridges at Torksey and Shinafoot. Transport and Road Research Laboratory Re-search Report 159. Transport and Road Research Laboratory: Crowthorne, 1988
[17] Page J. Load tests to collapse on two arch bridges at Strath-mashie and Barlae. Transport and Road Research Laboratory Research Report 201. Transport and Road Research Labora-tort: Crowthorne, 1989
[18] Page J. Masonry arch bridges. London: Her Majesty's Sta-tionery Office, 1993
[17] Heyman J. The Masonry Arch. Ellis Horwood, Ltd., Chichester, England, UK, 1982
[20] Anthoine A. Derivation of the in-plane elastic characteristics of masonry through homogenisation theory. International Journal of Solids and Structures 1995, 32:137-63
[21] Paul J. Fanning, Thomas E. Boothby, Three-dimensional modelling and full-scale testing of stone arch bridges. Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 2645-662
[22] A. Thavalingam, N .Bicanic, J.I. Robinson, D.A. Ponniah, Computational framework for discontinuous modelling of masonry arch bridges. Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 1821-1830
[23] Crisfield MA, Packam AJ. A mechanism program for computing the strength of masonry arch bridges. Research report 124. Crowthorne: Transport Research Laboratory, 1985
[24] Hughes TC, HeeSC, Soms E. Mechanism analysis of single span masomy arch bridges using a spreadsheet. Proc Inst Civ Eng Struct Build 2002, 152:341-50
[25] Crisfield MA, Packam AJ. A mechanism program for computing the strength of masom-y arch bridges. Research report 124. Crowthorne:Transport Research Laboratory, 1985
[26] Choo BS, Coutie MG, Gong NG. Finite element analysis of masonry arch bridges using tapered elements. Proc Inst Civ Eng 2 1991, 91:755-70
[27] Drucker DC. Coulomb friction, plasticity and limit loads. Journal of Applied Mechanics 1953, 21:71-4
[28] Livesley RK. Limit analysis of structures formed from rigid blocks. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1978, 12:IR53-71
[29] Gilbert M, Melbourne C. Rigid-block analysis of masonry structures. The StructuralEngineer 1994, 72:356-60
[30] Melbourne C, Gilbert M. The behaviour of multiring brickwork arch bridges. The Structural Engineer 1995, 73:39-47
[31] Fishwick RJ. Limit analysis of rigid block structures. Ph.D. thesis. UK Department of Civil Engineering, University of Portsmouth, 1996
[32] Baggio C, Trovalusci P. Limit analysis for no-tension and frictional three-dimensional discrete systems. Mechanics of Structures and Machines 1998, 26:287-304.
[33] Ferris MC, Tin-Loi F. Limit analysis of frictional block assemblies as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 2001, 43:209-24.
[34] G.A. Drosopoulos, G.E. Stavroulakis, C.V. Massalas. Limit analysis of a single span masonry bridge with unilateral frictional contact interfaces. Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 186-1873
[35] Heyman J. The masonry arch. Chichester: Ellis Horwood, 1982
[36] K.-H. Ng, C.A. Fairfield. Modifying the mechanism method of masonry arch bridge analysis. ConstructionandBuildingMaterials18(2004)91–97
[37] Smith FW. Load path analysis of masonry arches. Ph.D. thesis, Dundee: University of Dundee, 1991
[38]长安大学.砌体力学性能研究报告.
[39]黄晓丰.石拱桥拱脚裂缝形成时的静力学分析.中外建筑. 2007
[40] Boothby TE.Load rating of masonry arch bridges.J Bridge Engng 2001, 6(2):79-86
[41]顾安邦主编,桥梁工程(下册),人民交通出版社,北京,2000年
[42] Thomas E. Boothby, Member, ASCE, Daniel E. Domalik, Associate Member, ASCE, Vikram A. Dalal. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING /JANUARY 1998/23
[43]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路圬工桥涵设计规范(JTG D61-2005).北京:人民交通出版社, 2005
[44]谢季坚,刘承平.模糊数学方法及其应用[M].华中科技大学出版社, 2001
[45]张永水.模糊综合评判法在拱桥技术状况评定中的应用.重庆交通学院学报, 2005, 24(5): 14-17
[46]邬晓光,郝际平.旧桥承载力模糊贴近度综合评判法.长安大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 25(3): 45-48
[47]中华人民共和国交通部部标准.公路桥涵设计通用规范(JTJ021-89).第1版.北京:人民交通出版社, 1989
[2] Gilbert M. Guide to Use of RING 2. 0 forthe Assess-ment of Railway Masonry Arches [R].UIC report, 2006
[3] MEXE, Military load classification of civil bridges by reconnaissance and correlation methods Military Engineering Experimental Establishment, Christchurch, 1963, [SOLOG study B38]
[4] Harvey W J. Rule of Thumb Method for the Assess-ment of Arches[R]. UIC Report (Draft), 2007
[5]中华人民共和国交通部部标准.公路旧桥承载力鉴定方法(试行)[s].北京:人民交通出版社, 1988
[6]俞亚南,程健.一座旧圬工拱桥的承载力特性试验,桥梁与结构, 2005.
[7]张劲泉,李万恒,任红伟等.公路旧桥承载力评定方法及工程实例.北京:人民交通出版社, 2007
[8] Page J. Load tests for assessment of in-service arch bridges. Arch Bridges. London: Thomas Telford, 1995:299-308
[9] Ponniah D, Fairfield C, Prentice D. Fill stresses in a new bridge arch bridge subject to heavy axle-load tests. Proc Inst Civil Eng: Struct Buildings May 1997, 123(5):173-185
[10] Melbourne, C., Walker, P., Load tests to collapse of model brickwork masonry arches. Proceedings, 8th International Brick and Block Masonry Conference, Volume 2. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, 991-1002
[11] Begimgil M. Behavior of restrained 1.25 m span model masonry arch bridge. Arch Bridges. London: Thomas Telford, 1995:321-325.
[12] Melbourne C, Gilbert M, Wagstaff M. The collapse behavior of multispan brickwork arch bridges. Struct Eng. 2 September1997, 75(17):297-304
[13] Melbourne C, Begimgil M, Gilbert M. The load test to collapse of a five meter span brickwork arch bridge with tied spandrel walls. Arch Bridges. London: Thomas Telford, 1995:509-517
[14] Royles R, Hendry A. Model tests on masonry arches. Proc Inst Civil Eng Part 2 1991, 91(6):299-321
[15] Page J. Load tests to collapse on two arch bridges at Preston Shropshire, andPrestwood, Staffordshire. Crowthorne Transport and Road Research Laboratory: Transport and Road Research Laboratory Research Report, 1987:110.
[16] Page J. Load tests to collapse on two arch bridges at Torksey and Shinafoot. Transport and Road Research Laboratory Re-search Report 159. Transport and Road Research Laboratory: Crowthorne, 1988
[17] Page J. Load tests to collapse on two arch bridges at Strath-mashie and Barlae. Transport and Road Research Laboratory Research Report 201. Transport and Road Research Labora-tort: Crowthorne, 1989
[18] Page J. Masonry arch bridges. London: Her Majesty's Sta-tionery Office, 1993
[17] Heyman J. The Masonry Arch. Ellis Horwood, Ltd., Chichester, England, UK, 1982
[20] Anthoine A. Derivation of the in-plane elastic characteristics of masonry through homogenisation theory. International Journal of Solids and Structures 1995, 32:137-63
[21] Paul J. Fanning, Thomas E. Boothby, Three-dimensional modelling and full-scale testing of stone arch bridges. Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 2645-662
[22] A. Thavalingam, N .Bicanic, J.I. Robinson, D.A. Ponniah, Computational framework for discontinuous modelling of masonry arch bridges. Computers and Structures 79 (2001) 1821-1830
[23] Crisfield MA, Packam AJ. A mechanism program for computing the strength of masonry arch bridges. Research report 124. Crowthorne: Transport Research Laboratory, 1985
[24] Hughes TC, HeeSC, Soms E. Mechanism analysis of single span masomy arch bridges using a spreadsheet. Proc Inst Civ Eng Struct Build 2002, 152:341-50
[25] Crisfield MA, Packam AJ. A mechanism program for computing the strength of masom-y arch bridges. Research report 124. Crowthorne:Transport Research Laboratory, 1985
[26] Choo BS, Coutie MG, Gong NG. Finite element analysis of masonry arch bridges using tapered elements. Proc Inst Civ Eng 2 1991, 91:755-70
[27] Drucker DC. Coulomb friction, plasticity and limit loads. Journal of Applied Mechanics 1953, 21:71-4
[28] Livesley RK. Limit analysis of structures formed from rigid blocks. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 1978, 12:IR53-71
[29] Gilbert M, Melbourne C. Rigid-block analysis of masonry structures. The StructuralEngineer 1994, 72:356-60
[30] Melbourne C, Gilbert M. The behaviour of multiring brickwork arch bridges. The Structural Engineer 1995, 73:39-47
[31] Fishwick RJ. Limit analysis of rigid block structures. Ph.D. thesis. UK Department of Civil Engineering, University of Portsmouth, 1996
[32] Baggio C, Trovalusci P. Limit analysis for no-tension and frictional three-dimensional discrete systems. Mechanics of Structures and Machines 1998, 26:287-304.
[33] Ferris MC, Tin-Loi F. Limit analysis of frictional block assemblies as a mathematical program with complementarity constraints. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 2001, 43:209-24.
[34] G.A. Drosopoulos, G.E. Stavroulakis, C.V. Massalas. Limit analysis of a single span masonry bridge with unilateral frictional contact interfaces. Engineering Structures 28 (2006) 186-1873
[35] Heyman J. The masonry arch. Chichester: Ellis Horwood, 1982
[36] K.-H. Ng, C.A. Fairfield. Modifying the mechanism method of masonry arch bridge analysis. ConstructionandBuildingMaterials18(2004)91–97
[37] Smith FW. Load path analysis of masonry arches. Ph.D. thesis, Dundee: University of Dundee, 1991
[38]长安大学.砌体力学性能研究报告.
[39]黄晓丰.石拱桥拱脚裂缝形成时的静力学分析.中外建筑. 2007
[40] Boothby TE.Load rating of masonry arch bridges.J Bridge Engng 2001, 6(2):79-86
[41]顾安邦主编,桥梁工程(下册),人民交通出版社,北京,2000年
[42] Thomas E. Boothby, Member, ASCE, Daniel E. Domalik, Associate Member, ASCE, Vikram A. Dalal. JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING /JANUARY 1998/23
[43]中华人民共和国行业标准.公路圬工桥涵设计规范(JTG D61-2005).北京:人民交通出版社, 2005
[44]谢季坚,刘承平.模糊数学方法及其应用[M].华中科技大学出版社, 2001
[45]张永水.模糊综合评判法在拱桥技术状况评定中的应用.重庆交通学院学报, 2005, 24(5): 14-17
[46]邬晓光,郝际平.旧桥承载力模糊贴近度综合评判法.长安大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 25(3): 45-48
[47]中华人民共和国交通部部标准.公路桥涵设计通用规范(JTJ021-89).第1版.北京:人民交通出版社, 1989
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