GIS支持下流域非点源污染负荷通用模型（GWLF）应用
摘要
点源污染和面源污染研究一直是水环境保护研究工作中的主要问题。点源污染主要包括工业污水和城市生活污水,通常在排污口集中排放,而面源污染则不同,它没有固定的排放点,主要来源于农村及农业地区。与点源污染相比,面源污染范围大、影响广,防治困难。随着环境管理工作的不断深入,人们认识到,仅对污染源实行浓度控制无法达到水环境质量目标,必须对水污染物排放的总量进行控制,才能有效地控制污染。非点源污染作为水环境的重要污染源,日趋受到各国学者的关注。因此,研究水环境非点源污染的来源、危害、迁移转化规律、传输途径,正确估算非点源污染物的负荷量是控制和防治水环境污染的关键问题。
非点源污染是一种间歇发生的,随机性、突发性、不确定性很强的复杂过程,估算其发生负荷的难度很大。将国外先进的非点源污染理论引入国内,进行非点源污染模拟、预测与控制管理方法的研究,既是非点源污染模型研究的需要,也是国内非点源污染控制管理实践的需要。近年来,由于GIS技术的日益成熟,GIS技术应用已成为国内外水环境非点源污染研究的热点。目前水污染负荷的研究中主要是将GIS作为强有力的工具结合到模型中,非点源污染影响因子空间差异性大,传统方法很难处理这些因子的数据,GIS技术能够很好地处理、组织和管理这些空间数据,同传统方法相比较大大缩短了时间,节省人力。
本文引入通用流域污染负荷函数模型GWLF(Generalized WatershedLoading Functions)作为研究平台,选择滇池流域子流域—宝象河流域开展非点源污染负荷的模拟研究。以流域-子流域-水文响应单元方式对研究区进行了分布式空间离散化,建立了宝象河流域基础数据库和专题图件,并利用GIS的空间数据分析和处理技术提取GWLF模型所需的空间参数,成功实现了污染负荷的模拟。
Point source pollution and non-point source pollution are the key problems in the research of water environment protection all the time. Point source pollution mainly includes industrial sullage and city's life sullage, which are drained from the certain outfall. Non-point source pollution has no certain outfall. It has certain relation with some weather conditions. Non-point source pollution has some characteristics, for instance, its harm is serious and it is difficult to prevent. With the improvement of environment management, the objective of the water quality can't be achieved without the implement of the overall control of pollution source. Aquatic environment pollution caused by non-point source is becoming more and more serious, which raises worldwide scholars' attention. Hence, studying on the origin, disadvantage, transport and transformation rules of the non-point pollution, estimating correctly the non-point pollution load turns into the crucial problem on the prevention and cure of water pollution.
Non-point source pollution is a complex process, which is fitful, randomicity and uncertain. It is difficult to estimate its produce load. Studying and applying advanced non-point sources pollution model overseas is not only the need of theoretical study of non-point sources pollution model, but also the need of the practice of non-point sources pollution control in china. Recently, as maturation of GIS technology, its application becomes the focus of the study of non-point source pollution. Now the study of water pollution load is mainly to integrate GIS with model. It is difficult to manage these factors, for the reason that the factors which influence the non-point pollution vary from each other according to different areas. Compared with traditional methods, GIS technology can manage, organize and manage the database effectively, saving time and human resource.
In this study, Generalized Watershed Loading Functions is used as a platform in the research of BaoXiang River watershed, which is a branch of Dian Lake watershed, and a series of exploring studies about non-point source pollution load are carried out. The research area was dispersed by the way of ploting drainage area-sub drainage area -HRUs, the basic database and the theme plots of the representative drainage area are completed, and spacial parameter for GWLF model are picked-up by GIS's analyse and classification technology of the spacial data. The simulation of pollution load is achieved successfully.
非点源污染是一种间歇发生的,随机性、突发性、不确定性很强的复杂过程,估算其发生负荷的难度很大。将国外先进的非点源污染理论引入国内,进行非点源污染模拟、预测与控制管理方法的研究,既是非点源污染模型研究的需要,也是国内非点源污染控制管理实践的需要。近年来,由于GIS技术的日益成熟,GIS技术应用已成为国内外水环境非点源污染研究的热点。目前水污染负荷的研究中主要是将GIS作为强有力的工具结合到模型中,非点源污染影响因子空间差异性大,传统方法很难处理这些因子的数据,GIS技术能够很好地处理、组织和管理这些空间数据,同传统方法相比较大大缩短了时间,节省人力。
本文引入通用流域污染负荷函数模型GWLF(Generalized WatershedLoading Functions)作为研究平台,选择滇池流域子流域—宝象河流域开展非点源污染负荷的模拟研究。以流域-子流域-水文响应单元方式对研究区进行了分布式空间离散化,建立了宝象河流域基础数据库和专题图件,并利用GIS的空间数据分析和处理技术提取GWLF模型所需的空间参数,成功实现了污染负荷的模拟。
Point source pollution and non-point source pollution are the key problems in the research of water environment protection all the time. Point source pollution mainly includes industrial sullage and city's life sullage, which are drained from the certain outfall. Non-point source pollution has no certain outfall. It has certain relation with some weather conditions. Non-point source pollution has some characteristics, for instance, its harm is serious and it is difficult to prevent. With the improvement of environment management, the objective of the water quality can't be achieved without the implement of the overall control of pollution source. Aquatic environment pollution caused by non-point source is becoming more and more serious, which raises worldwide scholars' attention. Hence, studying on the origin, disadvantage, transport and transformation rules of the non-point pollution, estimating correctly the non-point pollution load turns into the crucial problem on the prevention and cure of water pollution.
Non-point source pollution is a complex process, which is fitful, randomicity and uncertain. It is difficult to estimate its produce load. Studying and applying advanced non-point sources pollution model overseas is not only the need of theoretical study of non-point sources pollution model, but also the need of the practice of non-point sources pollution control in china. Recently, as maturation of GIS technology, its application becomes the focus of the study of non-point source pollution. Now the study of water pollution load is mainly to integrate GIS with model. It is difficult to manage these factors, for the reason that the factors which influence the non-point pollution vary from each other according to different areas. Compared with traditional methods, GIS technology can manage, organize and manage the database effectively, saving time and human resource.
In this study, Generalized Watershed Loading Functions is used as a platform in the research of BaoXiang River watershed, which is a branch of Dian Lake watershed, and a series of exploring studies about non-point source pollution load are carried out. The research area was dispersed by the way of ploting drainage area-sub drainage area -HRUs, the basic database and the theme plots of the representative drainage area are completed, and spacial parameter for GWLF model are picked-up by GIS's analyse and classification technology of the spacial data. The simulation of pollution load is achieved successfully.
引文
[1]贺宝根,周乃晟,高效江,农田非点源污染研究中的降雨径流关系—SCS法的修正[J],环境科学研究,2001
[2]王白陆,SCS产流模型的改进[J],人民黄河,2005
[3]唐莲,白丹(西安理工大学水资源所)
[4]彭定志,游进军,改进的SCS模型在流域径流模拟中的应用[J],水资源与水工程学报,2006
[5]刘贤赵,康绍忠,刘德林,张晓萍,基于地理信息的SCS模型及其在黄土高原典型流域降雨—径流关系中的应用[J],水力发电学报,2005
[6]蔡明,渭河陕西段氮污染及控制规划研究,毕业论文,西安理工大,2004
[7]李德仁论RS、GPS与GIS集成的定义、理论与关键技术[J],遥感学报,1997,1(1):64-681
[8]曾德付,基于GIS下太湖流域农业非点源污染研究[J],河海大学,2000
[9]梁博,王晓燕,我国水环境污染物总量控制研究的现状与展望,首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,3
[10]张雪花,非点源污染量化模型中重要影响因素的研究
[11]牛志明,解明曙,非点源污染模型在土壤侵蚀模拟中的应用及发展动态,北京林业大学学报,2001,3
[12]薛金凤,夏军,马彦涛,非点源污染预测模型研究进展,水科学进展,2002,9
[13]李怀恩,流域非点源污染研究进展与发展趋势,水资源保护,1996
[14]金鑫,农业非点源污染模型研究进展及发展方向,山西水利科技,2005,2
[15]刘绮,黄庆民,刘跃所,非点源污染控制与管理研究现状
[16]郑一,王学军,非点源污染研究的进展与展望,水科学进展,2002,1
[17]于苏俊,非点源污染研究的思考
[18]马蔚纯,陈立民,水环境非点源污染数学模型研究进展,地球科学进展,2003,6
[19]梁博,王晓燕,曹利平,我国水环境非点源污染负荷估算方法研究,吉林师范大学学报,2004,8
[20]胡艳,张红举,非点源污染计算与控制研究进展,安徽农业科学,2003,3
[21]任磊,黄廷林,水环境非点源污染的模型模拟,西安建筑科技大学学报,2002,3
[22]王淑莹,代晋国,水环境中非点源污染的研究,北京工业大学学报,2003,12
[23]BEHRENDT D A.the use of remote sensing and GIS in watershed lecei analyses of non-point source pollution problems.Foresr ecology and management,2000,28
[24]Michael W.Sweeney,Geographic Information Systerm.Water Environment Research,1997,69(4),419-442
[25]SHAMSI U M.TIM U S.coupling vadise zone models with GIS:emerging trend and potential bottlenecks,J envion Qual,1996,25
[26]FAYER M j,Sweeney m,geographic information system,water environment research,1997
[27]M.J.Eayer rt al..Estimating Recharge Rates for a groundwater Wolel Using a GIS.J.Envion.Qual.1996(25):510-518
[28]Tim US and Jolly Revaluating agricultural non-point source pollution using integrated geographic information system and hydrologic,water quality mode[J],J EnviromQual,1994,(23):25-35
[29]Srinivasan R and Engel B A,Aspatial decision support system for assessing agriculture non-point source pollution[J],Water resource bulletin,1994,(3):441-445
[30]Marc Sout ter and Yvan Pointier.Groundwater vulnerability topesticide contamination on a regional scale[J].Envi ron Qual,1996,25(3):439-445.
[31]Robert H Fraser et al.Predicting st ream pat hogen loading from livestock using a geographical information system - based de2 livery model[J].Envi ron Qua1,1998,27:935-945.
[32]Elisabet N Bui et al.Use of soil survey information to assess regional Stalinization risk using geographical information systems[J].Envi ron Qual,1996,25(3):433-439.
[33]曹文志,洪华生,岳世平,张玉珍,张祖麟,张逸民,GIS在农业非点源污染模拟研究中的应用[J],厦门大学学报(自然科学版)2001,40(3)
[34]Mamillapalli S,Srinivasan R,et,Effect of spatial variability on basin scale modeling,In:Proceedings of the third international conference/workshop on intergrading GIS and environmental modeling,national center for geographic information and analysis,saniBarbara,California,1996
[35]刘枫,王华东,等.流域非点源污染的量化识别方法及其在于桥水库流域的应用[J].地理学报,1988,43(4):329-339.
[36]王晓燕,王振刚,等.GIS支持下密云水库石匣小流域非点源污染[J].城市环境与城市生态,2003,16
[37]董亮,GIS支持下西湖流域水环境非点源污染研究[J].浙江农业大学学报,1999,25(2):117-120
[38]洪华生,黄金良,等.AnnAGNPS模型在九龙江流域农业非点源污染模拟应用[J].环境科学,2005,26(4)
[39]王少平,俞立中,等.基于GIS的苏州河非点源污染的总量控制[J],中国环境科学,2002,22(6):520-524
[40]史志华,蔡崇法,等,基于GIS的汉江中下游农业面源氮磷负荷研究,环境科学学报[J],2002,22(4)
[41]曾德付 基于GIS下太湖流域典型区农业非点源污染研究[X],南京:河海大学,2005
[42]薛金凤,夏军,马彦涛,非点源污染预测模型研究进展[J].水科学进展,2002,13(5)
[43]曾思育,杜鹏飞流域污染负荷模型的比较研究[J],水科学进展,2006,17(1).
[44]李怀恩,流域非点源污染模型的建立与应用实例[J]环境科学学报,1997,17(4).
[45]GWLF user guide[M]
[46]芮孝芳,水文学原理[M],中国水利水电出版社,2004,8
[47]李怀恩,沈晋.非点源污染数学模型[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,1996.
[48]孔凡哲,基于数字化平台的分布式流域水文模型和流域汇流研究[J],河海大学博士论文
[49]李道峰,吴悦颖,刘昌明,分布式流域水文模型水量过程模拟——以黄河河源区为例[J],地理科学,2005,25(3).
[50]刘晓,基于栅格数据的GIS空间分析算法及其软件实现研究[J],西北大学
[51]李硕,GIS和遥感辅助下流域模拟的空间离散化与参数化研究与应用[J],南京师范大学,2002
[52]赵磊,基于GIS和USLE模型对滇池宝象河流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J],水土保持学报,2006
[2]王白陆,SCS产流模型的改进[J],人民黄河,2005
[3]唐莲,白丹(西安理工大学水资源所)
[4]彭定志,游进军,改进的SCS模型在流域径流模拟中的应用[J],水资源与水工程学报,2006
[5]刘贤赵,康绍忠,刘德林,张晓萍,基于地理信息的SCS模型及其在黄土高原典型流域降雨—径流关系中的应用[J],水力发电学报,2005
[6]蔡明,渭河陕西段氮污染及控制规划研究,毕业论文,西安理工大,2004
[7]李德仁论RS、GPS与GIS集成的定义、理论与关键技术[J],遥感学报,1997,1(1):64-681
[8]曾德付,基于GIS下太湖流域农业非点源污染研究[J],河海大学,2000
[9]梁博,王晓燕,我国水环境污染物总量控制研究的现状与展望,首都师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,3
[10]张雪花,非点源污染量化模型中重要影响因素的研究
[11]牛志明,解明曙,非点源污染模型在土壤侵蚀模拟中的应用及发展动态,北京林业大学学报,2001,3
[12]薛金凤,夏军,马彦涛,非点源污染预测模型研究进展,水科学进展,2002,9
[13]李怀恩,流域非点源污染研究进展与发展趋势,水资源保护,1996
[14]金鑫,农业非点源污染模型研究进展及发展方向,山西水利科技,2005,2
[15]刘绮,黄庆民,刘跃所,非点源污染控制与管理研究现状
[16]郑一,王学军,非点源污染研究的进展与展望,水科学进展,2002,1
[17]于苏俊,非点源污染研究的思考
[18]马蔚纯,陈立民,水环境非点源污染数学模型研究进展,地球科学进展,2003,6
[19]梁博,王晓燕,曹利平,我国水环境非点源污染负荷估算方法研究,吉林师范大学学报,2004,8
[20]胡艳,张红举,非点源污染计算与控制研究进展,安徽农业科学,2003,3
[21]任磊,黄廷林,水环境非点源污染的模型模拟,西安建筑科技大学学报,2002,3
[22]王淑莹,代晋国,水环境中非点源污染的研究,北京工业大学学报,2003,12
[23]BEHRENDT D A.the use of remote sensing and GIS in watershed lecei analyses of non-point source pollution problems.Foresr ecology and management,2000,28
[24]Michael W.Sweeney,Geographic Information Systerm.Water Environment Research,1997,69(4),419-442
[25]SHAMSI U M.TIM U S.coupling vadise zone models with GIS:emerging trend and potential bottlenecks,J envion Qual,1996,25
[26]FAYER M j,Sweeney m,geographic information system,water environment research,1997
[27]M.J.Eayer rt al..Estimating Recharge Rates for a groundwater Wolel Using a GIS.J.Envion.Qual.1996(25):510-518
[28]Tim US and Jolly Revaluating agricultural non-point source pollution using integrated geographic information system and hydrologic,water quality mode[J],J EnviromQual,1994,(23):25-35
[29]Srinivasan R and Engel B A,Aspatial decision support system for assessing agriculture non-point source pollution[J],Water resource bulletin,1994,(3):441-445
[30]Marc Sout ter and Yvan Pointier.Groundwater vulnerability topesticide contamination on a regional scale[J].Envi ron Qual,1996,25(3):439-445.
[31]Robert H Fraser et al.Predicting st ream pat hogen loading from livestock using a geographical information system - based de2 livery model[J].Envi ron Qua1,1998,27:935-945.
[32]Elisabet N Bui et al.Use of soil survey information to assess regional Stalinization risk using geographical information systems[J].Envi ron Qual,1996,25(3):433-439.
[33]曹文志,洪华生,岳世平,张玉珍,张祖麟,张逸民,GIS在农业非点源污染模拟研究中的应用[J],厦门大学学报(自然科学版)2001,40(3)
[34]Mamillapalli S,Srinivasan R,et,Effect of spatial variability on basin scale modeling,In:Proceedings of the third international conference/workshop on intergrading GIS and environmental modeling,national center for geographic information and analysis,saniBarbara,California,1996
[35]刘枫,王华东,等.流域非点源污染的量化识别方法及其在于桥水库流域的应用[J].地理学报,1988,43(4):329-339.
[36]王晓燕,王振刚,等.GIS支持下密云水库石匣小流域非点源污染[J].城市环境与城市生态,2003,16
[37]董亮,GIS支持下西湖流域水环境非点源污染研究[J].浙江农业大学学报,1999,25(2):117-120
[38]洪华生,黄金良,等.AnnAGNPS模型在九龙江流域农业非点源污染模拟应用[J].环境科学,2005,26(4)
[39]王少平,俞立中,等.基于GIS的苏州河非点源污染的总量控制[J],中国环境科学,2002,22(6):520-524
[40]史志华,蔡崇法,等,基于GIS的汉江中下游农业面源氮磷负荷研究,环境科学学报[J],2002,22(4)
[41]曾德付 基于GIS下太湖流域典型区农业非点源污染研究[X],南京:河海大学,2005
[42]薛金凤,夏军,马彦涛,非点源污染预测模型研究进展[J].水科学进展,2002,13(5)
[43]曾思育,杜鹏飞流域污染负荷模型的比较研究[J],水科学进展,2006,17(1).
[44]李怀恩,流域非点源污染模型的建立与应用实例[J]环境科学学报,1997,17(4).
[45]GWLF user guide[M]
[46]芮孝芳,水文学原理[M],中国水利水电出版社,2004,8
[47]李怀恩,沈晋.非点源污染数学模型[M].西安:西北工业大学出版社,1996.
[48]孔凡哲,基于数字化平台的分布式流域水文模型和流域汇流研究[J],河海大学博士论文
[49]李道峰,吴悦颖,刘昌明,分布式流域水文模型水量过程模拟——以黄河河源区为例[J],地理科学,2005,25(3).
[50]刘晓,基于栅格数据的GIS空间分析算法及其软件实现研究[J],西北大学
[51]李硕,GIS和遥感辅助下流域模拟的空间离散化与参数化研究与应用[J],南京师范大学,2002
[52]赵磊,基于GIS和USLE模型对滇池宝象河流域土壤侵蚀量的研究[J],水土保持学报,2006